ABSTRACT Aimed with this study was evaluate the increasing levels of crambe crushed, on in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM), organic matter (IVDOM) and crude protein (IVDCP), parameters of fermentation and kinetics of the cumulative gas production. The crushed crambe were included in the diets at 0; 50; 100; 150 g/kg of DM. There was a quadratic effect of the proportions of crambe crushed in the concentrated supplements on IVDDM and IVDOM (maximum point at 0.25 and 0.91 g Kg-1 DM, respectively). Total gas production (A + D) was influenced by the presence of crambe crushed with quadratic effect on minimal point on 0.02 g Kg-1 DM. There was a quadratic effect for pH in the collection times in all diets, the lowest pH values were observed between 4.8 to 8.7 hours. There was a quadratic effect for ammoniacal nitrogen in the collection times in all diets with peaks of NH3-N production occurred between 4.8 and 6.3 hours after the beginning of the incubation. Concluded that the inclusion of crambe crushed up to 150 g kg-1 DM in diets for ruminants does not impair the ruminal degradation kinetics. IVDDM, , (IVDDM) (IVDOM IVDCP, IVDCP (IVDCP) 0 50 100 15 gkg kg maximum 025 25 0.2 091 91 0.9 Kg1 Kg 1 Kg- respectively. respectively . respectively) A D 002 02 0.0 48 4 8 4. 87 7 8. NH3N NHN NH3 N NH 63 6 3 6. incubation kg1 kg- (IVDDM (IVDCP 5 10 2 0. 09 9 00

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a inclusão de níveis crescentes de torta de crambe, sobre a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS), matéria orgânica (DIVMO) e proteína bruta, cinética da produção cumulativa de gás e parâmetros de fermentação. Foram avaliadas as inclusões de 0; 50; 100; 150 g / kg de MS em dietas. Houve efeito quadrático das proporções de torta de crambe nos suplementos concentrados para DIVMS e DIVMO (ponto máximo em 0,25 e 0,91 g Kg-1 DM, respectivamente). A produção total de gás (A + D) foi influenciada por a presença de torta de crambe com efeito quadrático tendo como ponto mínimo em 0,02 g kg-1 DM. Houve um efeito quadrático do pH e NH3-N nos tempos de coleta em todas as dietas, os menores valores de pH foram observados entre 4,8 a 8,7 e os picos de produção de NH3-N entre 4,8 e 6,3 horas após o início da incubação. Conclui-se que a substituição do farelo de soja por crambe triturado até 150 g kg-1 em suplementos concentrados para ruminantes não prejudica a cinética de degradação ruminal. DIVMS, , (DIVMS) (DIVMO bruta fermentação 0 50 100 15 dietas 025 25 0,2 091 91 0,9 Kg1 Kg 1 Kg- DM respectivamente. respectivamente . respectivamente) D 002 02 0,0 kg1 kg- NH3N NHN NH3 N NH 48 4 8 4, 87 7 8, 63 6 3 6, incubação Concluise Conclui se ruminal (DIVMS 5 10 2 0, 09 9 00

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de níveis crescentes de DDG sobre consumo e digestibilidade de nutrientes e fermentação ruminal em bovinos mantidos a pasto. Foram utilizados 5 novilhos, machos, castrados, providos de cânula ruminal pesando 450±50kg, com 18 meses de idade, mantidos em pasto de capim Marandu; e distribuídos em quadrado latino 5x5. O DDG foi incluído nos suplementos nas seguintes proporções 0, 100, 150, 200 e 300 g/kg de MS. Os dados foram analisados e submetidos à análise de variância, ao nível de significância de 5%, sendo avaliados por regressão polinominal simples. A disponibilidade total de pasto e de matéria verde apresentaram médias de 2,0 Ton/ha e 1,3 Ton/ha, respectivamente, permitindo a seletividade pelos animais. O consumo de pasto (P=0,032), MS (P=0,041), MO (P=0,022), e PB (P=0,035) apresentaram comportamento quadrático com a inclusão do DDG nos suplementos, onde os maiores consumos para ambos correspondeu aos suplementos com 100 e 200g/kg de inclusão. A digestibilidade da FDN (P=0,001) e MO (P=0,046) também sofreu efeito quadrático (P<0,05), constatando que em níveis acima de 200g/kg pode ser diminuída. O N-consumido também sofreu efeito quadrático (P=0,032) com aumento na inclusão de 100, 200 e 300g/kg de DDG, estando ligado a fração proteica do DDG. Os níveis de Isovalerato (P=0,0001), AGCR (P=0,004) e a produção de CH4 (P=0,022) diminuíram linearmente, indicando decréscimo nas perdas energéticas pelos animais. Com isso, recomenda-se níveis entre 150 e 200g/kg de DDG em suplementos para bovinos mantidos a pasto. Objetivouse Objetivou se novilhos machos castrados 45050kg kg 450 50kg 450±50kg 1 idade Marandu 5x5 x 0 20 30 gkg g variância 5% simples 2 2, Tonha Ton ha 13 3 1, respectivamente animais P=0,032, P0032 P P=0,032 , 032 P=0,041, P0041 P=0,041 041 (P=0,041) P=0,022, P0022 P=0,022 022 P=0,035 P0035 035 (P=0,035 10 200gkg 200g P=0,001 P0001 001 (P=0,001 P=0,046 P0046 046 (P=0,046 P<0,05, P005 P<0,05 05 (P<0,05) diminuída Nconsumido N consumido (P=0,032 300gkg 300g P=0,0001, P00001 P=0,0001 0001 (P=0,0001) P=0,004 P0004 004 (P=0,004 CH (P=0,022 linearmente isso recomendase recomenda 15 45 5x P003 P=0,03 03 P004 P=0,04 04 (P=0,041 P002 P=0,02 02 (P=0,03 P=0,00 P000 00 (P=0,00 (P=0,04 P00 P<0,0 (P<0,05 P0000 P=0,000 000 (P=0,0001 (P=0,02 4 P=0,0 (P=0,0 P0 P<0, (P<0,0 (P=0,000 P=0, (P=0, P<0 (P<0, P=0 (P=0 P< (P<0 P= (P= (P< (P

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the inclusion of increasing levels of DDG on nutrient intake and digestibility and ruminal fermentation in cattle kept on pasture. Five castrated male steers, fitted with a ruminal cannula, weighing 450±50kg, 18 months old, kept on Marandu grass pasture were used; and distributed in a 5x5 Latin square. DDG was included in the supplements in the following proportions: 0, 100, 150, 200 and 300 g/kg DM. The data were analyzed and subjected to analysis of variance, at a significance level of 5%, being evaluated by simple polynomial regression. The total availability of pasture and green matter presented averages of 2.0 Ton/ha and 1.3 Ton/ha, respectively, allowing selectivity by animals. The consumption of pasture (P=0.032), MS (P=0.041), MO (P=0.022), and PB (P=0.035) showed quadratic behavior with the inclusion of DDG in the supplements, where the highest consumption for both corresponded to the supplements with 100 and 200g/kg inclusion. The digestibility of NDF (P=0.001) and OM (P=0.046) also suffered a quadratic effect (P<0.05), noting that at levels above 200g/kg it can be reduced. N-consumed also suffered a quadratic effect (P=0.032) with an increase in the inclusion of 100, 200 and 300g/kg of DDG, being linked to the protein fraction of DDG. The levels of Isovalerate (P=0.0001), AGCR (P=0.004) and CH4 production (P=0.022) decreased linearly, indicating a decrease in the energy levels of the animals. Therefore, levels between 150 and 200g/kg of DDG are recommended in supplements for cattle kept on pasture. steers cannula 45050kg kg 450 50kg 450±50kg 1 old used x 5x square proportions 0 20 30 gkg g DM variance 5 5% regression 2 2. Tonha Ton ha 13 3 1. respectively animals P=0.032, P0032 P P=0.032 , 032 P=0.041, P0041 P=0.041 041 (P=0.041) P=0.022, P0022 P=0.022 022 P=0.035 P0035 035 (P=0.035 10 200gkg 200g P=0.001 P0001 001 (P=0.001 P=0.046 P0046 046 (P=0.046 P<0.05, P005 P<0.05 05 (P<0.05) reduced Nconsumed N consumed (P=0.032 300gkg 300g P=0.0001, P00001 P=0.0001 0001 (P=0.0001) P=0.004 P0004 004 (P=0.004 CH (P=0.022 linearly Therefore 15 45 P003 P=0.03 03 P004 P=0.04 04 (P=0.041 P002 P=0.02 02 (P=0.03 P=0.00 P000 00 (P=0.00 (P=0.04 P00 P<0.0 (P<0.05 P0000 P=0.000 000 (P=0.0001 (P=0.02 4 P=0.0 (P=0.0 P0 P<0. (P<0.0 (P=0.000 P=0. (P=0. P<0 (P<0. P=0 (P=0 P< (P<0 P= (P= (P< (P

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the inclusion of chitosan (CHI) and technical cashew nut shell liquid (CNSLt) as natural feed additives in cattle diets on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and in vitro gas production kinetics. We conducted a completely randomized design with 5×4 factorial arrangement, with 20, 35, 50, 65, and 100% Tifton 85 hay and four additives, monensin (200 mg/kg DM), CNSLt (500 mg/kg DM), CHI (500 mg/kg DM), and CNSLt+CHI (500 mg/kg DM/each). Dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility showed a linear reduction according to forage levels. The highest DM digestibility was observed with CHI on cattle diets. Inclusion of CHI increased DM digestibility. The highest in vitro organic matter and crude protein (CP) digestibilities were observed for CNSLt+CHI. The in vitro dry matter digestibility increased linearly with concentrate in the diet. There was interaction of forage:concentrate ratio and the additives for neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and hemicellulose digestibility. Chitosan, CNSLt, and CNSLt+CHI promoted the lowest acetate:propionate ratio compared with monensin. Total gas production showed interaction of the forage:concentrate ratio and additives. Lag time was lowest with CNSLt+CHI. Chitosan and CNSLt can be considered alternative fermentation modulators to ionophores by improving nutrient digestibility and increasing ruminal propionate concentrations.

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da adição de quitosana e inoculante homolático sobre as perdas fermentativas, composição química, perfil fermentativo e estabilidade aeróbia da silagem de planta inteira de soja (SPIS). Em adição, foi avaliado o consumo e a digestibilidade de nutrientes em ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo níveis crescentes de SPIS. Trinta silos experimentais foram aleatoriamente alocados a um dos seguintes tratamentos: 1) CON: controle, SPIS sem aditivos; 2) LPPA: SPIS com Lactobacillus plantarum e Pediococcus acidilactici; e 3) QUI: quitosana, SPIS com 5 g/kg de quitosana. Dez ovinos machos foram usados para avaliar os níveis dietéticos de SPIS: 0, 200, 400, 600 e 800 g/kg da matéria seca (MS). Os aditivos aumentaram a contagem de bactérias láticas e reduziram a contagem de fungos e leveduras e as perdas fermentativas totais da SPIS. Silagens tratadas com aditivos tiveram menores pH, N-NH3 e etanol e maiores concentrações de ácido lático e propiônico, quando comparadas ao tratamento controle. Silos tratados com LPPA apresentaram maiores teores de matéria orgânica e carboidratos não fibrosos do que aqueles do tratamento QUI. Os aditivos aumentaram a estabilidade aeróbia da SPIS. A adição de SPIS na dieta de ovinos aumentou linearmente o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. Quitosana e inoculante microbiano homolático melhoram a fermentação, estabilidade aeróbia e o valor nutricional da SPIS. A substituição de feno de Cynodon por SIPS aumenta o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes em ovinos.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chitosan and homolactic microbial inoculant on fermentative losses, chemical composition, fermentative profile, and aerobic stability of whole-plant soybean silage (WPSS). Additionally, it was evaluated nutrients intake and digestibility of sheep fed increasing levels of WPSS. Thirty experimental silos were randomly allocated to one of the following treatments: 1) CON: control, WPSS without additives; 2) LPPA: WPSS with Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici; and 3) CHI: chitosan, WPSS with 5 g/kg of chitosan. Ten male sheep were used to evaluate increasing dietary levels of WPSS: 0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 g/kg of diet dry matter (DM). Additives increased silage lactic acid bacteria and decreased the count of mold and yeast, gas, and total losses. Silages treated with additives had lower pH, NH3-N, and ethanol concentrations and higher lactic and propionic acids relative to CON. LPPA-treated silos showed higher organic matter and non-fiber carbohydrates content than CHI-ones. Additives increased the aerobic stability of WPSS. The addition of WPSS in sheep diets linearly increased nutrients intake and digestibility. Chitosan and LPPA improve WPSS fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritional value. The WPSS in substitution to Cynodon hay increases sheep feed intake and nutrients digestibility.

ABSTRACT. The objective of this study was to evaluate performance, gastrointestinal morphometry, carcass, and non-carcass traits in lambs finished on different levels of canola grain in the diet. Twenty-seven Santa Ines lambs with an average initial weight of 19.33 ± 1.39 kg were given different levels of canola grain in the diet: 0, 8, and 16%. Weights and body condition scores were determined at the beginning, every 14 days and at the end of the experimental period. Animals were slaughtered to assess gastrointestinal morphometry, carcass and non-carcass traits. The statistical design used was completely randomized. The inclusion of canola grain showed a linear effect (0.723) for the width and height of ruminal papillae in the ventral region of the rumen. Intestinal villi and crypts showed a quadratic effect, with peaks of 0.62 µm and 0.43 µm, with the inclusion of 8 and 16%, respectively. When evaluating carcass traits, a decreasing linear effect was found for hot and cold carcass yield with 16% inclusion of canola. Canola grain can be used as an alternative in diets for finishing sheep up to 8% inclusion in the diet without affecting performance, ruminal and intestinal histometry, carcass, and non-carcass traits.

RESUMO A avaliação dos parâmetros de conforto e bem-estar animal permite determinar as melhores condições ambientais para a criação de gado. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar o índice de conforto térmico para bovinos de corte utilizando técnicas de interpolação para o Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul durante os períodos extremos de verão e inverno por um período de 10 anos. A análise foi realizada com base nos dados de variáveis climáticas fornecidos pelo Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia, Brasil. Foram calculados os índices máximo (ITUmax) e mínimo (ITUmin) de temperatura e umidade (ITUs) de 28 estações meteorológicas distribuídas pelo estado e elaborados os mapas temáticos dos ITUs (máximo e mínimo) calculados para os períodos de verão e inverno. Os resultados revelaram estado de emergência nas duas maiores cidades produtoras de animais do estado; a saber, Corumbá e Ribas do Rio Pardo, enquanto duas outras cidades, Chapadão do Sul e Costa Rica surgiram como regiões favoráveis à produção de gado de corte. O método Spline utilizado no presente estudo, portanto, mostrou-se uma ferramenta adequada para analisar um pequeno número de estações meteorológicas distribuídas em uma grande área territorial.

ABSTRACT Evaluation of the comfort and animal welfare parameters enables determining the best environmental conditions for livestock creation. The present study was aimed to determine the thermal comfort index for beef cattle using interpolation techniques for the State of Mato Grosso do Sul during extreme summer and winter seasons for a period of 10 years. The analysis was performed on the climatic variables data provided by the National Institute of Meteorology, Brazil. The maximum (THImax) and minimum (THImin) temperature and humidity indices (THIs) of 28 weather stations distributed across the state were calculated, and the thematic maps of the THIs (maximum and minimum) calculated for the summer and winter seasons were prepared. The results revealed a state of emergency in the two largest animal-producing cities in the state; namely, Corumbá and Ribas do Rio Pardo, while two other cities, Chapadão do Sul and Costa Rica emerged as favorable regions for the production of beef cattle. The Spline method used in the present study, therefore, proved to be a suitable tool for analyzing a small number of weather stations distributed over a large territorial area.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento alimentar, respostas fisiológicas e emissão de calor ruminal, de cordeiros alimentados com grãos de cártamo. Dezoito cordeiros foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em delineamento inteiramente casualisado. O grão de cártamo foi adicionado as dietas nas proporções de 0,0; 7,5 e 15%. O grão de cártamo não alterou os padrões de alimentação, ócio ou ruminação; porém melhorou a eficiência de ingestão da FDN, em 26%. A temperatura da cabeça reduziu 1,5°C para a inclusão de 7,5% de cártamo; e a temperatura retal diminuiu quadraticamente com a adição de cártamo (39,5 vs. 39,08°C). Houve uma tendência linear de diminuição da temperatura da cabeça à medida que a inclusão de cártamo aumentou. A temperatura do globo ocular diminuiu 1,1°C quando 7,5% de MS de cártamo foi adicionado na dieta e voltou a aumentar 0,6°C quando 15% de cártamo foi adicionado. A temperatura ruminal aumentou linearmente para a adição de cártamo (1,8°C). O cártamo melhora a eficiência de utilização da FDN e a inclusão de 15% de cártamo pode ser utilizado sem efeitos sobre o comportamento ingestivo. As áreas da cabeça, do olho e flanco esquerdo podem ser usadas, no entanto, o flanco esquerdo parece ser a melhor região para esse tipo de estudo. A termografia infravermelha pode ser útil como avaliação não invasiva de dietas em cordeiros.

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the feeding behavior, physiological responses, and rumen heat emission of lambs fed with safflower grains. Eighteen lambs were randomly distributed in a completely randomized design. Safflower grain was added to the diets in the proportions of 0.0; 7.5 and 15%. The safflower grain did not change the patterns of eating, leisure, or rumination; however, it improved the efficiency of NDF ingestion, by 26%. The head temperature decreased by 1.5 ° C to include 7.5% safflower; and the rectal temperature decreased quadratically with the addition of safflower (39.5 and. 39.08 ° C). There was a linear trend of decreasing head temperature as the inclusion of safflower increased. The temperature of the eyeball decreased by 1.1 ° C when 7.5% of safflower DM was added to the diet and increased by 0.6 ° C when a 15% safflower was added. The ruminal temperature increased linearly for the addition of safflower (1.8 ° C). Safflower improves the efficiency of the use of NDF and the inclusion of 15% safflower can be used without effects on ingestive behavior. The head, eye, and left flank areas can be used; however, the left flank appears to be the best region for this type of study. Infrared thermography can be useful as a non-invasive assessment of lambs' diets.

RESUMO Para se avaliar a inclusão de grãos inteiros das culturas de canola, crambe e soja na dieta de bovinos em confinamento, sobre o consumo, digestibilidade, parâmetros ruminais e recuperação dos grãos nas fezes, delineou-se um ensaio estatístico em quadrado latino com três dietas e três bovinos providos de cânula ruminal. Os resultados constataram que a inclusão do grão de crambe reduziu o consumo de matéria seca em 21,02%, e proporcionou aumento na digestibilidade do extrato etéreo e fibra em detergente neutra. O percentual de extrato etéreo recuperado nas fezes foi de 44,15% para grão de canola e 61,53% para o grão de crambe. Encontrou-se menor digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutra para dietas contendo grão de soja 0,203g/kg, embora seu consumo aumentou em relação ao crambe 7,86 kg/dia. A inclusão de crambe apresentou redução nos teores de amônia ruminal (N-NH3), com valores médios de 10,97 mg/dL. Portanto, o grão de crambe pode ser incluído na dieta de bovinos de corte em 14% da MS, sendo uma alternativa em potencial como grão de oleaginosa na alimentação de ruminantes. Assim como, os grãos de canola e soja sem afetar a digestibilidade da matéria seca e da proteína bruta, contudo, devem ser usados com cautela.

ABSTRACT Oilseed grains are used as a protein and energy source, increasing the energy density of the feed. The goal of the present study was to determine the nutritional profile of canola, crambe and soybean grains recovered from feces, and to evaluate the intake and digestibility of nutrients, rumen fermentation parameters of beef cattle receiving whole grains of oilseeds. Three steers, 350 ± 23.5 kg body weight were distributed in a not contemporary, 3 × 3 double Latin square, and fed oilseed grains. Inclusion of crambe grain reduced dry matter intake by 21.02%, with a higher digestibility coefficient for EE and NDF. The crude protein content of canola and crambe grains recovered were similar, but the EE content was higher for the crambe grain (26.46%). Soybean showed the lowest values of chemical composition for grains recovered from feces. The highest dry matter intake (7.86 kg/day), and the lowest NDF digestibility (0.203g/kg), were found for animals fed soybean. The inclusion of crambe grains reduced the rumen ammonia content (10.97 mg/dL); however, the ruminal pH was not altered by the inclusion of grains in the diet. Canola and soybean grains can be included in the cattle diet without altering dry matter intake; while the inclusion of crambe grains reduces the dry matter intake and the ruminal ammonia content of the animals. Crambe grain showed the highest recovery of dry matter and ether extract from feces.

ABSTRACT. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of sunflower cake replacing soybean meal in beef cattle diets on the in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM), organic matter (IVDOM), crude protein (IVDCP) and the ruminal fermentation kinetics and parameters. The experiment was analyzed according to a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted of four levels of sunflower cake, 0, 200, 400, 600 g kg-1, replacing soybean meal in the concentrate of beef cattle diets. The coefficients of IVDDM, IVDOM and IVDCP presented a quadratic effect with the addition of sunflower cake. The soluble fraction (fraction B) degradation rate and total gas production decreased linearly with the inclusion of sunflower cake. Values of pH in ruminal fluid were higher for levels 0, 200 and 600 g kg-1 sunflower cake. Sunflower cake can replace soybean meal by up to 280 g kg-1 in the concentrate of beef cattle diets, improving the in vitro digestibility of dry matter organic, matter and crude protein. Levels above 400 g kg-1 reduce ruminal digestion rate, digestibility and release of final fermentation products.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar no presente trabalho a digestibilidade in vitro de nutrientes de diferentes dietas com a adição de quitosana (Q), líquido da casca da castanha de caju (LCC) e a associação entre Q e LCC. Os tratamentos utilizados foram constituídos de 4 dietas (relação volumoso:concentrado, 100:0, 50:50, 40:60 e 20:80) associadas com 4 aditivos (controle, quitosana, LCC e a associação entre ambos Q+LCCt), totalizando 16 tratamentos,distribuídas em delineamento em blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 4x4. As dosagens utilizadas foram: Controle (sem adição de aditivos), LCC (600mg/Kg de MS), Quitosana (900mg/Kg de MS), e o LCCQ (600mg/Kg de MS de LCC + 900mg/Kg de MS de quitosana). No laboratório foram avaliados a DIVMS, DIVFDN, DIVPB, pH e NAR (nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal). Para as análises de pH e NAR, foram coletadas amostras nas horas 0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 após a incubação. Os resultados encontrados mostraram maior digestibilidade de MS, FDN e PB para dietas que receberam quitosana e líquido da casca da castanha de caju de forma isolada e maiores valores de pH e NAR nas dietas que receberam os dois aditivos associados. Conclui-se que a associação dos aditivos traz melhores resultados para a nutrição animal e eleva a produtividade dos ruminantes.

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the in vitro digestibility of nutrients from different diets added with chitosan (Q), technic cashew nut shell liquid (LCC) and the association of Q and LCC. The treatments used consisted of 4 diets (forage: concentrate ratio of 100: 0, 50:50, 40:60 and 20:80) associated with 4 additives (control, chitosan, LCC and the association of Q + LCC), totaling 16 treatments, in a 4x4 factorial randomized block design. The dosages used were: Control (without additives), LCC (600mg/kg DM), Chitosan (900mg/kg DM), and LCCQ (600mg/kg LCC DM + 900mg/kg Chitosan DM). In the laboratory, samples were analyzed for IVDMD, IVNDFD, IVCPD, pH and RAN (ruminal ammonia nitrogen). For pH and RAN analyses, samples were taken at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after incubation. The results showed higher digestibility of DM, NDF and CP for diets with chitosan and technic cashew nut shell liquid alone and higher pH and RAN values in the diets containing the two additives. The association of additives brings better results for animal nutrition and increases ruminant productivity.

RESUMO No presente trabalho objetivou-se avaliar a degradabilidade ruminal da matéria seca (MS), o desaparecimento da fibra de detergente neutro (FDN) do feno de Tifton 85, e os parâmetros de fermentação (pH e nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal) de ovinos alimentados com a inclusão de grãos de cártamo (0, 7,50 e 15%) na dieta. Foram utilizados 3 cordeiros SRD (sem raça definida) com peso vivo médio de 35,50 ± 1,50 kg. A degradabilidade ruminal da matéria seca e da FDN do feno de Tifton 85, foi realizada através do desaparecimento de MS e FDN, e os parâmetros cinéticos de degradação ajustados conforme modelo assintótico de primeira ordem. As amostras foram incubadas no rúmen em ordem decrescente (96, 48, 24, 12, 6, 3 e 0 horas). A determinação do pH ruminal e nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal (NAR) foi realizada antes da alimentação, 2, 4, 6 e 8 horas após alimentação. Os dados de fermentação ruminal foram submetidos à análise de variância através de medidas repetidas no tempo, a 5% de probabilidade. Os valores de pH ruminal não houve diferença estatística. Ao avaliar o NAR, houve diferença significativa entre os tempos e tratamentos para a dieta de 15% de inclusão de cártamo. As dietas apresentaram baixa degradabilidade efetiva da MS e FDN com valores médios de 18,02% e 47,40%, respectivamente. O grão de cártamo pode ser utilizado até 7,50% nas dietas, sem alterar a degradabilidade e a fermentação ruminal.

SUMMARY This study aimed to evaluate the rumen degradability of dry matter (DM), disappearance of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of Tifton 85 hay, and fermentation parameters (pH and ruminal ammonia nitrogen) of sheep fed diets with inclusion of safflower grains (0, 7.50 and 15%). Three mixed breed lambs with average body weight of 35.50± 1.50 kg were used. The rumen degradability of dry matter and NDF of the Tifton 85 haywas analyzedby the disappearance of DM and NDF, and the kinetic parameters adjusted according to the first order asymptotic model. The samples were incubated in the rumen in descending order (96, 48, 24, 12, 6, 3, 0 hours). The determination of ruminal pH and ruminal ammonia nitrogen (RAN) was performed before feeding and 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after feeding. Data of ruminal fermentation were tested by analysis of variance with repeated measures in time, at 5% probability. Ruminal pH values were not statistically different. When evaluating the RAN, there was a significant difference between the times and treatments for the diet with 15% safflower. The diets presented low effective degradability of DM and NDF with mean values of 18.02% and 47.40%, respectively. The safflower grain can be used up to 7.50% in the diets without altering the degradability and ruminal fermentation.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão do óleo de copaíba, como aditivo, para bovinos suplementados a pasto, durante a época da seca do ano. Foram utilizados quatro novilhos, castrados, de 245 ± 25 kg, com idade de aproximadamente 18 meses, providos de cânula ruminal, dispostos aleatoriamente em delineamento quadrado latino 4×4. Os animais foram mantidos em piquetes individuais de Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu, de 0,3 hectares providos de cocho e bebedouro e alimentados com suplemento contendo 380 g/kg de PB (%MS) na proporção de 500g/100 kg de PC. O óleo de copaíba foi acrescido ao suplemento na forma de spray nas proporções de 0, 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 g/kg de MS ingerida. A pulverização do suplemento foi realizada diariamente no momento do fornecimento do suplemento. Os dados de consumo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes, pH ruminal, nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal e a síntese de proteína microbiana dos animais foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão polinomial, adotando-se nível de significância de 0,05. A adição do óleo de copaíba afetou quadraticamente o consumo de matéria seca total (P=0,030) e o coeficiente de digestibilidade da PB (P=0,043); sem alterar os parâmetros de fermentação ruminal (P>0,05) e a síntese de proteína microbiana (P>0,05) dos animais mantidos a pasto.

SUMMARY This study analyzed the effect of including copaiba oil as an additive for cattle supplemented on pasture, during the dry season. Four crossbred steers, castrated, with 245 ± 25 kg, aged about 18 months, fitted with permanent rumen cannula; were randomly assigned to a 4×4 Latin square. All animals were housed in individual paddocks (0.3 ha), uniformly covered with Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu, with through and drinking fountain; and were given a concentrate at 500g/100 kg BW containing 380 g/kg crude protein (%DM). The copaiba oil was added to the supplement as a spray, in the proportions of 0, 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg DM intake. Spraying supplementation was performed daily at the time of supply of the supplement. Data of intake and digestibility of nutrients, ruminal pH; ruminal ammonia nitrogen, and microbial protein synthesis were tested by analysis of variance and polynomial regression, adopting a significance level of 5%. The inclusion of copaiba oil quadratically affected total dry matter intake (P=0.030) and CP digestibility (P=0.043), without altering ruminal metabolism (P>0.05) and microbial protein synthesis (P>0.05) of the animals kept on pasture.

RESUMO. O uso de fontes proteicas alternativas para ruminantes pode alterar a produtividade e reduzir os custos na produção animal. O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o desempenho, a digestibilidade aparente e as características quantitativas dos componentes de carcaça das ovelhas alimentadas com níveis crescentes (0, 50, 100 e 150 g kg-1 de matéria seca) de torta de crambe nas dietas. Foram distribuídas 24 ovelhas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Todos os animais foram mantidos em instalação, com baias individuais equipadas com cocho, bebedouro e chão de concreto coberto com cascas de arroz. Os animais receberam silagem de milho como forragem e as dietas foram isoenergéticas com 700 g kg-1 de NDT. Os animais foram abatidos quando atingiram o escore de condição corporal de 3,5 pontos. A ingestão de matéria seca (948,53 g dia-1) e o ganho médio diário (0,15 kg dia-1) não foram influenciados pela inclusão de torta de crambe na dieta. A torta de crambe aumentou a digestibilidade do extrato etéreo e diminuiu a ingestão e digestibilidade da proteína bruta. Não houve efeito da torta de crambe nas características da carcaça e nos componentes não carcaça, no entanto houve redução no rendimento da carcaça fria. A substituição total da farinha de soja e a torta de crambe na dieta para as ovelhas não alteraram as características de desempenho, carcaça e não carcaça.

ABSTRACT. The use of alternative sources of protein for ruminant can alter productivity and reduce costs in animal production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance, apparent digestibility and quantitative characteristics of carcass components of ewes fed increasing levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 g kg-1 dry matter) of crambe crushed in the diets. Twenty-four culling ewes were distributed in a completely randomized design. All animals were kept in a shed, with individual stalls equipped with feeder, drinker and concrete floor covered with rice hulls. The animals received corn silage as roughage and diets were isoenergetic with 700 g kg-1 of TDN. Animals were slaughtered when reached a body condition score of 3.5 points. The dry matter intake (948.53 g day-1) and average daily gain (0.15 kg day-1) were not influenced by the inclusion of crambe crushed in the diet. The crambe crushed increased ether extract digestibility and decreased crude protein intake and digestibility. There was no effect of the levels of crambe crushed on carcass characteristics and non-carcass components but rather a reduction in the cold carcass yield. Total replacement of soybean meal with crambe crushed in the diet for ewes did not alter performance, carcass and non-carcass characteristics.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the replacement of soybean meal by crushed crambe on the qualitative characteristics, lipids, and chemical composition of the meat from crossbred Santa Ines ewes. These animals presented an initial body score of 2.5, were finished in confinement for 60 days, fed diets containing crushed crambe replacing 0, 33, 67, and 100% of soybean meal, and slaughtered with a body condition score of 3.5. The statistical design was completely randomized, with slaughter weight used as a covariate in the model. Sensory evaluations were performed in the gluteobiceps muscle by untrained evaluators (n = 100) of different ages. There was no significant effect for color, shear force, or cooking loss of the semimembranosus muscle. The replacement levels of soybean meal influenced only the moisture content, with a linear increase, and the ash content, which decreased linearly. For saturated fatty acids, there was linear effect on capric acid (C10:0), and a linear reduction of myristic (C14:0), pentadecanoic (C15:0), and heptadecanoic (C17:0) fatty acids. There was no influence of the inclusion level of crushed crambe on monounsaturated fatty acids. A linear increase was observed in the polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) and eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3n-3). For the sensory attributes, there were differences only for the variables flavor and tenderness, in which meat was considered more flavorful if it was from animals fed 0% crushed crambe, with an average of 1.6, and considered more tender if it was from animals finished with 15% crushed crambe in the diet, scoring an average of 1.7. Crushed crambe can be considered a promising alternative in the feeding of ewes finished in feedlot, replacing soybean meal in the diet, showing satisfactory results with respect to meat quality.

ABSTRACT This study was undertaken to determine the effects of chitosan and whole raw soybean on nutrient intake and total tract digestion, nitrogen utilization, microbial protein synthesis, blood metabolites, and energy balance of dairy heifers. Twelve Jersey heifers (6±0.5 months of age and 139.50±25.56 kg of live weight; mean ± standard deviation) were randomly assigned to a replicated Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The experimental period consisted of 14 days of adaptation to diets, six days of sampling, and five days of washout. The experimental diets were: control (CO); chitosan (CHI, inclusion of 2.0 g kg−1 DM of chitosan); whole raw soybean (WS, 163.0 g kg−1 of WS on diet DM basis); and chitosan + whole raw soybean (CHI+WS). Chitosan decreased dry matter and neutral detergent fiber intakes; however, CHI increased DM total tract digestion. An interaction effect was observed on retained nitrogen, which increased when animals were fed CHI+WS compared with CO or CHI, but did not differ from that of animals fed WS. Chitosan decreased microbial nitrogen and crude protein flow of heifers. Energy balance was improved when heifers received diets containing WS. Efficiency of energy utilization was not affected by experimental diets. An interaction effect was observed for blood high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration, which increased with both dietary inclusion of CHI and WS compared with the other diets, and CHI provided the lowest value of HDL cholesterol. Chitosan and whole raw soybean do not alter nutrient intake and total tract digestion; however, they decrease nitrogen urinary excretion and increase blood HDL cholesterol of heifers.