Resumo O Comparative Agendas Project (CAP) coleta, organiza e disponibiliza gratuitamente milhões de dados sobre os temas que têm chamado a atenção de governos em mais de 25 sistemas políticos de todo mundo. Os dados disponíveis compreendem um longo período desde a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Na expansão de seus projetos para a América Latina, os pesquisadores ligados ao CAP enfrentam, além de desafios comuns aqueles encontrados globalmente, outras adversidades particulares dos sistemas políticos adotados nas nações da região. Neste ensaio introdutório, exploramos os antecedentes do CAP e as oportunidades que se apresentam com sua expansão aos sistemas políticos latino-americanos.

Abstract The Comparative Agendas Project (CAP) collects, organizes, and makes freely available millions of bits of information concerning the objects of government attention over long periods of time (often back to the Second World War) for more than 25 political systems, worldwide. As researchers affiliated with the CAP expand their projects into Latin America, they confront some challenges similar to those from other regions, and some unique to their national political systems. In this introductory essay, we explore the background of the CAP and the opportunities posed by its expansion into Latin American political systems.

Resumen: El Comparative Agendas Project (CAP, por sus siglas en inglés) recopila, organiza y pone a disposición de forma gratuita millones de datos sobre los temas que han sido priorizados por parte de políticos y gobernantes en más de 25 sistemas políticos de todo el mundo. Estas bases de datos abarcan un período de tiempo largo, que en la mayoría de casos comienza tras el fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial). Los investigadores que desarrollan proyectos siguiendo la metodología del CAP en América Latina tienen que hacer frente a los desafíos comunes que los investigadores han encontrado al analizar la agenda política, a otros exclusivos de los sistemas políticos de los países de esta región. En este ensayo introductorio, exploramos los antecedentes del CAP y las oportunidades que se presentan con su expansión a los sistemas políticos latinoamericanos.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of various geometric mean diameters (GMDs) of particles of corn, pelleted soybean meal and a corn-soy mixture in the proportion of 70% and 30%, respectively, on the nutritional value of the feeds. The study evaluated energy consumption, the contents of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and AME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) and the metabolizability coefficients for broiler chickens at various ages. A total of 540 Cobb 500 male broilers were housed in metabolic cages (experimental units). Trials were performed separately with each feed. A completely randomized design was used with four treatments, namely corn with 573, 636, 851, and 1012 μm GMDs; pelleted soybean meal with 538, 550, 665, and 741 μm GMDs; and the corn-soy mixture with 627, 658, 893, and 1040 μm GMDs. Birds were evaluated on days 1 - 10, 11 - 20, 21 - 30, and 31 - 40. Larger GMDs resulted in lower energy consumption. From 1 to 10 days, birds consumed less metabolizable energy than older birds. Birds fed corn from days 1 to 10 had higher metabolizable energy (P <0.05) with increasing GMD up to 1042 μm. However, the results varied, depending on the feed and its combinations. The use of coarse particles could reduce the costs of grinding, and would have few effects on the metabolizable energy of broiler chickens.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the energetic values of dry residue of cassava (DRC) and the effects of its inclusion in broiler diets on performance, intestinal morphometry, protein and fat deposition rate, and carcass and cut yields. In experiment I, two metabolism trials were carried out from 11-21 and from 31-41 days of age. The birds were distributed in a completely randomized design and DRC was included at levels of 10, 20, 30 and 40% in the basal diet. In experiment II, 980 male chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design with seven treatments (0; 2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 12% DRC) and seven replicates. DRC levels did not influence (p>0.05) the energetic values. From days 1-7, weight gain (WG) had a linear adjustment, and the inclusion of up to 6% of DRC from d 1-7, and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) had a tendency (p=0.060) with quadratic effect (p=0.001), and the worst FCR was observed with the inclusion of 5.81% of DRC. From d 1-21 of age, the WG decreased linearly, with the increasing of DRC while the FCR increased linearly. Breast yield decreased linearly with increasing levels of DRC inclusion. The addition of the residue reduced the protein deposition rate (PDR) and did not alter the (fat deposition rate) FDR. The metabolizable energy of DRC was 1534 kcal kg-1 (11-21 d), 1746 kcal kg-1 (d 31-42) and can be included up to 6% until d 42 in the broiler`s diet without harming the performance.

Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da utilização de diferentes promotores de crescimento sobre o metabolismo de frangos de corte em crescimento. Foram avaliadas duas dietas, uma atendendo às exigências nutricionais de frangos de corte (normal) e uma dieta reduzida, com 5% a menos da exigência nutricional (reduzida), suplementadas ou não com antibióticos e prebióticos. Foram utilizados 180 pintos de corte criados em galpão convencional, com cama de maravalha, até os 21 dias de idade. Em seguida, foram divididos em 36 gaiolas, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, utilizando método tradicional de coleta de excretas. Houve interação (P<0,05) entre dieta e promotores de crescimento para os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal da matéria seca (CDIMS), da proteína bruta (CDIPB) e do extrato etéreo (CDIEE). A dieta reduzida contendo antibiótico apresentou menor CDIMS. A dieta normal contendo antibiótico apresentou maior CDIPB (P<0,05), enquanto a dieta reduzida contendo prebiótico apresentou melhor CDIPB e CDIEE (P<0,05). Os valores dos coeficientes de digestibilidade total da matéria seca (CDTMS), da proteína bruta (CDTPB) e do extrato etéreo (CDTEE) apresentaram interação (P<0,05) entre dietas e promotores de crescimento, em que a dieta reduzida contendo antibiótico apresentou menor CDTMS e CDTEE. A dieta normal apresentou maiores valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e EMA corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) (P<0,05). Concluiu-se que, ao se reduzir a exigência nutricional da ração, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes foi reduzida, no entanto os óleos essenciais promoveram aumento nos coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal da matéria seca, da proteína bruta e do extrato etéreo.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of using different growth promoters on the metabolism of growing broilers. We evaluated two diets, one meeting the nutritional requirements of broilers (normal) and another reduced diet with 5% less than the nutritional requirement (reduced), supplemented or not with antibiotics and prebiotics. A total of 180 broiler chicks reared in shed masonry and wood shaving bedding until 21 days of age. The animals were divided into 36 cages and distributed in a completely randomized design, using a traditional method of excreta collection. There was an interaction (P<0.05) between diet and growth promoters for ileal digestibility coefficient of dry matter (IDCDM), crude protein (IDCCP) and ether extract (IDCEE). The reduced diet containing antibiotics had lower IDCDM. The normal diet containing antibiotic had higher IDCCP (P<0.05), whereas the reduced diet containing prebiotic showed better IDCCP and IDCEE (P<0.05). The values of total digestibility coefficient of dry matter (TDCDM), crude protein (TDCCP) and ether extract (TDCEE) showed interaction (P<0.05) between diets and growth promoters, where the reduced diet containing antibiotics had lower TDCDM and TDCEE. A normal diet had higher apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and AME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) (P<0.05). It was concluded that when the nutritional requirement of diet was reduced, the nutrients digestibility was also reduced, however essential oils caused an increase in ileal digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and ether extract.

Con el propósito de ofrecer cultivos alternativos a los pequeños productores del municipio Federación, estado Falcón, se evaluaron dos variedades de papa, Solanum tuberosum L., Kennebec (VK) y Atlantic (VA), en el sector La Sabanita, ubicada a 800 m.s.n.m., caracterizada como bosque húmedo premontano, con precipitaciones promedias de 1000 mm año-1 y suelos bien estructurados con niveles medios de materia orgánica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el comportamiento de dos variedades de papa, VK y VA en la zona alta del estado Falcón, con el fin de ofrecer a los pequeños productores de la región, la variedad con mejor potencial de producción. El diseño experimental utilizado fue bloques al azar con tres repeticiones, tomando como variables de estudio: altura de planta (AP), grosor del tallo (GT), número de tallos por planta (NTP); en cuanto a los tubérculos: número total de tubérculos por planta (PTTP), peso por planta (PTP), peso fresco (PFT) y materia seca (MS), rendimiento por planta (RP) y por hectárea (Rha). Para ambas variedades el GT se comportó similar (P>0,01), mientras que en NTP, PTP, RP y Rha se observaron diferencias (P<0,01) bien marcadas entre las variedades, siendo superior la VK. Se evidencia en la VK un alto potencial productivo, como una alternativa en la diversificación de los sistemas de producción agrícola tradicionales de la zona alta del estado Falcón.

In order to offer agronomic alternative to the small farmers of the Federation council, Falcon State, two varieties of potato were evaluated, S. tuberosum L.; Kennebec (VK) and Atlantic (VA), in the Sabanita area, located to 800 meters up sea level, characterized as premontain humid forest, with precipitations of 1000 mm per year and structured soils with mean levels of organic matter. The experimental design used was random blocks with three repetitions, the variable evaluated were: plant height (PH), stem thickness (ST), stem number (SN); also biometric parameters were evaluates such as: tuber number (TN), plants weight (PW), fresh weight (FW) and dry matter (DM), yield by plant (YP) and yield by hectare (kg ha-1). For both varieties the (TS) was similar (P>0,01), while the parameters; NTP, PTP, RP and Rha showed significant differences (P<0,01) between the varieties evaluated, being superior VK. A high productive potential demonstrated by VK, suggest that this variety is an alternative in the diversification of the traditional production systems of the high zone of the state Falcon.

Two receptor-binding sites for hGM-CSF are described. Competitive binding ELISA using four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) showed different epitope recognitions. The antibody combining sites were mapped using sets of overlapping peptides and hexapeptide libraries prepared by the SPOT synthesis technique. We identified the conformationally dependent epitopes A18E21R23R24F119 and R23E21N17W13 bound by MAb CC5B5 and the nonlinear epitope P118F119W13E14 bound by MAb M1B8. The epitopes recognized by these two MAbs are very closely located on the native protein surface. The peptide L61YKQGKLRGSLTK72 was recognized by MAb M7E10 and the peptide A1PAR4, representing the N-terminal sequence of the protein, was bound by the nonneutralizing MAb CC1H7. Inhibition assays of the GM-CSF biological activity demonstrated that MAb M1B8, CC5B5 and M7E10 bind to domains which are responsible for the interaction of the cytokine with the GM-CSF receptor.

Análise das opções abertas à Alemanha no período após a reunificação, enfatizando seu papel internacional, seu protagonismo comunitário e sua função de ponte entre a Europa Ocidental e a Eurásia.

Analysis of the options opened to the Germany after the reunification, emphasizing the international role of FRG, its euro-protagonism and its bridge-building function between Western Europe and Eurasia.