ABSTRACT The present study aimed to compare the mood of young beach volleyball athletes according to the result of the match. Sixteen male athletes participated in the study (age= 17± 2.44 years). All were submitted to a simulated competition, following the official rules. Previously, the athletes responded (30 minutes before playing) to the Profile of Mood States (POMS), divided into the dimensions tension, depression, hostility, vigor, fatigue, and confusion. The data were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test, according to the result (winner and loser). The biserial correlation coefficient per point (Kendall’s Tau) and determination (т-square) were calculated for the variables with a significant difference, adopting a 5% significance. Regardless of the result, the observed profile was iceberg characterised by high vigour and low in other dimensions. In addition, there was a significant difference only in the “confusion” dimension (Winner= 2.00 vs Loser= 5.50; U= 13.00; p=.043; d= 1.151). Additionally, the correlation and determination coefficient was т= 0.457 (p=.043) e т2= 0.208, respectively. Regardless of the result, the mood profile 30 minutes before the game was “iceberg”. Furthermore, the “confusion” subscale was identified as the main psychological performance indicator, explaining ∼20% of the variation between winning and losing.

RESUMO O objetivo foi comparar o estado de humor de jovens atletas de voleibol de praia em função do resultado do jogo. Participaram do estudo 16 atletas (idade= 17± 2,44 anos). Todos foram submetidos a uma competição simulada, seguindo as regras oficiais. Previamente, os atletas respondiam (30 minutos antes de jogar), ao Perfil de Estados de Humor (POMS), divididos nas dimensões tensão, depressão, raiva, vigor, fadiga e confusão. Os dados foram comparados utilizando o teste U de Mann-Whitney, de acordo com o desempenho (vencedor e perdedor). Além disso, calculou-se o coeficiente de correlação bisserial por ponto (Tau de Kendall) e determinação (т-quadrado), para as variáveis com diferença significante, adotando significância 5%. Independentemente do desempenho o perfil de humor observado foi “iceberg”. Além disso, verificou-se diferença significante na dimensão “confusão” (Vencedor= 2,00 Vs. Perdedor= 5,50; U= 13,00; p= 0,043; d= 1,151). Adicionalmente, o coeficiente de correlação e determinação foi т= 0,457 (p= 0,043) e т2= 0,208, respectivamente. Independente do resultado, o perfil de humor 30 minutos antes do jogo foi “iceberg”. Para mais, a subescala “confusão” foi o principal indicador de desempenho psicológico identificado, explicando ∼20% a variação entre vencer e perder.

ABSTRACT Objective: Review the studies that investigated coping in soccer. Methods: A systemic search was carried out in the following databases: Pubmed, Web of Science, Scielo, Scopus, PsychINFO and SPORTDiscus. The descriptors related to the terms (Coping skills, Sport and Football) were verified in the MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) database. The inclusion criteria used were: Empirical studies published in journals peer-reviewed scientific papers; b) Studies published from December 2014 to December 2019; c) with at least one quantitative measure; d) Studies with samples of soccer athletes; and e) Articles with specific reference to the topic 'Coping skills'. Results: The results showed that coping skills interact with important variables for good performance in elite soccer, such as competitive level, sports talent, psychopathologies, age group and sex. More specifically, it was noted that the development of some coping strategies, such as facing adversity, trust/motivation and performance under pressure, are potentially common to these variables. Conclusion: It is concluded that the development of some coping strategies is fundamental to the elite athlete, since it is positively associated with the optimal development of most of the variables analyzed in the synthesized studies.

RESUMO Objetivo: Revisar sistematicamente os estudos que investigaram o coping no futebol. Métodos: Foi realizada busca sistêmica nas seguintes bases de dados: Pubmed, Web of Science, Scielo, Scopus, PsychINFO e SPORTDiscus. Os descritores relacionados aos termos (Habilidades de enfrentamento, Esporte e Futebol) foram verificados na base de dados MeSH (Medical Subject Headings). Os critérios de inclusão utilizados foram: Estudos empíricos publicados em periódicos artigos científicos revisados por pares; b) Estudos publicados de dezembro de 2014 a dezembro de 2019; c) com pelo menos uma medida quantitativa; d) Estudos com amostras de atletas de futebol; e e) Artigos com referência específica ao tema 'Habilidades de enfrentamento'. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que as habilidades de enfrentamento interagem com variáveis importantes para o bom desempenho no futebol de elite, como nível competitivo, talento esportivo, psicopatologias, faixa etária e sexo. Mais especificamente, notou-se que o desenvolvimento de algumas estratégias de enfrentamento, como enfrentar adversidades, confiança/motivação e desempenho sob pressão, são potencialmente comuns a essas variáveis. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o desenvolvimento de algumas estratégias de enfrentamento é fundamental para o atleta de elite, pois está positivamente associado ao desenvolvimento ótimo da maioria das variáveis analisadas nos estudos sintetizados.

Abstract Introduction The literature presents few findings on the relationship between sleep quality and eating disorders indicators, especially in women fighters. Objective To compare the sleep quality among women who practice BJJ due to risk behaviors in eating disorders. Method Twenty-six women who practice Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) participated in this study. After completing the Free and Informed Consent Form, the participants answered the instruments separately (Eating Attitudes Test and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index). Data were analysed using the unpaired T-test and Pearson’s linear correlation. Results Twenty-six women who practice BJJ participated in the study. The first group had non-prevalence of eating disorders indicators (n = 14) while the second group had prevalence (n = 12). There was no correlation between sleep quality and eating disorders indicators in none of the groups. Similary, there was no statistical difference between the sleep quality of the two groups; however, both groups were poor sleepers. Discussion and conclusion Findings suggest that the prevalence of eating disorders indicators is high in women who practice BJJ, however, we did find a significant correlation between eating disorder indicators and sleep quality. Thus, as this is a nascent topic, further research is needed to better clarify this phenomenon.

Resumen Introducción En la literatura hay pocos hallazgos sobre la relación existente entre la calidad del sueño, y lo indicadores de trastornos alimenticios, especialmente en mujeres luchadoras. Objetivo Fue analizar la calidad del sueño con indicadores de riesgo de trastornos alimenticios en practicantes brasileñas de Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ). Método Veintiséis mujeres que practican BJJ participaron en este estudio. Después de completar un Formulario de Consentimiento Libre e Informado, las participantes respondieron por separado los instrumentos (Prueba de Actitudes Alimentarias e Índice de Calidad del Sueño de Pittsburgh). Los datos se analizaron con la prueba t no emparejada y la correlación lineal de Pearson. Resultados Participaron en el estudio 26 mujeres que practican BJJ, el primer grupo estuvo conformado por la no revalorización de los indicadores de trastornos alimentarios (n = 14) y el segundo grupo presentó prevalencia (n = 12). No se encontró correlación entre la calidad del sueño y los indicadores de trastornos de la alimentación en ninguno de los grupos. Tampoco hubo diferencia estadística entre la calidad del sueño de cada grupo, ambos grupos no dormían bien. Discusión y conclusión Los resultados señalan que la prevalencia de los indicadores de trastornos de la alimentación es elevada en las mujeres que practican BJJ; sin embargo, cuando se correlacionan los indicadores de trastornos de la alimentación con la calidad del sueño, no hay datos que indiquen la existencia de ninguna relación. Por lo tanto, dado que se trata de un tema reciente, es necesario seguir investigando para aclarar mejor este fenómeno.

Abstract Aims: The present study investigated the quality of coach-athlete relationship (CAR) and coping as associated factors stress, anxiety, burnout, and depression symptoms of soccer players in the transition to professional. Methods: Twenty-three athletes from four teams of the 2019 under-20 Bahia State Championship participated in the study. The instruments used were the Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire, the Coping Strategic Athletic Inventory, the Daily Analysis of Life Demands in Athletes, the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2R, the Burnout Questionnaire for Athletes, and the Major Depression Inventory. Data analysis was conducted using Generalized Estimation Equations, Pearson’s Correlation, and Linear Multiple Regression (p < 0.05). Results: Our findings show that from the beginning to the end of the season, CAR and coping strategies were predictors of psychic occurrences. For CAR, the symptoms of anxiety associated with self-confidence and stress symptoms were predicted by Proximity and Complementarity, respectively. As for coping strategies, only the symptoms of stress were predicted by the dimension of facing adversity. Conclusion: From the beginning to the end of the season, the magnitude of the predicting factors over some psychopathologies is enhanced in youth soccer players going through a career transition stage.

Abstract Aim: This narrative review aimed to explore the effect of mental fatigue on physical, technical, and tactical performance in ball sports. Methods: Three Databases, PUBMED, SCOPUS, and SCIELO, were used to search for a scientific publication. The criterions adopted were: a) published in a peer-reviewed journal; b) adopted at least one manipulation check related to mental fatigue; c) mental fatigue induced by a cognitive task before the outcome task, and d) study participants were ball sports athletes. Result: The quality of this narrative review was rated at 11 (SANRA scale 0-12), and the papers analyzed were published between 2015 and 2022. Twenty-one experimental studies were included in this review. Most studies were in invasion sports (n = 13; 72%), and non-ecological tasks were used to induce mental fatigue (n = 15; 83%). Regarding performance in endurance tests, mentally fatigued athletes had performance impaired. However, when assessed during a small-sided or simulated game, data were inconclusive within the literature. Moreover, athletes presented attenuated perceptual skills (e.g., visual field). Consequently, this worsened motor skills, technical-tactical performances, and tactical behavior. Conclusions: Cognitively demanding tasks should be avoided before training and sports competitions because they can lead the athlete to mental fatigue and impair performance. This impairment is identified in physical performance (endurance tasks) and technical and tactical performance. Finally, it is recommended that athletes do not perform tasks that cause mental fatigue 2 h before the sports event.

RESUMO Este estudo investigou as relações das estratégias de coping sobre o estresse, e os sintomas de ansiedade em atletas de futebol da categoria sub-20. Participaram 23 atletas de quatro equipas do Campeonato Baiano sub-20 2019. Como instrumentos foram utilizados o Inventário Atlético de Estratégias de Coping, o Daily Analysis of Life Demands in Athletes e o Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2R. A análise de dados foi conduzida por meio das análises de correlação de Pearson e Regressão Linear Múltipla (plt; 0,05). Os resultados indicaram que no início da época o coping se relacionou com a Ansiedade (Cognitiva, R2= 0,43; Autoconfiança, R2= 0,30; p< 0,05). Enquanto que, no final da época, relacionou-se com o estresse (R2= 0,18; p< 0,05), Ansiedade (AC, R2= 0,66; p< 0,05). Conclui-se que, no final da época, a magnitude das relações do coping sobre o estresse e a ansiedade foram potencializadas nos jovens jogadores de futebol da categoria Sub-20.

ABSTRACT This study investigated the relationship between coping strategies on stress and anxiety symptoms in under-20 soccer players. Twenty-three athletes from four teams from the 2019 Bahia Under-20 Championship participated. The Athletic Coping Strategy Inventory, the Daily Analysis of Life Demands in Athletes and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2R were used. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson's correlation analysis and Multiple Linear Regression (p< 0.05). The results indicated that coping was related to anxiety at the beginning of the season (Cognitive, R2= 0.43; Self-confidence, R2= 0.30; p< 0.05). While, at the end of the season, with stress (R2= 0.18; p< 0.05), Anxiety (AC, R2= 0.66; p< 0.05). It is concluded that, at the end of the epoch, the magnitude of coping relationships on stress and anxiety were enhanced in young football players in the Under-20 category.

Abstract Introduction During the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, social media exposure and the use of electronic devices have increased; still, these behaviors may cause adverse health effects. Objective This study assessed sleep quality, insomnia, mood, and psychological aspects among physically ( n = 46) and non-physically ( n = 53) active individuals during self-isolation throughout the COVID-19 pandemic and examined their association with smartphone addiction. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted among adult Brazilian citizens in self-isolation for at least 60 days; ninety-nine volunteers from different Brazilian regions were enrolled in the online survey. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-Short Form, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Insomnia Severity Index, the Brunel Mood Scale, and the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version were used to assess the study outcomes. Results The results indicate moderate and large correlations of smartphone addiction with mood subscales, insomnia ( r = .52), anxiety ( r = .49), depression ( r = .49), and stress ( r = .49) symptoms. Also, it was observed that physically active participants were less addicted to smartphones than the non-physically active during self-isolation ( p < .01) and that the physically active ones had a better mood and lower anxiety ( p = .02), depression ( p < .01) and insomnia ( p < .01) levels. Discussion and conclusion These findings show the health implications of self-isolation and how essential it is to be physically active to avoid self-isolationʼs adverse psychological effects.

Resumen Introducción Durante el brote de la nueva enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19), la exposición a los medios sociales y el uso de dispositivos electrónicos han aumentado; sin embargo, estos comportamientos pueden causar efectos adversos en la salud. Objetivo Este estudio evaluó la calidad del sueño, el insomnio, el estado de ánimo y los aspectos psicológicos entre los individuos activos físicos ( n = 46) y no físicos ( n = 53) durante el autoaislamiento debido a la pandemia COVID-19 y examinó su asociación con la adicción a los teléfonos inteligentes. Método Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal entre ciudadanos brasileños adultos en autoaislamiento durante al menos 60 días; noventa y nueve voluntarios de diferentes regiones brasileñas se inscribieron en la encuesta en línea. La Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-Short Form, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Insomnia Severity Index, the Brunel Mood Scale, and the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version se utilizaron para evaluar los resultados del estudio. Resultados Los resultados indican correlaciones moderadas y mayores en la adicción a los teléfonos inteligentes con subescalas de humor, insomnio (r = .52), síntomas ansiedad ( r = .49), depresión ( r = .49) y estrés ( r = .49). Además, se observó que los participantes físicamente activos eran menos adictos a los teléfonos inteligentes que los no activos durante el autoaislamiento ( p = .01) y que los físicamente activos tenían un mejor estado de ánimo y menores niveles de ansiedad ( p = .02), depresión ( p = .01) e insomnio ( p = .01). Discusión y conclusión Estos hallazgos muestran las implicaciones para la salud del autoaislamiento y lo esencial que es ser físicamente activo para evitar los efectos psicológicos adversos del autoaislamiento.

Abstract Aims: This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Methods: Participants were five hundred and nineteen young and adult athletes who responded to the ABQ and Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2R. Data analysis was conducted through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Cronbach’s alpha, Composite reliability, average variance extracted, multigroup analysis, and Pearson’s correlation (p<0.05). Results: The results of the CFA confirmed the structure with three dimensions (Physical and emotional exhaustion (PEE), reduced sense of sports accomplishment (RSSA), and sports devaluation (SD) [χ²/gl=2.92; CFI=.92; TLI=.91; RMSEA=.06]. Internal consistency was satisfactory (>.70). External validity revealed a positive correlation between PEE (r=.14) and RSSA (r=.23) with somatic anxiety and a positive correlation of PEE (r=.15), RSSA (r=.30), and SD (r=.14) with cognitive anxiety. Further, all dimensions of burnout had negative correlations with the self-confidence (r=.17-.23). In the factor invariance analysis, satisfactory data were found in the model’s fit, establishing good factor loadings, variance/covariance, and residuals in both age groups (up to 18 years and over 18 years) and genders (men and women). Conclusion: It was concluded that the Brazilian version of the ABQ is satisfactory for the application of possible studies involving burnout syndrome in the Brazilian sports context in different group extracts.

RESUMO O presente estudo verificou a confiabilidade do sistema baseado em câmeras de alta velocidade (CAV-Kinovea) na avaliação da resistência de força explosiva de membros inferiores em atletas. Onze atletas masculinos de voleibol (21.8 ± 2.9 anos de idade; 186.3 ± 6.2 cm and 82.3 ± 11.0 kg) participaram do teste de saltos verticais de contexto intermitente em dois dias. O teste foi filmado e posteriormente analisado no software Kinovea 0.8.15 para obter as variáveis de potência pico e média. Para determinar a confiabilidade, utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse, o erro típico de medidas e os gráficos de Bland-Altman. O método apresentou valores satisfatórios para as correlações inter e intra-classe (˃0,88). Os valores do erro típico de medida apresentados na análise interavaliadores foram 0,95 W.kg-1 e 0,59 W.kg-1 para potência pico e média, respectivamente. Nas análises intra-avaliação, os valores do erro típico de medida foram 7,02 W.kg-1 e 5,66 W.kg-1 (teste-reteste) e 1,59 W.kg-1 e 0,24 W.kg-1 (duplicados de vídeos ) para potência pico e média, respectivamente. O sistema CAV-Kinovea é confiável para avaliar as variáveis da resistência de força explosiva em atletas.

ABSTRACT The present study verified the reliability of the high-speed camera-based system (HSC-Kinovea) in the lower-limb explosive strength endurance assessment in athletes. Eleven male volleyball players (21.8 ± 2.9 years; 186.3 ± 6.2 cm and 82.3 ± 11.0 kg) participated in the intermittent vertical jumping test in two days. The test was filmed and later analyzed using Kinovea 0.8.15 software to obtain the mean and peak power variables. Regarding reliability, the intra-class correlation coefficient, the typical error of measurements, and Bland-Altman plots were used. The method presented satisfactory values for inter and intra-class correlations (˃ 0.88). The typical values error of measurement presented in the inter-rater analysis was 0.95 W.kg-1 and 0.59 W.kg-1 for the peak and the mean power, respectively. In the intra-assessment analyses, the typical measurement error values were 7.02 W.kg-1 and 5.66 W.kg-1 (test-retest) and 1.59 W.kg-1 and 0.24 W.kg-1 (duplicates videos) for peak and average power, respectively. The HSC-Kinovea system is reliable for assessing the variables of the explosive strength endurance in athletes.

resumo O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a correlação entre a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca de repouso (VFCRepouso) e o desempenho de resistência em jogadoras de futsal, bem como avaliar a confiabilidade do marcador parassimpático. No total, 16 jogadoras de futsal (idade: 22 ± 3 anos; VO2max: 42.3 ± 2.0 ml.kg-1.min-1) foram avaliadas durante a primeira semana de treinamento da pré-temporada. A modulação vagal foi avaliada a partir da VFC de repouso (isto é, raiz quadrada da média das diferenças sucessivas ao quadrado dos intervalos R-R adjacentes - Ln-RMSSD) por dois dias consecutivos, enquanto o desempenho da resistência foi avaliado pelo Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1). A correlação de Pearson foi utilizada para analisar a relação entre as variáveis. A confiabilidade foi testada através do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse, coeficiente de variação e análise de concordância de Bland-Altman. Observou-se uma forte correlação entre o índice de VFCrepouso e o desempenho de endurance (r = 0,643; p = 0,007). Por outro lado, repetibilidade aceitável dos índices de repouso vagal, mas com grande variabilidade interindividual (ICC = 0,670, IC = 0,056-0,885, CV = 15,8%). O presente estudo apresentou forte correlação entre Ln-RMSSD e desempenho de endurance, e mesmo com valores aceitáveis de confiabilidade intrasujeito, a VFC em repouso apresentou alta variabilidade interindividual em jogadoras de futsal.

abstract The study aimed to verify the correlation between resting heart rate variability (HRVrest) and endurance performance in female futsal players, as well as to evaluate the reliability of this parasympathetic autonomic marker. A total of 16 female futsal players (age: 22 ± 3 years; VO2max: 42.3 ± 2.0 ml.kg-1.min-1) were evaluated during the first week of preseason training. Vagal modulation was evaluated from the HRVrest (i.e., log-transformed root mean square of successive R-R interval differences - Ln-RMSSD) for two consecutive days, while endurance performance was evaluated by the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1). Pearson correlation was used to analyze the relationship between the variables. Strong correlation between the HRVrest index and endurance performance (r = 0.643; p = 0.007). Reliability was tested through the intraclass correlation coefficient, coefficient of variation (CV), and Bland-Altman analysis of the agreement. Furthermore, acceptable repeatability of HRVrest, but with great inter-subject variability (ICC = 0.670, 95%CI = 0.056-0.885, CV = 15.8%). The current study demonstrated a strong correlation between Ln-RMSSD and endurance performance, and despite the acceptable values of intrasubject reliability, HRVrest presented high inter-individual variability in female futsal players.

RESUMO Introdução: Destaca-se a dificuldade de rastrear atletas com risco de desencadeamento de transtorno alimentar. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi criar uma equação preditiva de comportamentos de risco para os transtornos alimentares (CRTA) para atletas do sexo feminino. Métodos: Participaram 484 atletas. O Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) foi usado para avaliar os CRTAs. O Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 foi usado para analisar a influência sociocultural na imagem corporal. Foram usados o Body Shape Questionnaire e o Body Checking and Avoidance Questionnaire para avaliar insatisfação corporal direcionada para a magreza e checagem corporal, respectivamente. Foram medidas dobras cutâneas, massa corporal e estatura. Os dados demográficos coletados foram idade e regime semanal de treino. Resultados: Os achados indicaram que índice de massa corporal (IMC), percentual de gordura (%G), influência sociocultural, checagem corporal e insatisfação corporal direcionada para a magreza explicaram 23% da variância dos CRTA (p = 0,001). Os resultados não demonstraram diferença entre os escores do EAT-26 e da equação preditiva (p = 0,27). Conclusão: Concluiu-se que a equação preditiva é fidedigna para avaliar o CRTA em atletas do sexo feminino. Nível de evidência III; Estudo de caso-controle.

ABSTRACT Introduction: It is difficult to detect athletes at risk of eating disorders. Objective: The aim of this study was to create a predictive equation for eating disorder risk behaviors (EDRB) in female athletes. Methods: 484 athletes participated in the study. The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) was used to assess EDRB. The Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 was used to analyze the sociocultural influence on body image. The Body Shape Questionnaire and the Body Checking and Avoidance Questionnaire were used to assess body dissatisfaction in relation to thinness, and body checking, respectively. Skinfold thickness, body weight and height were also measured. The demographic data collected were age and weekly training regime. Results: The findings indicate that body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BF%), sociocultural influence, body checking and body dissatisfaction in relation to thinness explain 23% of the EDRB variance (p = 0.001). The results showed no difference between the EAT-26 scores and the predictive equation (p = 0.27). Conclusion: It was concluded that the predictive equation is reliable for evaluating EDRB in female athletes. Level of evidence III; study case-control.

RESUMEN Introducción: Se destaca la dificultad de rastrear atletas con riesgo de desencadenamiento de trastorno alimentario. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue crear una ecuación predictiva de comportamientos de riesgo para los trastornos alimentarios (CRTA). Métodos: Participaron 484 atletas. Fue usado el Eating Attitudes Tests (EAT-26) para evaluar los CRTAs. Fue usado el Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 para analizar la influencia sociocultural en la imagen corporal. Fueron usados el Body Shape Questionnaire y el Body Checking and Avoidance Questionnaire para evaluar insatisfacción corporal direccionada a delgadez y verificación corporal, respectivamente. Fueron medidos pliegues cutáneos, masa corporal y estatura. Los datos demográficos colectados fueron edad y régimen semanal de entrenamiento. Resultados: Los hallazgos indicaron que índice de masa corporal (IMC), porcentual de grasa (%G), influencia sociocultural, verificación corporal e insatisfacción corporal direccionada para la delgadez explicaron 23% de la variancia de los CRTA (p = 0,001). Los resultados no demostraron diferencia entre los puntajes del EAT-26 y de la ecuación predictiva (p = 0,27). Conclusión: Se concluye que la ecuación predictiva es fidedigna para evaluar el CRTA en atletas del sexo femenino. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudio de Caso-control.

Abstract Aims: This study investigated the existence of Relative Age Effect (RAE) in the selection process of male and female athletes in the Brazilian national handball teams according to age categories (U-18, U-21, and senior) and playing position (wings, backs, pivots, and goalkeepers). Methods: In order to determine RAE, athletes were divided based on their months of birth; quarters Q1 (January-March), Q2 (April-June), Q3 (July-September), and Q4 (October-December). Data were collected from the official Brazilian Handball Confederation (CBHb) website and included the athletes that participated in training and/or competitions composing the Brazilian national teams from 2014 to 2018. To determine the RAE on playing positions, age categories of male and female groups were pooled. Chi-squared tests were performed to investigate the RAE. Results: An over-representation of players born in Q1 and Q2 in the U-18, U-20, and senior categories of male teams and the U-20, and senior female teams were found. In the male teams, as the age category increased, RAE decreased, but still existed. Such distribution was reversed in the female athletes, with a higher RAE magnitude in the senior category as compared to U-18 and U-21. Additionally, it seems that RAE is dependent on the playing position only for male athletes (wings and backs) whereas RAE was found for all playing positions in female athletes. Conclusion: Overall, RAE was found in Brazilian national handball teams, but its magnitude and form of manifestation seem to be influenced by sex, category, and playing position.

Abstract Aims: This cross-sectional study investigated the predicting role of perfectionism on the perception of team cohesion among futsal athletes. Methods: One hundred and forty of futsal athletes (24.8±4.9 years) were included who participated of a Brazilian Amateur Cup in 2017. The instruments were Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-2 and Group Environment Questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted through the Pearson Correlation and Multiple Regression Analysis (p < .05). Results: The data showed the following significant correlations (p < .05): Group-Integration Task (GI-T) with Organization-Personal Standards (OPS) (r = .27) and Doubts About Action (DAA) (r = -.24); Group-Integration Social (GI-S) with OPS (r = .18); Individual Attraction to Group-Task (IA-T) with OPS (r = .25); Individual Attraction to the Group-Social (IA-S) with OPS (r = .17). Multiple regression showed that OPS showed a positive association with task cohesion dimensions (GI-T and IA-T), while DAA showed a negative association with both social (GI-S and IA-S) and task (GI-T) cohesion. Further, perceived parental pressure showed positive association with GI-S. Conclusion: our findings show that perfectionistic striving could be a positive predictor of task cohesion, while perfectionistic concerns might predict negatively both social and task cohesion.

RESUMO Introdução Estudos que busquem analisar a relação entre variáveis esportivas e imagem corporal são importantes, pois indicam se o âmbito esportivo competitivo influencia nos sentimentos direcionados ao corpo do atleta. Objetivo Analisar a relação de variáveis esportivas (regime de treinamento e nível competitivo) com a insatisfação direcionada à magreza e à muscularidade em atletas do sexo feminino. Métodos Participaram 180 atletas com idade superior a 12 anos, pertencentes à diversas modalidades esportivas. Utilizou-se o Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) para avaliar a insatisfação direcionada à magreza. A subescala de insatisfação da Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) foi utilizada para avaliar a insatisfação com a muscularidade. O regime de treinamento (frequência × horas diárias de treino) e o nível competitivo foram coletados por intermédio de questionário criado pelos próprios pesquisadores. Resultados Os achados indicaram relação estatisticamente significativa do regime de treinamento (F(1, 179)=4,01; p=0,047) e do nível competitivo (F(2, 178)=3,59; p=0,031) com os escores do BSQ. Ademais, os resultados apontaram relação estatisticamente significativa do regime de treinamento (F(1, 179)=4,01; p=0,047) e do nível competitivo (F(2, 178)=3,59; p=0,031) com os escores da subescala de insatisfação da DMS. Conclusão As variáveis esportivas (regime de treinamento e nível competitivo) estiveram relacionadas com a insatisfação direcionada à magreza e à insatisfação com a muscularidade, embora tenham demonstrado magnitudes diferentes. Nível de evidência III; Estudo Caso-Controle.

ABSTRACT Introduction Studies that seek analyze the relationship between sport variables and body image are importants, because indicate if the competitive sport environment influence on body feelings of athlete. Objective To analyze the relationship between sports variables (training regimen and competitive level) and dissatisfaction in regard to leanness and muscle tone in female athletes. Methods One hundred and eighty female athletes aged over 12 years from various sport disciplines participated in the study. We used the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) to assess dissatisfaction in regard to leanness. The dissatisfaction subscale of Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) was used to evaluate dissatisfaction with muscle tone. Training regimen (frequency x daily hours of training) and competitive level were acquired through a questionnaire developed by the actual investigators. Results The findings indicated a statistically significant relationship between the training regimen (F(1, 179)=4.01; p=0.047) and competitive level (F(2, 178)=3.59; p=0.031) and the BSQ scores. Moreover, the results indicated a statistically significant relationship between the training regimen (F(1, 179)=4.01; p=0.047) and the competitive level (F(2, 178)=3.59; p=0.031), with DMS dissatisfaction subscale scores. Conclusion Sports variables (training regimen and competitive level) were related to dissatisfaction in regard to leanness and muscle tone, although they demonstrated different magnitudes. Level of evidence III; study case-control.

RESUMEN Introducción Los estudios que tratan de analizar la relación entre las variables deportivas y la imagen corporal son importantes, ya que indica si la avenida deportiva competitiva influye en los sentimientos dirigidos hacia el cuerpo del atleta.. Objetivo Analizar la relación de variables deportivas (régimen de entrenamiento y nivel competitivo) con la insatisfacción direccionada a la delgadez y a la muscularidad en atletas del sexo femenino. Métodos Participaron 180 atletas con edad superior a 12 años, pertenecientes a diversas modalidades deportivas. Se usó el Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) para evaluar la insatisfacción direccionada a la delgadez. Fue usada la subescala de insatisfacción de la Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) para evaluar la insatisfacción con la muscularidad. El régimen de entrenamiento (frecuencia x horas diarias de entrenamiento) y el nivel competitivo se recolectaron a través de un cuestionario creado por los propios investigadores. Resultados Los hallazgos indicaron relación estadísticamente significativa del régimen de entrenamiento (F(1, 179)=4,01; p=0,047) y del nivel competitivo (F(2, 178)=3,59; p=0,031) con los puntajes de BSQ. Además, los resultados mostraron relación estadísticamente significativa del régimen de entrenamiento (F(1, 179)=4,01; p=0,047) y del nivel competitivo (F(2, 178)=3,59; p=0,031) con los puntajes de la subescala de insatisfacción del DMS. Conclusión Las variables deportivas (régimen de entrenamiento y nivel competitivo) estuvieron relacionadas con la insatisfacción direccionada a la delgadez y la insatisfacción con la muscularidad, aunque hayan demostrado diferentes magnitudes. Nivel de evidencia III; estudio el control de caso.

ABSTRACT This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the association between sporting experiences and the perception of team cohesion according to sex among youth Brazilian recreational athletes. Participants were 253 youth athletes with age average of 12.97 ± 0.98 years. Athletes represented the following sports: Indoor soccer (n=20); basketball (n=62); handball (n=123) and; volleyball (n=48). The instruments used were the Youth Experience Survey for Sport (P-YES-S) and the Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire (P-YSEQ). Independent sample t-test revealed significant difference between sexes in the dimensions of Personal Skills (p=0.02) (d= 0,31) and Task Cohesion (p=0.02) (d= 0,34). The following significant correlations were found for girls: Task Cohesion with Personal Skills (r=0.48), Initiative Experiences (r=0.37); and Social Cohesion with Personal Skills (r=0.41), Cognitive Skills (r=0.43) and Initiative Experiences (r=0.32). For boys, it was found the following correlations: Task Cohesion with Personal Skills (r=0.19), Initiative Experiences (r=0.42) and Negative Experiences (r=-0.22); and Social cohesion with Personal Skills (r=0.18) and Initiative Experiences (r=0.30). Multiple regression analysis indicated that sports experiences are significant predictors of task (R2=0.21; F=17.838; p<0.01) and social cohesion (R2=0.10; F=7.440; p<0.01). It can be concluded that positive sporting experiences may predict social and task cohesion among youth athletes.

RESUMO Este estudo transversal teve como objetivo analisar a associação entre experiências esportivas e a percepção da coesão da equipe por sexo entre jovens atletas recreativos brasileiros. Os participantes foram 253 jovens atletas com média de idade de 12,97 ± 0,98 anos. Os atletas representaram os seguintes esportes: futebol de salão (n = 20); basquetebol (n = 62); handebol (n = 123) e; vôlei (n = 48). Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Youth Experience Survey for Sport (P-YES-S) e o Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire (P-YSEQ). O teste t para amostras independentes revelou diferença significativa entre os sexos nas dimensões de Habilidades Pessoais (p = 0,02) (d=0,31) e Coesão da Tarefa (p = 0,02) (d= 0,34). As seguintes correlações significativas foram encontradas para as meninas: Coesão da Tarefa com Habilidades Pessoais (r = 0,48), Iniciativa Experiências (r = 0,37); e Coesão Social com Competências Pessoais (r = 0,41), Competências Cognitivas (r = 0,43) e Iniciativa Experiências (r = 0,32). Para os meninos, foram encontradas as seguintes correlações: Coesão da Tarefa com Habilidades Pessoais (r = 0,19), Experiências Iniciais (r = 0,42) e Experiências Negativas (r = -0,22); e coesão social com habilidades pessoais (r = 0,18) e experiências de iniciativa (r = 0,30). A análise de regressão múltipla indicou que as experiências esportivas são preditores significativos da tarefa (R2 = 0,21; F = 17,838; p <0,01) e coesão social (R2 = 0,10; F = 7,440; p <0,01). Pode-se concluir que experiências esportivas positivas podem predizer a coesão social e de tarefas entre atletas jovens.

RESUMEN Este estudio transversal tuvo como objetivo examinar la asociación entre las experiencias deportivas y la percepción de cohesión del equipo según el sexo entre los jóvenes atletas recreativos brasileños. Los participantes fueron 253 atletas jóvenes con una edad promedio de 12.97 ± 0.98 años. Los atletas representaron los siguientes deportes: fútbol sala (n = 20); baloncesto (n = 62); balonmano (n = 123) y; Voleibol (n = 48). Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la Encuesta de Experiencia Juvenil para el Deporte (P-YES-S) y el Cuestionario sobre el Ambiente del Deporte Juvenil (P-YSEQ). La prueba t de muestra independiente reveló una diferencia significativa entre los sexos en las dimensiones de las habilidades personales (p = 0.02) (d= 0,31) y la cohesión de tareas (p = 0.02) (d= 0,34). Se encontraron las siguientes correlaciones significativas para las niñas: cohesión de tareas con habilidades personales (r = 0,48), experiencias de iniciativa (r = 0,37); y cohesión social con habilidades personales (r = 0,41), habilidades cognitivas (r = 0,43) y experiencias de iniciativa (r = 0,32). Para los niños, se encontraron las siguientes correlaciones: Cohesión de la tarea con habilidades personales (r = 0.19), Experiencias de la iniciativa (r = 0.42) y Experiencias negativas (r = -0.22); y Cohesión social con habilidades personales (r = 0.18) y experiencias de iniciativa (r = 0.30). El análisis de regresión múltiple indicó que las experiencias deportivas son factores predictivos significativos de la tarea (R2 = 0.21; F = 17.838; p <0.01) y la cohesión social (R2 = 0.10; F = 7.440; p <0.01). Se puede concluir que las experiencias deportivas positivas pueden predecir la cohesión social y de tareas entre los atletas jóvenes.