ABSTRACT The AA 3104 aluminum alloy is widely used as packaging for food storage. However, the package fabrication causes wear to the cutting knife and stamping tools. The objective of this work was to evaluate the wear resistance of the 1020 steel applied in tools for molding and cutting operations of AA 3104, with and without surface treatment, comparing two techniques of wear tests. The samples of 1020 steel were treated by plasma nitriding and DLC film deposition. All samples were tested by a microwear test by fixed ball (MWT). Also, a prototype of the tools machine was developed to simulate the wear between 1020 steel against AA 3104 that occurs in service, whose wear result was analyzed by the moiré optical technique by phase-shifting (DWT). It was observed that the treated samples increased the wear resistance compared to the base material (BM), indicating an increase in the cutting tool lifetime. The DLC film treatment presented greater wear resistance than the nitriding treatment. The microwear test presented the wear volume behavior similar to the behavior of the prototype of wear test, showing that the MWT can be used to study the wear phenomenon with good relationship with the practice, the DWT can indicate the wear behavior of the material in service and the moiré technique can be efficiently used to determine a wear behavior in the designed wear test. 310 storage However 102 tests deposition MWT. . (MWT) Also phaseshifting phase shifting DWT. (DWT) BM, BM , (BM) lifetime practice 31 10 (MWT (DWT (BM 3 1

RESUMO Uma característica importante dos produtos agrícolas está intimamente associada à geometria complexa e também do material que os constituí. O estudo do comportamento mecânico dos materiais biológicos merece uma análise detalhada das leis da mecânica dos sólidos, particularmente das integrais hereditárias e dos modelos analógicos. O levantamento do volume, superfície e forma dos órgãos das plantas podem fornecer suporte fundamental para o desenvolvimento de equipamentos capazes de manusear esses produtos com precisão adequada. A determinação da qualidade dos produtos agrícolas é um processo dinâmico, para o qual técnicas interativas e não invasivas são de relevante importância. Este trabalho tem como objetivo revisar a literatura pertinente associada à análise das propriedades físicas e mecânicas de materiais vegetativos. A seguir os avanços científicos associados às técnicas para estudar o comportamento físico e mecânico dos tecidos vegetativos e como elas podem dar suporte a projetos de engenharia. As conclusões deste artigo incluem a análise da importância destas novas técnicas e suas aplicações para as ciências agrícolas.

ABSTRACT A relevant characteristic of agricultural products is the close association between their complex geometry and material constitution. A study of the mechanical behavior of biological materials should involve a detailed analysis of the laws of solid mechanics, particularly of hereditary integrals and analogical models. Moreover, volume, surface, and shape surveys of plant organs support, on a fundamental level, the development of equipment capable of processing and handling these products with adequate precision. Quality determination of agricultural products is a dynamic process, as part of which interactive and non-invasive techniques are relevant. Accordingly, this review targets pertinent literature associated with the analysis of physical as well as mechanical properties of vegetative materials. Following this, the review covers scientific advances associated with techniques employed to study the physical and mechanical behavior of vegetative tissues and how these techniques can support engineering projects. Finally, the conclusions present an analysis of the importance of these new techniques and their applications to the agricultural sciences.

ABSTRACT The quality control is used for the evaluation of processes and products, and it is important to detect and reduce variability and in operations management can be applied in mechanized harvesting of sugarcane billets. In this sense, this study aimed to identify critical quality indicators and, if necessary, to develop a continuous improvement plan for harvest of sugarcane billets. For the survey and definition of critical quality indicators the FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) was applied, after the formation of the quality technical team. Evaluations of the collected variables were through control charts of individual values and the process capability indexes. There are 8 critical quality indicators in the billets harvesting process; the cutting height, the damage index, the percentage of non-viable buds and operating speed have greater importance for analysis due to the risk priority index and the easiness of obtaining data for analysis. The development of the improvement plan aims to reduce the variability due to crop billets, thus, making it able to perform the operation within the required quality standards.

Desenvolvimento e otimização de projetos de máquinas agrícolas envolvem a análise de tensão e deformação. Técnicas fotomecânicas de moiré fornecem campo de deslocamento completo do corpo de prova e podem auxiliar no entendimento do comportamento mecânico de peças com geometria complexa. Métodos híbridos associam franjas padrões de deslocamento com mapas de distribuição de tensão e deformação, através de conceitos de teoria da elasticidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o uso da técnica de moiré de sombra para determinação qualitativa de distribuição de tensão e deformação em elementos de máquinas de geometria complexa. Os resultados foram comparados com o método de extensometria elétrica e por simulação computacional. Os resultados mostraram que a técnica de moiré de sombra foi bastante confiável para analisar o comportamento mecânico de elementos de máquinas de geometria complexa.

Development and optimization of projects for agricultural machinery involve the analysis of stress and strain. Moiré photomechanical techniques provide a complete displacement field of the specimen under test, and can aid in understanding the mechanical behavior of parts with complex geometry. Hybrid methods combine fringe patterns of displacement with distribution maps of stress and strain through concepts of the theory of elasticity. The objective of this work was to analyse the use of the shadow moiré technique in the qualitative determination of stress and strain distribution in geometrically complex machine elements. The results were compared with those from an electrical extensometer and a computer simulation. The results demonstrated that the shadow moire technique was quite reliable in analysing the mechanical behavior of geometrically complex machine elements.

Este trabalho apresenta uma alternativa de baixo custo e fácil instalação para o tratamento de esgotos de pequenas comunidades. O experimento foi desenvolvido no Campo Experimental da Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola (FEAGRI/UNICAMP). O volume total de esgoto gerado na FEAGRI é de cerca de 20 m³ dia-1, sendo metade desse tratado pelos sistemas modulares. O sistema da linha (A) é constituído por um reator UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket), seguido de dois filtros anaeróbios e o outro sistema, linha (B), é constituído por um reator tipo RAC (Reator Anaeróbio Compartimentado), seguido de dois filtros anaeróbios (FA). Os sistemas foram operados de dezembro de 2002 a fevereiro de 2004, totalizando 30 coletas de amostras. Observou-se que, de maneira geral, o desempenho dos sistemas foram similares e com resultados satisfatórios. As eficiências médias de remoção de Sólidos Sedimentáveis, Sólidos Suspensos Totais e DQO, observadas no sistema modular da Linha (A), foram, respectivamente, 99,58%; 94,33% e 67,30%. O sistema modular da Linha (B) apresentou remoção de 99,49%; 93,34% e 70,45% para os mesmos parâmetros. Os sistemas modulares mostraram-se adequados e viáveis para promover o tratamento sanitário do esgoto produzido em pequenas comunidades.

This research work introduces an alternative of low cost and easily installable system for treatment of wastewater applied to small communities. These experiments were developed at Experimental Field of Agricultural Engineering College (AEC/UNICAMP). The total volume produced at AEC is 20 m³ day-1, and half part was treated by modular systems. The first system line (A) is composed by an UASB reactor (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) followed by two Anaerobic Filters and the second system (B) line is composed by a kind of reactor called CAR (Compartmented Anaerobic Reactor) and it is followed by two Anaerobic filters too. Both systems were handled from December of 2002 through February of 2004 totalizing 30 sample collections. It was concluded under comparation that both system performances were similar and obtained satisfactory results. Medium grades of efficiency in remotion of sedimentable solids, total suspended solids and CDO (Chemical demand of oxygen) obtained in modular system (A) were 99.58%; 94.33% and 67.30% respectively. Modular system (B) showed a remotion of 99.49%; 93.34% and 70.45% to the same evaluation parameters. Both modular systems demonstrated adequate and viable to promote a sanitary treatment of wastewater produced in small communities.