ABSTRACT: Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a multifaceted disease triggered by the protozoan Leishmania infantum, characterized by diverse clinical presentations, including osteoarticular complications. Immune-mediated joint diseases invariably initiate at the synovial membrane, implicating its pivotal role in arthritis pathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the influence of natural L. infantum infection on synovial fluid characteristics and the expression of immune markers, including TLR-2, FOXP3, and COX-2, in the synovial membrane. Twenty naturally infected dogs (NID) with L. infantum were sourced from the Zoonosis Surveillance Unit (ZSU). Clinical-orthopedic assessments were conducted, encompassing lameness, joint edema, crepitus, patellar luxation, and the drawer test. Synovial fluid (SF) parameters, including volume, appearance, viscosity, total nucleated cell count (TNC), neutrophil count, and total protein (TP) content, were determined. After anesthesia and euthanasia, synovial membrane specimens were obtained. SF protein concentrations categorized dogs into three groups: GI (2 to 2.5g/dL), GII (2.5 to 6.0g/dL), and GIII (>6g/dL). Inflammatory infiltrates and synovial membrane changes were assessed, and immunohistochemistry evaluated TLR-2, FOXP3, and COX-2 marker expressions. Clinical evaluations revealed various osteoarticular abnormalities in NID dogs, including lameness (55%), joint edema (25%), crepitus (30%), patellar luxation (20%), and positive drawer test (25%). Post mortem examinations revealed bilateral subchondral bone, meniscus, and trochlea erosion in 30% of cases. Amastigotes of L. infantum were identified extracellularly and within macrophages (60%). An inflammatory infiltrate was predominant in 70% of dogs, with varying intensity among the groups. Mononuclear cells, chiefly macrophages and lymphocytes, and neutrophils comprised the infiltrate. TLR-2 and COX-2 expression levels were elevated in GIII compared to GII and GI. Conversely, FOXP3 showed moderate expression in GI and minimal expression in GII and GIII. This study underscores the contributory role of L. infantum infection in the development of joint lesions in CanL. Additionally, alterations in the expression of immune markers TLR2, FOXP3, and COX2 within the synovial membrane imply the perpetuation and exacerbation of the inflammatory processes, shedding light on the intricate pathogenesis of CanL-induced arthritis. ABSTRACT CanL (CanL presentations complications Immunemediated Immune mediated L TLR2 TLR 2, 2 FOXP COX2, COX (NID ZSU. ZSU . (ZSU) Clinicalorthopedic orthopedic conducted (SF parameters volume appearance viscosity TNC, TNC , (TNC) TP (TP content determined euthanasia obtained groups ( 2.5g/dL, 25gdL gdL 2.5g/dL 5g dL g 2.5g/dL) 2.5 25 5 (2. 6.0g/dL, 60gdL 6.0g/dL 6 0g 6.0g/dL) >6g/dL. 6gdL >6g/dL 6g (>6g/dL) assessed COX- expressions 55%, 55 55% (55%) 25%, 25% (25%) 30%, 30 (30%) 20%, 20 20% (20%) 25%. bone meniscus cases 60%. 60 60% (60%) 70 cells lymphocytes TLR- Conversely Additionally processes CanLinduced induced (ZSU (TNC 2. (>6g/dL (55% (25% 3 (30% (20% (60% 7 (55 (25 (30 (20 (60 (5 (3 (6

RESUMO: A leishmaniose canina (LC) é uma doença causada pelo protozoário Leishmania infantum com diversas manifestações clínicas, incluindo alterações osteoarticulares. A membrana sinovial é o local inicial de eventos patogênicos em todos os tipos de doenças articulares mediadas pelo sistema imunológico. Devido a essa relação, o objetivo foi avaliar a influência da infecção natural por L. infantum nas características do líquido sinovial e na expressão de TLR-2, FOXP3 e COX-2 na membrana sinovial. Cães naturalmente infectados por L. infantum (NID, N=20) foram obtidos na Unidade de Vigilância de Zoonoses (UVZ). Critérios clínicos ortopédicos foram avaliados, assim como foram obtidas amostras de líquido sinovial por artrocentese. O volume, aspecto, viscosidade, contagem total de células nucleadas (TNC) e contagem de neutrófilos e proteína total (PT) no líquido sinovial (LS) foram determinados. Os cães foram anestesiados e posteriormente eutanasiados para obtenção da membrana sinovial. Os animais do estudo apresentaram claudicação (55%), edema (25%), crepitação na articulação do joelho (30%) e luxação patelar medial (20%) e foram positivos no teste da gaveta (25%). Trinta por cento (30%) dos cães apresentaram erosão bilateral do osso subcondral, menisco e tróclea. Amastigotas de L. infantum foram visualizadas extracelularmente e dentro de macrófagos (60% dos animais). Os cães foram ainda divididos em três grupos de acordo com a concentração de proteína no líquido sinovial: GI: 2 a 2,5g/dL (valor de referência normal), GII: 2,5 a 6,0g/dL, GIII: >6g/dL. Infiltrado celular inflamatório, bem como aumento da camada da membrana sinovial, foram identificados em 70% (14/20) dos cães. O infiltrado inflamatório estava ausente em membranas sinoviais originadas de GI, presente em GII com intensidade moderada e presente em GIII com intensidade alta. O infiltrado inflamatório era predominantemente composto por macrófagos, linfócitos e neutrófilos. Houve um aumento na expressão dos marcadores TLR2 e COX2 em GIII em comparação com os grupos GII e GI. Contudo, em relação à expressão de FOXP3, houve uma marcação moderada em GI e apenas uma marcação leve em GII e GIII. Este trabalho reforça o papel da infecção por L. infantum no desenvolvimento de lesões articulares em cães. Além disso, nosso estudo indica que a LC modifica a expressão de TLR2, FOXP3 e COX2 na membrana sinovial, o que implica a manutenção e progressão do processo inflamatório. RESUMO (LC clínicas osteoarticulares imunológico L TLR 2, TLR-2 FOXP COX COX- NID, NID (NID N=20 N20 N 20 UVZ. UVZ . (UVZ) avaliados artrocentese volume aspecto viscosidade TNC (TNC PT (PT LS (LS determinados 55%, 55 55% , (55%) 25%, 25 25% (25%) 30% 30 (30% 20% (20% 25%. subcondral tróclea 60% 60 (60 animais. animais) 25gdL gdL 5g dL g valor normal, normal normal) 5 60gdL 6 0g 6,0g/dL 6gdL 6g >6g/dL 70 14/20 1420 14 (14/20 alta Contudo disso TLR- N=2 N2 (UVZ (55% (25% 3 (30 (20 (6 7 14/2 142 1 (14/2 N= (55 (25 (3 (2 ( 14/ (14/ (5 (14 (1

Abstract: This study examines the prevalence of big bath accounting in an emerging market context, focusing on newly appointed CEOs of Brazilian firms. We find evidence of big bath accounting in Brazil and extends the big bath and CEO turnover literature by documenting a limit to downward earnings manipulation and by using Brazil as a source of study. Our results suggest that incumbent CEOs have incentives to manage profits downward only when the company was previously profitable, rather than risking worsening an already bad situation, in the case of unprofitable firms. We also find that they are more likely to use accrual earnings management, rather than reducing production or increasing discretionary expenditures, as tool to decrease earnings level. Overall, our study fills a gap in the literature and supports future research in understanding the big bath CEO turnover scenario in Brazilian firms.

Resumen: Este estudio examina la prevalencia del big bath accounting en un contexto de mercado emergente, centrándose en los CEOs recién nombrados de empresas brasileñas. Encontramos evidencias de big bath accounting en Brasil y ampliamos la literatura sobre big bath y rotación de CEOs, documentando un límite a la manipulación de beneficios a la baja y utilizando Brasil como fuente de estudio. Nuestros resultados sugieren que los CEOs tienen incentivos para gestionar los beneficios a la baja sólo cuando la empresa es rentable, en lugar de arriesgarse a empeorar una situación ya de por sí mala, en el caso de las empresas no rentables. También descubrimos que es más probable que utilicen la gestión de beneficios por devengo, en lugar de reducir la producción o aumentar los gastos discrecionales, como herramienta para disminuir el nivel de beneficios. En general, nuestro estudio llena un vacío en la literatura y apoya la investigación futura para entender el escenario de rotación de los CEOs en las empresas brasileñas.

ABSTRACT: Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a worldwide allergic skin disease. The affected dog population can show different clinical patterns according to geographic region, and a lack of studies in Brazil is observed. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the clinical and epidemiological data of cAD in dogs treated in a private clinical practice in Fortaleza, a city located in the Northeast Region of Brazil. cAD was diagnosed in 35% of dogs, being Shih-tzu and Poodle the most affected breeds. Paws and ears were frequently injured sites. Almost 50% of atopic dogs were diagnosed with superficial pyoderma and 36% with cutaneous malasseziosis. Atopic dogs with outdoor habits were less likely to develop cutaneous malassezial infection, and with routine ear, cleaning habits were less likely to develop bacterial otitis externa. In conclusion, canine atopic dermatitis is a prevalent disease in private clinical practice in Fortaleza, and lifestyle habits can be considered a risk factor for cutaneous malasseziosis infection and bacterial otitis externa in atopic dogs. ABSTRACT (cAD region observed Therefore Fortaleza 35 Shihtzu Shih tzu breeds sites 50 36 ear conclusion 3 5

RESUMO: A dermatite atópica canina (DAC) é uma doença alérgica cutânea de ocorrência mundial. A população canina acometida pode apresentar diferentes padrões clínicos de acordo com a região geográfica e observa-se uma carência de estudos no Brasil. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar os dados clínicos e epidemiológicos da DAC em cães atendidos em uma clínica privada em Fortaleza, cidade localizada na Região Nordeste do Brasil. A DAC foi diagnosticada em 35% dos cães, sendo Shih-tzu e Poodle as raças mais acometidas. As patas e as orelhas foram locais frequentemente afetados. Quase 50% dos cães atópicos foram diagnosticados com piodermite superficial e 36% com malasseziose cutânea. Cães atópicos com hábitos ao ar livre foram menos propensos a desenvolver malasseziose cutânea e com hábitos rotineiros de limpeza auricular foram menos propensos a desenvolver otite externa bacteriana. Em conclusão, a dermatite atópica canina é uma doença prevalente na prática clínica privada em Fortaleza e os hábitos de vida podem ser considerados como um fator de risco para infecção por malasseziose cutânea e otite externa bacteriana em cães atópicos. RESUMO (DAC mundial observase observa se Brasil Portanto 35 Shihtzu Shih tzu acometidas afetados 50 36 conclusão 3 5

ABSTRACT: Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a multifactorial allergic disease associated with immune dysfunction and abnormal skin barrier. Several immunological mediators play a role in its pathogenesis. Such molecules are produced by the activation of T helper lymphocytes (Th) through polarization to Th1 and/or Th2, which contributes to different lesion patterns. Acute lesions are mediated by an activation of the Th2 cytokine axis, which clinically induces erythema and pruritus. Conversely, in chronic injuries a mixed immune response of Th1/Th2 cytokines occurs, leading to hyperpigmented and lichenified skin. The clinical understanding of these patterns and the mode of action of immunomodulators are crucial for the best clinical management of the atopic patient. In this context, this review discussed the role of the immune response and the immunomodulatory drugs in dogs with atopic dermatitis and suggested a therapeutic protocol based on clinical phenotype. Based on the evidences showed in this review, it is considered appropriate to use immunomodulatory drugs that target cytokine spectrum related with the clinical phenotype of cAD. ABSTRACT cAD (cAD barrier pathogenesis Th (Th andor or axis pruritus Conversely Th1Th2 ThTh Th1/Th occurs patient context Th1Th

RESUMO: A dermatite atópica canina (DAC) é uma doença alérgica multifatorial associada à disfunção imune e barreira cutânea anormal. Vários mediadores imunológicos desempenham um papel na sua patogênese. Tais moléculas são produzidas pela ativação de linfócitos T auxiliares (Th) por meio da polarização para Th1 e/ou Th2, o que contribui para diferentes padrões de lesão. Lesões agudas são mediadas pela ativação do eixo de citocinas Th2, que clinicamente induz eritema e prurido. Por outro lado, nas lesões crônicas ocorre uma resposta imune mista de citocinas Th1/Th2, levando à pele hiperpigmentada e liquenificada. O entendimento clínico desses padrões e o modo de ação dos imunomoduladores são cruciais para o melhor manejo clínico do paciente atópico. Esta revisão visa discutir o papel da resposta imune e das drogas imunomoduladoras em cães com dermatite atópica e sugerir um protocolo terapêutico baseado no fenótipo clínico. Baseado nas evidências apresentadas nessa revisão, é considerado apropriado utilizar drogas imunomoduladoras que abrangem o espectro de citocinas relacionadas ao fenótipo clínico da DAC. RESUMO DAC (DAC anormal patogênese Th (Th eou ou Th2 lesão prurido lado Th1Th2 ThTh Th1/Th2 liquenificada atópico Th1Th Th1/Th

ABSTRACT Soils are the largest terrestrial carbon (C) reservoir, and most of this C is retained as soil organic matter (SOM). Due to its ability to capture, stabilize, and store C for extended periods, soils are considered important allies in decarbonizing the atmosphere. The term ‘C stabilization’ includes a series of mechanisms or processes by which soil C is protected within soils and its losses are reduced through microbial decomposition or leaching. Due to their relevance in the global C cycle, C stabilization mechanisms have received intensive attention from the scientific community. As new analytic technologies push the boundaries of what was previously possible to know, new paradigms emerge. This literature review summarizes the current knowledge of the main mechanisms that may promote SOM stabilization. Factors that govern accumulation of SOM are also addressed. We highlight the role of organo-mineral associations and spatial inaccessibility of SOM due to occlusion within soil aggregates to understand the relative contribution of these mechanisms in different soil conditions (e.g., soil texture, mineralogy, and land- use). In addition, the contribution of cutting-edge approaches and analytical techniques to advance the understanding of SOM protection is presented. Modern techniques to evaluate SOM on a micro, nano, and molecular scale can contribute to the mechanistic understanding of SOM stabilization and the study and adoption of management strategies that maintain and increase C stocks in soils. (C reservoir SOM. . (SOM) capture stabilize periods atmosphere leaching cycle community know emerge addressed organomineral organo mineral e.g., eg e g (e.g. texture mineralogy land use. use use) addition cuttingedge cutting edge presented micro nano (SOM e.g. (e.g e.g

RESUMO O biogás gerado em estações de tratamento de esgoto e aterros sanitários contém, entre outros componentes, siloxanos, compostos orgânicos que impõem limitações ao uso do biogás e do biometano, em decorrência da sua transformação em dióxidos de silício no processo de combustão. Portanto, o aproveitamento energético desses biocombustíveis está condicionado ao atendimento dos limites de siloxanos existentes para cada aplicação. Por isso, o adequado monitoramento da concentração de siloxanos é essencial para garantir o aproveitamento energético do biogás e do biometano com segurança. Nesse sentido, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura com o objetivo de avaliar as principais metodologias de amostragem de siloxanos em matriz gasosa, levantando as principais dificuldades inerentes à sua aplicação no contexto brasileiro. Verificou-se que, apesar de todas as metodologias estudadas apresentarem limitações específicas, as que utilizam impingers e tubos de adsorção se mostram mais robustas, além de serem regulamentadas por normas brasileiras. No entanto, por a temática ser relativamente recente no Brasil, ainda existem muitos questionamentos técnicos e desafios relativos à aplicação das metodologias de amostragem de siloxanos em nível nacional. Dessa forma, o investimento na consolidação de metodologias para controle de qualidade do biogás e biometano deve ser estimulado para incentivar a produção e o uso desses biocombustíveis como energia renovável no Brasil.

ABSTRACT The biogas generated in sewage treatment plants and landfills contains, among other components, siloxanes, organic compounds that limit the use of biogas and biomethane, as a result of their transformation into silicon dioxide during the combustion process. For that reason, the energy use of these biofuels is subject to compliance with the existing siloxanes limits for each application. Thus, adequate monitoring of the concentration of siloxanes is essential to ensure the safe energy use of biogas and biomethane. In this sense, a literature review was carried out with the objective of analyzing the main sampling methodologies of siloxanes in gaseous matrix, raising the main difficulties inherent to its application in the Brazilian context. It was found that although all the methodologies studied have specific limitations, those that use impingers and adsorption tubes are more robust, in addition to being regulated by Brazilian standards. However, as it is a relatively recent issue in Brazil, there are still many technical questions and challenges related to the application of siloxane sampling methodologies at the national level. Therefore, investment in the consolidation of methodologies for quality control of biogas and biomethane should be promoted to encourage the production and use of these biofuels as renewable energy in Brazil.

ABSTRACT Syphilis is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. The diagnosis is based on clinical data and serological analysis; however, the sensitivity and specificity of such tests may vary depending on the type of test and stage of the infection. In order to overcome this premise, this study utilized the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of T. pallidum DNA in whole blood samples of patients with syphilis. The blood samples from patients with or without symptoms of syphilis, but with positive results in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), were included in this study. A venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test was performed for all collected sera samples. For PCR, the T. pallidum DNA was extracted from the collected blood samples and a specific primer set was designed to amplify 131 nucleotides of polA (Tp0105). The specificity of the primers was evaluated with the DNA of 17 different pathogens. From a total of 314 blood samples reactive in ELISA, 58.2% (183/314) of the samples were reactive in the VDRL test. In the PCR, 54% (168/314) of the ELISA-reactive samples were positive. In both tests (VDRL and PCR) 104 samples were positive. Of 104 positive samples for both tests, 71 were at the latent stage. Based on these results, it can be concluded that PCR with the designed set of primers can be utilized as a diagnostic method for T. pallidum detection in blood samples of patients with syphilis, especially those with latent infection. In addition, it can be utilized as a supplement for serological methods to improve the diagnosis of syphilis.

Resumo Considerando que a formulação de índices de perigo de incêndios auxilia no planejamento das atividades de prevenção e combate, refletindo de forma antecipada a probabilidade de ocorrência e de propagação dos incêndios florestais, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo realizar o ajuste e validação da Fórmula de Monte Alegre para áreas de cultivo de eucalipto no Estado de São Paulo. Foram utilizados dados de umidade relativa do ar, precipitação pluviométrica e registros de ocorrência de incêndios florestais no período de 11/10/2003 a 29/04/2016. Para a análise, o conjunto de dados foi dividido em duas partes, sendo que as observações entre os anos de 2003 e 2013 (75%) foram utilizadas para o ajuste da FMA, enquanto os dados referentes aos anos de 2014 a 2016 (25%) foram utilizados para validar a nova classificação gerada conforme o estabelecimento dos novos valores limiares de distinção entre a classes de perigo de incêndios. Os resultados demonstraram que o estabelecimento de novos limiares para as definições das classes de perigo proporcionou melhorias na eficiência da Fórmula de Monte Alegre em prever a ocorrência de incêndios na região de estudo.

Abstract Considering that the formulation of fire danger index helps in the planning of prevention and combat activities, revealing, in advance, the probability of occurrence and spread of forest fires. This work aimed to adjust and to validate the Fórmula de Monte Alegre for areas of eucalypt cultivation in the state of São Paulo. Data on relative humidity, rainfall and records of forest fires from 10/11/2003 to 4/29/2016 were used. For the analysis, the data set was divided into two parts, with the observations between years 2003 and 2013 (75%) being used to adjust FMA, while the data referring to the years 2014 to 2016 (25%) were used to validate the new classification generated according to the establishment of the new threshold values of distinction among the fire danger classes. The results showed that the establishment of new thresholds for the definition of the danger classes provided improvements in the efficiency of the Fórmula de Monte Alegre in predicting the occurrence of fires in the study region.

Resumo A definição das zonas de vida de Holdridge é uma ferramenta útil para o planejamento da gestão territorial dos recursos naturais, bem como para subsidiar a elaboração de estratégias e políticas públicas que resultem na definição de áreas prioritárias para conservação e uso sustentável das florestas. Desse modo, o presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar e descrever as zonas de vida que ocorrem no estado do Ceará com base no modelo de Holdridge. Para esse propósito, foram utilizados dados de precipitação anual, biotemperatura e relação de evapotranspiração potencial. Os resultados indicaram que, embora o estado do Ceará esteja majoritariamente sob a influência de um macroclima semiárido, apresenta um espaço geográfico heterogêneo, no qual ocorrem diferentes zonas de vida associadas à diversidade bioclimática. A variável bioclimática mais importante para a classificação das zonas de vida foi a relação de evapotranspiração potencial, que representa a quantidade de água que é transferida para a atmosfera em relação a quantidade de água que é precipitada em determinado local. A classificação climática de Holdridge identificou oito zonas de vida em que todas pertencem à faixa latitudinal tropical e abrangem faixas altitudinais basais (90,04% do território cearense) e premontanas (9,96%), que variam em termos de umidade, desde florestas muito secas até florestas úmidas. A zona de vida mais extensa compreende as áreas de transição entre floresta muito seca e floresta seca tropical basal, ocupando 64.825,69 km2, que recobre 43,54% da área total do estado.

Abstract The Holdridge life zone approach is a useful tool for planning the territorial management of natural resources as well as for supporting the development of strategies and public policies that result in the definition of priority areas for conservation and sustainable use of forests. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to identify and describe the life zones that occur in the state of Ceará based on the Holdridge model. For this purpose, we used data on annual precipitation, biotemperature and potential evapotranspiration ratio. The results indicated that, although the state of Ceará is mostly under the influence of a semi-arid macroclimate, it presents a heterogeneous geographic space, in which different life zones associated with bioclimatic diversity occur. The most important bioclimatic variable for the classification of life zones was the potential evapotranspiration ratio, which represents the amount of water that is transferred to the atmosphere in relation to the amount of water that is precipitated in a given location. The Holdridge climatic classification identified eight life zones, all located in the tropical latitudinal zone and basal (90.04% of the Ceará territory) and premontane (9.96%) altitudinal zones, which vary, in terms of humidity, from very dry forests to humid forests. The most extensive life zone comprises the transition areas between very dry forest and basal tropical dry forest, occupying 64,825.69 km2, which covers 43.54% of the Ceará territory.

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN BRAZIL AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTS WITH ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY. Due to the tremendous technological potential and applicability in various industry branches, nanotechnology investments have been increasing over the years. In particular, the control of microorganisms using nanomaterials with antimicrobial action has aroused great interest in the industry. This control makes it necessary in the most diverse situations, such as food conservation, pharmaceutical industry, hospital environments, and even domestic and commercial environments. This extraordinary interest is due, in particular, to the physical-chemical characteristics of materials on a nanoscale that attributes greater efficiency in combating microorganisms. Therefore, researchers and entrepreneurs have directed investments and efforts towards developing new products and/or new applications for antimicrobial products already existing on the market. In this work, we made a brief presentation of the history of nanotechnology in Brazil with a focus on Brazilian companies that developed products or services with nanomaterials with antimicrobial action, and on the description of some of the existing applications in the Brazilian market, highlighting the productive potential of the parents.

Abstract Intestinal malrotation is a congenital anomaly caused by incomplete rotation or absence of rotation of the primitive intestine along the axis of the upper mesenteric artery during embryonic development. Embryonic development and its anatomical variations were described by Dott in 1923. Intestinal malrotation is a rare condition among adults - prevalent in a mere 0.0001% to 0.19% of the population -, and it may be associated with other anatomical deformities. It can be asymptomatic or manifest with varying intensity, from obstruction to necrosis of intestinal segments. In general, this abnormality is diagnosed in the first year of life; however, symptomsmay appear later in life,making diagnosis in adults difficult on account of non-specific symptoms. In the present study, we report a case of intestinal malrotation associated with chronic non-specific symptoms progressing to mesenteric angina.

Abstract This study analysed students’ motives for choosing teaching as a career and its associations with sociodemographic variables, teacher education program characteristics, and self-efficacy. Participants were 183 student teachers (86% female) enrolled in different Portuguese Teacher Education Programs (master degree). Participants completed an on-line survey on their sociodemographic information and motives for their decision to become a teacher (Kiel, Geider, & Junger, 2004), and self-efficacy beliefs (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995; Portuguese version by Araújo & Moura, 2011). The factorial analysis indicated four factors underlying the motives to become a teacher: (a) Characteristics of the profession, (b) Social influences, (c) Interest in the course or academic content, and (d) Promoting children's development. We found that, compared to other motives, students tend to attribute higher value to motives associated with promoting child development and the interest in the course/content. We also found statistically significant differences between the motives of students who chose a course that will allow them to teach in pre-school and/or elementary school (1st to 4th year) and those who chose a course that will allow them to teach specific subjects, as well as effects of the students’ age, gender and self-efficacy. Implications for the training of teachers are discussed.

Resumen En este estudio analizamos las razones para que los estudiantes elijan la carrera docente y sus asociaciones con las variables sociodemográficas, las características del curso de formación docente y las creencias de autoeficacia. Participaron 183 estudiantes (86% mujeres) de cursos de maestría en enseñanza en instituciones portuguesas, que completaron un cuestionario en línea sobre características sociodemográficas, motivaciones para su decisión de convertirse en maestros (Kiel, Geider, & Junger, 2004) y creencias de autoeficacia (Schwarzer y Jerusalem, 1995; versión portuguesa de Araújo y Moura, 2011). A través del análisis factorial, se derivaron cuatro factores de las motivaciones para ser maestro: (a) Beneficios de la profesión, (b) Influencias sociales, (c) Interés en el curso o contenido académico, y (d) Promoción del desarrollo de niños/adolescentes. Se encontraron valores medios más altos en las motivaciones relacionadas con la promoción del desarrollo de niños/adolescentes y el interés en el curso/contenido académico. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las motivaciones para los estudiantes que optaron por un curso para enseñar en educación preescolar y/o primer ciclo y aquellos que optaron por un curso para enseñar materias específicas, así como según edad, género y autoeficacia. Se discuten las implicaciones para la formación de profesores.

Resumo Neste estudo analisaram-se os motivos de estudantes para escolherem a carreira docente e respetivas associações com variáveis sociodemográficas, com características do curso de formação de professores e com crenças de autoeficácia. Participaram no estudo 183 estudantes (86% do género feminino) de cursos de mestrado em ensino de instituições portuguesas, que preencheram um questionário on-line sobre características sociodemográficas, motivos da sua decisão de se tornarem professores (Kiel, Geider, & Junger, 2004) e crenças de autoeficácia (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995; versão portuguesa de Araújo & Moura, 2011). Através da análise fatorial, foram derivados quatro fatores subjacentes aos motivos para ser professor: (a) Benefícios da profissão, (b) Influências sociais, (c) Interesse no curso ou nos conteúdos académicos, e (d) Promoção do desenvolvimento das crianças/adolescentes. Foram encontrados valores médios mais elevados nos motivos relacionados com a Promoção do desenvolvimento das crianças/adolescentes e com o Interesse no curso/nos conteúdos académicos. Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os motivos de estudantes que optaram por um curso que profissionaliza para a educação pré-escolar e/ou primeiro ciclo e os que optaram por um curso que profissionaliza para o ensino de disciplinas específicas, assim como em função da idade, do género e da autoeficácia. As implicações para a formação de professores são discutidas.

ABSTRACT Ant defense against floral enemies incurs a two-fold ant-pollinator conflict, both via pollinator deterrence and nectar or pollen collection by non-pollinating protective ants. Some ant-plants have physical barriers whereas others produce ant-repellent chemicals to avoid ant visitation to flowers and subsequent pollination interference. Passiflora coccinea is a hummingbird-pollinated myrmecophilous plant in which floral enemy repellence occurs without limiting ant access to open flowers. To test the hypothesis that ant activity is restricted within flowers to prevent contact with anthers, we compared ant defense response between reproductive (anthers and stigmas) and non-reproductive (bracts, corona and perianth) floral structures by combining an observational survey with an experimental approach. A few insect species were found to visit flowers without providing pollination service, mostly pollen-collecting bees and nectar-thieving butterflies landing on petals. Ants always attacked floral visitors that landed on non-reproductive structures, but they never attacked insects visiting reproductive structures as ants never accessed anthers. Our results suggest that the differential ant defense response is an adaptative process to prevent ant-pollinator conflict. The eventual mechanism that regulates this process could be closely linked to the corona of filaments that protects nectar chambers, simultaneously restricting ant access to nectar and pollen.

Abstract In this paper, we introduce a new general class of trigonometric distributions based on the tangent function, called the Tan-G class. A mathematical procedure of the Tan-G class is carried out, including expansions for the probability density function, moments, central moments and Rényi entropy. The estimates are acquired in a non-closed form by the maximum likelihood estimation method. Then, an emphasis is put on a particular member of this class defined with the Burr XII distribution as baseline, called the Tan-BXII distribution. The inferential properties of the Tan-BXII model are investigated. Finally, the Tan-BXII model is applied to a practical data set, illustrating the interest of the Tan-G class for the practitioner.

Resumen En este artículo, introducimos una nueva clase general de distribuciones trigonométricas basada en la función tangente, llamada la clase Tan-G. Se lleva a cabo un procedimiento matemático para la clase Tan-G, incluyendo expansiones para la función de densidad de probabilidad, momentos, momentos centrales y entropía de Rényi. Las estimaciones se obtienen en forma no-cerrada para el método de estimación de máxima verosimilitud. Luego, se pone énfasis en un miembro particular de esta clase definido con la distribución Burr XII como línea de base, llamada la distribución Tan-BXII. Se investigan las propiedades inferenciales del modelo Tan-BXII. Finalmente, el modelo Tan-BXII es aplicado para un conjunto de datos prácticos, ilustrando el interés de la clase Tan-G para el practicante.

Introdução: Alterações psicopatológicas são comuns durante a gravidez e a sua deteção e referenciação a cuidados especializados é frequentemente deficitária. O objetivo deste estudo foi efetuar uma análise descritiva de dados sociodemográficos, de saúde mental e obstétricos de uma amostra de grávidas em seguimento em consulta de Psiquiatria. Material e Métodos: Este foi um estudo transversal e descritivo. A amostra foi selecionada por cruzamento dos processos de doentes com seguimento em consulta de Ginecologia/Obstetrícia e Psiquiatria no Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca entre 2014 e 2016. Foram obtidos 76 processos, tendo sido colhidas e analisadas variáveis previamente identificadas na literatura como estando associadas a risco de desenvolvimento de alterações psicopatológicas durante a gravidez. Resultados e Discussão: Foram identificados fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de sintomas depressivos, nomeadamente ausência de relacionamento afetivo durante a gestação (n=11; 14,5%), ser imigrante de 1ª geração (n=17; 22,4%) e consumos toxicofílicos antes (n=18; 23,7%) ou durante (n=10; 13,1%) a gravidez. A amostra foi dividida entre mulheres com acompanhamento pregresso em Psiquiatria que engravidaram (n=44; 57,9%) e mulheres referenciadas para consulta de Psiquiatria durante a gestação (n=32; 42,1%). Neste segundo grupo, 18,8% (n=6) das referenciações foram feitas a partir dos cuidados de saúde primários, sendo importante perceber se tal se trata de uma sub-referenciação. Foram prescritos 21 fármacos da categoria de risco D, o que alerta para a necessidade de precaução na prescrição farmacológica e de considerar alternativas não farmacológicas (e.g. terapia cognitivo-comportamental) na orientação destes casos. Conclusões: Este estudo permitiu identificar fatores de risco para psicopatologia, representando uma oportunidade de otimizar a prática clínica e o seguimento destas doentes.

Introduction: Psychopathological symptoms are common during pregnancy and their detection and referral to specialized care is often suboptimal. The aim of this study was to perform a descriptive analysis of sociodemographic, mental health, and obstetric features of a population of pregnant women followed at Psychiatry consultation. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study of women followed both at Gynecology/Obstetrics and Psychiatry consultations of Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca between 2014 and 2016. A total of 76 women were included, for whom pre-defined features associated in the literature with risk of developing psychopathological symptoms during pregnancy were collected. Results and Discussion: Risk factors identified in the development of depressive symptoms included absence of an affective relationship during pregnancy (n=11; 14.5%), being first-generation immigrant (n=17; 22.4%), and substance use before (n=18; 23.7%) or during (n=10; 13.1%) pregnancy. Sample was divided into women with previous Psychiatry follow-up who became pregnant (n=44; 57.9%) and women referred to Psychiatry consultation during pregnancy (n=32; 42.1%). In the second group, 18.8% (n=6) of referrals were from primary health care, being relevant to understand whether this represents an under-referral. Prescription of 21 risk category D drugs was identified, alerting to the need of caution in pharmacological prescription and of considering non-pharmacological options (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy) for management of these cases. Conclusions: Risk factors identified in this study represent an opportunity to optimize clinical practice and improve these patients’ follow-up.