Resumo Myiopsitta monachus é um psitacídeo invasor amplamente distribuído devido ao tráfico de animais selvagens. Os grandes ninhos comunitários construídos e sua condição de espécies sinantrópicas contribuem para a colonização bem-sucedida das cidades, onde parece estar expandindo sua distribuição e número de indivíduos. Isso é relevante, quando se trata de patógenos que os invasores podem abrigar, especialmente quando as populações hospedeiras prosperam. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar um ácaro abundante, encontrado em filhotes de periquitos-monge introduzidos em Santiago, Chile, coletados durante 2017 e 2018. Por meio da identificação morfológica e molecular do gene do RNA ribossômico 18S, foi confirmada a presença de Ornithonyssus bursa, sendo o primeiro registro para o Chile. Esse ácaro é comum em populações nativas e introduzidas de periquitos-monge e pode afetar outras aves, incluindo aves domésticas. Além disso, esse ácaro pode picar pessoas e pode ser um potencial vetor de patógenos, como bactérias ou vírus. Conclui-se que esse parasita provavelmente foi introduzido com o periquito e foram discutidas as possíveis consequências ecológicas de saúde e econômicas dessa nova praga em potencial.

Abstract Myiopsitta monachus is an invasive psittacine with wide distribution due to the pet trade. Its large communal nests and synanthropic nature contribute to its successful colonization of cities, from where it seems to be expanding in range and numbers. This is relevant with regard to pathogens that invasive species may harbor, especially when host populations thrive. We aimed to identify an abundant mite found in invasive monk parakeet chicks that had been collected in Santiago during 2017 and 2018. Through morphological and molecular identification of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene, we confirmed the presence of Ornithonyssus bursa. This was the first report of this mite in Chile. This mite is common in native and invasive monk parakeet populations and may affect other birds, including domestic fowl. Further, this mite bites people and can be a potential vector of pathogens such as bacteria or viruses. We conclude that this parasite was likely introduced with the parakeet and discuss possible ecological, health and economic consequences of this new potential pest.

Resumo A porção central do Chile é reconhecidamente uma área com ecossistemas únicos de alta prioridade para conservação. Isso se deve aos altos níveis de endemismo na região e pressões antrópicas intensas. Durante quase quatro décadas, a caturrita tem obtido sucesso em seu estabelecimento e dispersão na área urbana de Santiago, apesar da falta de conhecimento com relação ao seu potencial impacto. Além disso, não há informações sobre riscos epidemiológicos para animais e tampouco para humanos. Motivado por essa questão, foi realizado o primeiro levantamento parasitário de caturritas no Chile a partir da captura, necropsia e inspeção interna e externa de 92 indivíduos adultos. Deste total, 45,7% apresentaram piolhos da espécie Paragoniocotes fulvofasciatum, 1,1% apresentaram ácaros da ordem Mesostigmata, e 8,9% apresentaram ácaros de vida livre. Dentre 89 caturritas, 19,1% apresentaram estruturas identificadas como Cryptosporidium sp. Este estudo apresenta a primeira descrição de Cryptosporidium sp. em caturritas. Ademais, a presença de ácaros da ordem Mesostigmata em uma das aves serve como um alerta para saúde pública, considerando que estes dois parasitas apresentam potencial zoonótico.

Abstract Central Chile has been identified as a unique ecosystem with high conservation priority because of its high levels of endemism and intensive anthropic pressure. Over a period of almost four decades, the monk parakeet has been successful in establishing and dispersing in urban Santiago, although little is known about its potential impact. Furthermore, nothing is known about its epidemiological risks towards animals or even humans. For this reason, we conducted the first parasitic survey of monk parakeets in Chile through capture, necropsy and thorough external and internal inspection of 92 adult individuals. Among these, 45.7% presented lice that were identified as Paragoniocotes fulvofasciatum, 1.1% had mesostigmatid acari and 8.9% had free-ranging acari. Among 89 parakeets, 19.1% had structures identified as Cryptosporidium sp. This study provides the first description of Cryptosporidium sp. in monk parakeets. Along with the presence of a mesostigmatid acarus in one parakeet, this serves as a public health warning, given that both of these parasites have zoonotic potential.

One hundred and sixty seven fecal samples and three complete digestive tracts obtained from these penguins were analyzed using different parasitological methodologies. The presence ofTetrabothrius spp. eggs (Cestoda: Pseudophyllida), and the observation of Sporozoa oocists and Nematoda eggs both of undetermined species in the fecal samples is reported. In the same way a large number of nematodes identified as Streptocara spp. (Nematoda: Acuariidae) in different evolutionary stages in stomach, and the recovery of a whole 81 cm. Tetrabothrius spp. specimen (without the scolex) and one inmature tapeworm (Cestoda: Cyclophyllida) with unarmed rostellum in guts of Adéliepenguins chiks found dead in a protected zone of the Antarctic territory is reported.

Usando diferentes técnicas parasicológicas, fueron analizadas 167 muestras de heces y 3 tractos digestivos completos obtenidos de pingüinos Adelia {Pygoscelis adeliae) de una zona Antartica protegida. Se reporta la presencia de: huevos y una estróbila de Tetrabothrius spp. (Cestoda: Pseudophyllida); una tenia con un rostellum inerme (Cestoda: Cyclophyllida) en estado inmaduro; ooquistes de Esporozoos y huevos de Nematodos sin identificación; una gran cantidad de Streptocara spp. (Nematoda: Acuariidae) en diferentes estados de evolución.

This paper reports the first national clinical case of a canine with chronic cough associated to Filaroides osleri that it arrived as interconsults to the Clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Sciences of the University of Chile

Este trabajo reporta el primer caso clínico nacional de un canino con tos crónica asociado a Filaroides osleri que llegó como interconsulta a la Clínica de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias de la Universidad de Chile

In the present communication, the presence of Streptocara spp. (Nematoda: Acuariidae) and Contracaecum spp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in stomach; two scolex of tapeworms (Cestoda: Cyclophyllida) and eggs of Tetrabothrium spp. (Cestoda: Pseudophyllida) in guts of Gentoo penguin chicks found dead in a protected zone of the Antarctic territory is reported

En el presente trabajo, se comunica la presencia de Streptocara spp (Nematoda: Acuariidae) y de Contracaecum spp (Nematoda: Anisakidae) en estómago; de dos escolex de tenias (Cestoda: Cyclophyllida) y huevos de Tetrabothrium spp (Cestoda: Pseudophyllida) en el intestino de pollos de pingüino Papua encontrados muertos en una zona Antártica protegida

During 2005, several pentastomids were found on the lungs of a Chilean Long Tailed Snakes (Philodryas chamissonis) that were kept under captivity on a national zoo. The identification of this parasites determinates that they were Raillitiella sp. This is the first report of Raillietiella sp. on reptiles in the country

Se encontrado un pentastómido de reptil en los pulmones de culebra chilena de cola larga (Philodryas chamissonis) mantenida en cautiverio en un zoológico nacional. La identificación de dicho parásito correspondió a Raillietiella sp. Este constituye la primera comunicación sobre Raillietiella sp. en reptiles de nuestro país

100 pigmy hedgehogs were examined, 56 came from a breeder and 44 from particular owners. Feces samples and skin scrapings were obtained and then analized using several parasitological methods to find and identify the parasites. In 87 of them the presence of an ectoparasite was evident. Of these 100% had Caparina tripilis and just one of them (1.7%) also had Myocoptes musculinus. From the 56 samples obtained from the breeder, the 100% of the young animals and 83,8% of the adult animals samples had C. tripilis. At the same time 3,2% of the adult samples had M. musculinus. From the other 44 samples that were obtained from particular owners, 100% of the young animals samples and 72.4% of the adult animals samples had only C. tripilis. The 100 fecal samples were negative to the presence of endoparasites. However, the use of the flotation method reported positive presence of free life mite eggs in 13 of the samples, while the sedimentation method was positive in only 4 of them. There was no evidence of Cryptosporidium sp

De 100 muestras de raspados de piel y púas examinados, en 87 de ellas fue posible evidenciar la presencia de algún ectoparásito. De estas 87 muestras positivas, el 100% tenía Caparina tripilis y sólo una de ellas además presentó Myocoptes musculinus. De 56 muestras obtenidas de erizos de tierra de criadero, el 100% de las muestras tomadas de crías y el 83,8% de las muestras de adultos presentó C. tripilis. Al mismo tiempo un 3,2% de éstas últimas presentó M. musculinus. De las 44 muestras obtenidas de dueños particulares, el 100% de las muestras obtenidas de crías y el 72,7% de las muestras obtenidas de adultos presentó sólo C. tripilis. Las 100 muestras de excretas resultaron negativas a la presencia de endoparásitos. Sin embargo, fue posible evidenciar la presencia de huevos de ácaros, posiblemente de vida libre. Mediante la técnica de Ziehl Neelsen, no se evidenció presencia de Cryptosporidium sp

Dos proteínas antigénicas de Fasciola hepatica, una de 14 kDa y otra de 29 kDa, fueron purificadas por la técnica de electroelución a partir de un antígeno de excreción-secreción (ES) de fasciolas adultas. Estas proteínas fueron evaluadas por separado, mediante una técnica de ELISA utilizando para ello sueros de ovinos con fasciolosis, sueros de ovinos sin fasciolosis y sueros de ovinos con otras parasitosis. La proteína de 14 kDa tuvo una sensibilidad baja de un 60% y una especificidad del 100%, mientras que su valor predictivo positivo fue de un 100% y el negativo de 77%. Los valores de sensibilidad y especificidad obtenidos para la proteína de 29 kDa fueron de un 94% y 98% respectivamente, mientras que el valor predictivo positivo fue de un 97% y el negativo de un 96%. Finalmente, se pudo concluir que la proteína de 14 kDa no mostró ser útil en el inmunodiagnóstico de esta enfermedad mediante elisa. En cambio la proteína de 29 kDa, debido a sus altos valores de sensibilidad y especificidad, puede ser utilizada en el inmunodiagnóstico de la fasciolosis animal mediante la técnica de Elisa.

With the purpose of identifying the coccidia species in poultry farms of Chile, 51 fecal samples (of 50 chickens each)were collected. Through flotation coprological examination of 10% of samples, oocysts of Eimeria maxima were identified. The remaining portion of the samples, was suspended in a 2.5% potassium bichromate solution, to allow the sporulation of oocysts which were then suspended in tap water and administered to 6 chickens 21 days old free of coccidia infection through a gastroesophagic tube. The identification of Eimeria species was done through measurement of the prepatent period, size of squizonts and type and locations of the intestinal lesions produced. Seven Eimeria species were found with the next frequency: E. maxima 48 %, E. praecox 62%, E. mitis 68%, E. tenella 14%, E. necatrix 14%, E. mivati 8% and E. acervulina 48%. E. brunetti and E. hagani were not detected. Mixed infections were the most frequent finding, being very common to detect the presence of 4 species simultaneously.

Two polypeptides (14 kDa and 29 kDa) of adult Fasciola hepatica were purified by electroelution and its diagnostic application through Western blot was evaluated. The value of sensitivity was 95% and 97.5%, respectively and the value of specificity was 100% in both polypeptides. These antigenic components were efficient for the diagnosis of the prepatent stage of the infection

La electroelución implementada en este estudio logró purificar por separado dos polipéptidos, uno de 14 y otro de 29 kDa. La eficiencia diagnóstica de cada uno de estos polipéptidos medida a través de Western blot indicó una sensibilidad de 95% y 97,5% respectivamente y ambos una especificidad de 100%. Además se concluye que son de utilidad en la pesquisa de infecciones prepatentes

The chemotherapeutic success of a semipurified Fasciola hepatica antigenic fraction of < 30kDa was evaluated in naturally infected sheep using ELISA and a Western blot (WB) assay. Sheep without fasciolosis were sent and kept in pastures where the infection is highly endemic. Serum samples from 15 sheep were monthly evaluated from day 0 to 12 months of infection by sedimentation coprological exams, ELISA and WB. Six months post infection (p.i.), six animals were treated with triclabendazole. Serum samples from sheep free of fasciolosis, sera from infected sheep and from sheep with other parasitic diseases were included as controls. Results obtained, indicated that the treatment effect became obvious by a reduction of antibody levels and a seroconversion to negative of 5 sheep after six months post treatment, however differences in the proportions of positive ELISA results among treated and control animals, became significant earlier, at 4 months post treatment (p < 0.05). The WB assays indicated that at 2 months after treatment, half of the treated sheep did not recognized bands < 30 kDa and a 14 kDa band (both being considered through previous studies as highly sensitive and specific in the diagnosis of fasciolosis). Differences in the proportion of positives in treated and control groups were already statistically significant at 2 months after treatment (p < 0.05). At 5 months after treatment, there was no recognition of both bands in any of the treated group. It was demonstrated through coprological exams and the post mortem examination of the animals, the absolute absence of infection in treated sheep and the presence of F. hepatica infection in control groups. It is therefore concluded that the semipurified fraction < 30 kDa contains polypeptides which might be veryuseful not only from a diagnostic point of view, but also as indicators in predicting chemotherapeutic success in animals treated against fasciolosis.

RESUMEN Se evaluó el valor predictivo de éxito terapéutico de una fracción semipurificada de < 30 kDa de Fasciola hepatica, empleando ELISA y western blot (WB) en el reconocimiento antigénico por parte de ovinos infectados. Quince ovinos fueron infectados naturalmente después de permanecer un mes en un predio de una zona endémica. Los ovinos fueron evaluados individualmente cada mes, durante 12 meses, mediante examen coprológico, ELISA y WB. A los seis meses, seis de los quince corderos fueron tratados con un fasciolicida. Se emplearon sueros controles negativos y positivos a F. hepatica y "pools" de sueros ovinos con otras parasitosis y sin fasciolosis. Los resultados indicaron que el día 0, todos los ovinos y sus sueros fueron negativos a fasciolosis, según el examen coprológico, WB y ELISA respectivamente. El efecto del tratamiento fasciolicida en los 6 corderos tratados, se tradujo en la disminución gradual de los niveles de anticuerpos siendo significativas las diferencias entre tratados y controles a los 4 meses post tratamiento (p.t.) (p > 0,05) y siendo 5 de los 6 sueros de corderos tratados, negativos a ELISA después de 6 meses p.t. Mediante WB, se determinó que a los 2 meses p.t., la mitad de los ovinos tratados no lograron reconocer las bandas de 29 y 14 kDa (consideradas como altamente sensibles y específicas en el diagnóstico de fasciolosis). Hubo diferencias significativas en la proporción de positivos entre los ovinos tratados y controles a los 2 meses p.t. (p < 0,05). A los 5 meses p.t., hubo total ausencia de reconocimiento de las bandas de < 30 kDa y 14 kDa en los ovinos tratados. Los exámenes coprológicos señalaron la ausencia de infección en los corderos tratados, lo que fue corroborado posteriormente por la necropsia, la que a su vez, demostró la infección en los ovinos no tratados. Se concluye que la fracción semipurificada de < 30 kDa ensayada, contiene polipéptidos que ofrecen un gran potencial, no sólo desde el punto de vista diagnóstico sino que también como una herramienta a emplear para predecir el éxito terapéutico después de un tratamiento fasciolicida.

Immunodiagnosis of bovine fasciolosis was evaluated in terms of its sensitivity and specificity by ELISA and Western blot using a crude excretory-secretory preparation (C E-S) and an E-S partially purified chromatographic fraction of Fasciola hepatica (<30 kDa) as antigens. Serum samples from 52 bovines with natural fasciolosis, 18 without the infection and 48 bovines with hydatid cysts, all checked by post mortem examination, were tested as well. The sensitivity and specificity obtained by ELISA using the C E-S antigens were 53% and 100%, respectively. Likewise, when using the partially purified fraction, the sensitivity of ELISA test increased to 90% with a 100% specificity. The C E-S antigens reacted specifically with sera from infected bovines exhibiting bands of 14, 22, 27-39 and 37-38 kDa in Western blots. When the partially purified fraction was tested, the 28-30 kDa band was consistently detected by sera from all infected bovines and was absent in sera from uninfected as well as in sera from those with hydatid infection. These results indicate that F. hepatica presents different antigens, among which the 28-30 kDa fraction represents polypeptides with diagnostic potential that can be further purified and applied in the immunodiagnosis of bovine fasciolosis corroborating previous results recorded in other animal species

Se evaluó y caracterizó la respuesta inmune humoral de bovinos naturalmente infectados con Fasciola hepatica frente a un extracto total de antígenos de excreción-secreción (E-S) y a una fracción antigénica semipurificada cromatográficamente (<30 kDa), seleccionada previamente por su eficiencia diagnóstica en otras especies. Ambos preparados antigénicos fueron analizados mediante ELISA en microplaca y electroforesis en geles de poliacrilamida en condición de denaturación (SDS-PAGE) y posterior inmuno-electrotransferencia enzimática o Western blot. Para ello se emplearon 52 sueros de bovinos con fasciolosis comprobada mediante examen post mortem, 18 sueros de animales sin la infección y 48 sueros de vacunos infectados con hidatidosis, perosin fasciolosis. La sensibilidad y especificidad obtenidas en el ELISA con el extracto crudo E-S fueron de 53% y 100%, respectivamente, en tanto que con la fracción semipurificada a igual especificidad (100%) se presentó una sensibilidad mayor ( 90%). A través de Western blot, empleando el extracto antigénico total E-S hubo un reconocimiento específico de bandas correspondientes a los 14, 22, 27-29 y 37-38 kDa. Las bandas de 37-38 y 27-29 kDa destacaron por su sensibilidad y frecuencia, identificadas por el 90% y 100% de los infectados, respectivamente. Con el antígeno semipurificado, se evidenció una banda polipeptídica de 28-30 kDa, reconocida por todos los sueros con fasciolosis. Los resultados demuestran, por un lado, la existencia de diversas fracciones polipeptídicas que potencialmente pueden ser promisorias en el inmunodiagnóstico de fasciolosis bovina