RESUMO Estudos sobre distribuição espacial e temporal de anfíbios têm se mostrado importantes para o entendimento das relações entre as espécies e o ambiente. Nesse sentido, constata-se que essas informações acerca de espécies do gênero Sphaenorhynchus Tschudi, 1838 no Rio Grande do Sul ainda não foram levantadas. Esta pesquisa, cujo objetivo principal foi a caracterização da distribuição espacial e temporal de Sphaenorhynchus surdus (Cochran, 1953) durante atividade de vocalização, bem como a análise dos principais fatores climáticos associados a essa atividade, foi conduzida em três corpos d’água com diferentes características da região dos Campos de Cima da Serra, nos municípios de Bom Jesus e Vacaria. As expedições a campo aconteceram mensalmente com a duração de dois dias e duas noites entre junho de 2006 e março de 2008. Os resultados mostraram que S. surdus apresenta temporada de vocalização concentrada nas estações mais quentes do ano, primavera e verão, interrompendo nos meses mais frios, durante outono e inverno. O pico da atividade de vocalização foi no ocaso e nas primeiras horas da noite, porém a espécie apresentou atividade de vocalização em todos os períodos amostrados do dia e da noite. Dentre as variáveis analisadas, a temperatura da água foi a variável climática com maior influência sobre a abundância de indivíduos em atividade de vocalização (r2= 0,43; F1,19 = 14,65, p= 0,01). Quanto aos sítios de vocalização, a lâmina d’água obteve a maior representatividade (42%) dentre os substratos, seguida pela vegetação arbustiva (25%) incluindo alturas superiores a dois metros, quando considerados todos os banhados.

ABSTRACT Research regarding temporal and spatial distribution of amphibians has been very important to better understanding the relationship between species and their environment. In this context, no information is available for species of Sphaenorhynchus Tschudi, 1838 in Rio Grande do Sul. Thus, the main purpose of this research was to describe the temporal and spatial distribution of Sphaenorhynchus surdus (Cochran, 1953) during calling activity as well as the main climatic factors associated to this activity. This research was conducted in three ponds in the northeastern region of this State, specifically in the municipalities of Vacaria and Bom Jesus. Fieldwork was carried out monthly from June 2006 to March 2008 and each expedition lasted two days and two nights. The results show that S. surdus presents calling season concentrated in the warmer seasons, during spring and summer. The peak of calling males was observed during the sunset and the first hours of night; however, the calling activity was observed in all periods of day and night. Calling activity was primarily associated with water temperature (r2 = 0.43; F1.19 = 14.65, p = 0.01). Regarding the calling sites, water surface was the most representative substrate (42%), followed by shrubby vegetation (25%), including the ones above two meters, when all ponds were considered in the analysis.

A distribuição espacial e temporal de Pseudis minuta Günther, 1858 e fatores ambientais relacionados à atividade reprodutiva da espécie foram estudados na Reserva Biológica do Lami (30º 15' S; 51º 05' W), Porto Alegre, Brasil. As atividades de campo compreenderam visitas bimensais a três banhados semi-permanentes, com duração aproximada de dois dias e duas noites cada, entre agosto de 2004 e julho de 2005. Observaram-se diferenças nos sítios utilizados por machos, fêmeas e juvenis, com machos ocupando locais mais profundos e mais distantes da margem. A distribuição temporal dos indivíduos, vocalizações e amplexos indicaram que a atividade reprodutiva de P. minuta está relacionada com alguns dos fatores abióticos estudados. Os machos em atividade de vocalização apresentaram diferença significativa em relação aos machos não vocalizantes para todos os fatores abióticos diários analisados (temperatura do ar, temperatura da água, umidade relativa do ar e pluviosidade), bem como na temperatura do ar e pluviosidade mensais. O número de machos, fêmeas e juvenis em atividade foi influenciada por pelo menos um dos fatores ambientais mensais ou diários analisados. Conclui-se que a reprodução desta espécie é sazonal e parcialmente determinada por fatores abióticos.

We studied the reproductive biology of a population of Pseudis minuta Günther, 1858 from Reserva Biológica do Lami (30º 15' S; 51º 05' W), Porto Alegre, southern Brazil. We assessed the spatial and temporal distribution of individuals (males, females, juveniles) and explored potential relationships with environmental variables. Field activities encompassed bimonthly surveys in three semi-permanent ponds, each one during approximately two days and two nights, from August 2004 to July 2005. We recorded differences in the sites used by males, females and juveniles, with males occupying deeper and more distant places from the border. The temporal distributions of individuals, calling sites and amplectant pairs indicated that the reproductive activity of P. minuta is related to some of the studied abiotic factors. Calling males presented statistical differences in relation to non-calling males for all daily abiotic variables analyzed (air temperature, water temperature, relative humidity and rainfall), as well as to monthly temperature and rainfall. The number of active males, females and juveniles was influenced by at least one of the daily or monthly environmental variables analyzed. We conclude that the reproduction in this species is seasonal and may be partially determined by abiotic factors.

A longitudinal study was performed with sera and urine of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), taken before, during and after clinically Toxoplasma infection. The tested patients were followed for an average of two years. The titres of the specific IgG and IgM antibodies were measured by an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), and the appearance of circulating antigens of T. gondii was determined in 36 urine samples of 13 patients with neurotoxoplasmosis by means of the coagglutination test. The presence of T. gondii antigens in the urine of AIDS patients by this test was correlated with the immunoblot technique, with clinical symptoms and also with pathological findings. Our results indicate that the detection of T. gondii antigens in the urine of AIDS patients can be regarded as a rapid and efficient method for the diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis

The utilization of a coagglutination technique for the identification of a human source for feeding mosquitoes is described. The dilution of ingested blood samples in filter paper was performed in 2 mL of a sodium chloride solution at 0.85 %. It was used a suspension of sensibilized Staphylococcus aureus with rabbit's serum, human plasmatic anti-proteins, and human anti-IgG rabbit's serum discriminated well between human and non human blood. No agglutination was observed with the negative control. This technique proved to be sensitive to identify 100 % of the human blood samples taken to the paper 24 hours after the mosquitoes completed their feeding at a temperature of 26 to 28 °C. Among mosquitoes fed and collected in the fields the test had a satisfactory result. Therefore, it may be used in routine work in the fields. The results showed the sensitivity and specificity of this method for identifying human blood ingested by mosquitoses.

Se describe la utilización de la técnica de coaglutinación para la identificación de una fuente humana de alimentación de mosquitos. La dilución de las muestras de sangre ingerida en papel de filtro se hizo en 2 mL de una solución de cloruro de sodio al 0,85 %. Se utilizó una suspensión de estafilococos sensibilizados con un suero normal de conejo como control negativo. La suspensión de Staphylococcus aureus sensibilizados con suero de conejo anti-proteínas plasmáticas humanas y suero de conejo anti-IgG humana discriminó bien entre sangre humana y no humana. No se observó aglutinación con el control negativo. Esta técnica resultó ser sensible para identificar el 100 % de las muestras de sangre humana llevadas al papel 24 h después de que los mosquitos completaron su alimentación a una temperatura de 26 a 28 °C. En mosquitos alimentados y colectados en el campo, la prueba se comportó de forma satisfactoria, en consecuencia puede ser utilizada en trabajos de rutina en el campo. Los resultados mostraron la sensibilidad y especificidad de este método para la identificación de sangre humana ingerida por mosquitos.

Toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) is a mayor cause of central nervous system infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Toxoplasma antibodies were detected in 56 of 79 patients with AIDS (71%), in the present study. Fourteen out of 57 seropositive patients developed TF (25%) and had Toxoplasma gondii antigen detected in their urine. For this, most of them received an effective therapy, with the subsequent disappearance of the symptoms and discontinuity of excretion of the T. gondii antigens. Our results suggest that the monitoring of T. gondii antigen in the urine of AIDS patients may be useful to decide on the proper time for therapy, as well as to avoid the beginning of neurologic signs in these patients.

La Encefalitis Toxoplásmica (ET) es la más importante complicación infecciosa del Sistema Nervioso Central en pacientes de SIDA. Anticuerpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii fueron detectados en 57 de 79 pacientes de SIDA (71%). De estos seropositivos, desarrollaron la enfermedad (ET) 14 (25%), en los que coincidentemente se detectó la presencia de antígeno del parásito en orina y por tanto fueron objeto de una terapia efectiva, con la subsecuente desaparición de los sintomas y de los antígenos excretados. Por los resultados del presente trabajo, consideramos lo útil de monitorear en estos pacientes la presencia de antígenos de T. gondii con el objetivo de aplicar oportunamente métodos quimoprofilácticos que eviten el surgimiento de manifestaciones neurológicas en estos pacientes.

A simple and rapid staphylococcal coagglutination test for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii antigens in mice urine is described. A suspension of protein-A containing Staphylococcus aureus coated with rabbit hyperimmune serum was used as reagent. The sensitivity of the antigen assay was found to be at least 118 ng of the antigen protein per ml. No coagglutination was observed when the reagent was challenged against antigenic solutions of other parasites. The suitability of the method for detecting antigens of T. gondii in urine samples was studied by experimental toxoplasma infection in mice. Before the staphylococcal test, the urine samples were double serially diluted in 0.1 M PBS. From the second day on all samples from infected mice were positive at 1/16 dilution. At this dilution, all samples from non infected mice were negative or did not produce coagglutination. This method might be used in the rapid etiological diagnosis also in human cases of acute toxoplasmosis.