Abstract The extraction of valuable compounds from dried fruits and vegetables by microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity (MHG) requires previous hydration of the plant material. In this work, ultrasound was used to speed up the hydration of guarana powder before MHG extraction and increase caffeine recovery. The humidification step was speeded up with ultrasound taking only 15 min over 60 min without ultrasound. Water and 50% (v/v) ethanol were evaluated as green solvents for humidification, with a higher concentration of caffeine obtained for the hydroalcoholic solution. Ultrasound pretreatment allowed guarana extracts from MHG with two times more caffeine for both solvents evaluated. Therefore, ultrasound can be used in the hydration step before MHG extraction to reduce time and increase caffeine recovery from guarana powder. (MHG material work 1 6 50 v/v vv v (v/v solution Therefore 5

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la inoculación con L. buchneri liofilizado y/o activado sobre las poblaciones de bacterias de ácido láctico en ensilajes de maíz. Los tratamientos experimentales consistieron en ensilaje de maíz sin aditivo y ensilaje con los inoculantes L. buchneri 1 × 10 5 ufc/g, aplicados según las recomendaciones del fabricante (1 g/tonelada de forraje) en las formas de inoculante liofilizado e inoculante preactivado. Se identificaron aislados purificados de ensilajes de maíz con y sin inocu lación, y el 93% de los aislados correspondieron a bacterias de ácido láctico de la especie L. plantarum. Entre los aislados no se detectaron bacterias de la especie L. buchneri. La aplicación de L. buchneri liofilizado o activado en la masa ensilada promueve un aumento considerable de la población de bacterias de ácido lácticas en los ensilajes de maíz durante todo el período de fermentación.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of inoculation with lyophilised and/or activated Lactobacillus buchneri on lactic acid bacteria populations in corn silage. Experimental treatments consisted of corn silage without additives or silage with the inoculants of L. buchneri (1 x 10 5 cfu/g) applied according to the manufacturer’s recommendations (1 g/tonne fodder) in the forms of the lyophilised inoculant and pre-activated inoculant. Purified isolates from corn silage with and without the inoculant were identified, and 93% of the isolates corresponded to the lactic acid bacteria of the species Lactobacillus plantarum. Among the isolates, no bacteria of the species L. buchneri were detected. The application of lyophilised or activated L. buchneri improved the microbiological profile and reduced ethanol production in corn silage, even without being identified among the isolates captured 70 days after ensilage.

Abstract This systematic review evaluated the available evidence on whether children with molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) have more dental fear and anxiety (DFA) and dental behavior management problems (DBMPs) than those without MIH (Prospero CDR42020203851). Unrestricted searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs, BBO, Embase, Cochrane Library, APA PsycINFO, Open Grey, and Google Scholar. Observational studies evaluating DFA and/or DBMPs in patients with and without MIH were eligible. Reviews, case reports, interventional studies, and those based on questionnaires to dentists were excluded. The methodological quality assessment was based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to synthesize data on DFA. The certainty of evidence was performed according to GRADE. Seven studies that evaluated a total of 3,805 patients were included. All of them presented methodological issues, mainly in the comparability domain. Most studies observed no significant difference in DFA between children with and without MIH. The meta-analysis did not show a significant effect of MIH on the standardized units for the DFA scores (SMD = 0.03; 95%CI: -0.06–0.12; p = 0.53; I2 = 0%). Synthesis including only the results for severe cases of MIH also did not show a significant effect of the condition on DFA scores (MD = 8.68; 95%CI: -8.64–26.00; p = 0.33; I2 = 93%). Two articles found DBMPs were significantly more frequent in patients with MIH. The overall certainty of evidence was very low for both outcomes assessed. The current evidence suggests no difference in DFA between children with and without MIH; DBMPs are more common in patients with MIH. This information should be viewed with caution because of the very low quality evidence obtained. (MIH (DFA (DBMPs Prospero CDR42020203851. CDR42020203851 CDR . CDR42020203851) PubMed Scopus Science Lilacs BBO Embase Library PsycINFO Grey Scholar andor or eligible Reviews reports excluded NewcastleOttawa Newcastle Ottawa Scale Randomeffects Random effects metaanalyses meta analyses GRADE 3805 3 805 3,80 included issues domain metaanalysis analysis SMD 0.03 003 0 03 95%CI 95CI CI 95 0.06–0.12 006012 06 12 -0.06–0.12 0.53 053 53 I 0%. 0% 0%) MD 8.68 868 8 68 8.64–26.00 8642600 64 26 00 -8.64–26.00 0.33 033 33 93%. 93 93% 93%) assessed obtained CDR4202020385 380 80 3,8 0.0 9 0.06–0.1 00601 1 -0.06–0.1 0.5 05 5 8.6 86 6 8.64–26.0 864260 2 -8.64–26.0 0.3 CDR420202038 38 3, 0. 0.06–0. 0060 -0.06–0. 8. 8.64–26. 86426 -8.64–26. CDR42020203 0.06–0 006 -0.06–0 8.64–26 8642 -8.64–26 CDR4202020 0.06– -0.06– 8.64–2 864 -8.64–2 CDR420202 0.06 -0.06 8.64– -8.64– CDR42020 -0.0 8.64 -8.64 CDR4202 -0. -8.6 CDR420 -0 -8. CDR42 - -8 CDR4

Abstract An ultrasound pretreatment was used to increase anthocyanins content in blackberry juice. Whole fruits were inserted into a glass vessel without contact with any solvent, sonicated in an ultrasonic bath, and then pressed with a manual juicer. The experimental design showed that 7 min at 65% of ultrasound amplitude increased the anthocyanin content in juices from 31 to 56% for BRS Xingu, Guarani, and Xavante cultivars. Two major anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside were found in higher concentrations for sonicated fruits. Therefore, ultrasonic pretreatment of whole fruits increased the anthocyanins in blackberry juices using a simple, fast, and green approach. juice solvent bath juicer 65 3 56 Xingu Guarani cultivars cyanidin3glucoside cyanidinglucoside cyanidin glucoside cyanidin3rutinoside cyanidinrutinoside rutinoside Therefore simple fast approach 6 5

Resumo Esta revisão avaliou o conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde (PS) sobre amamentação e fatores que levam ao desmame. Realizou-se buscas em quatro bancos de dados eletrônicos e literatura cinzenta. A estratégia de busca incluiu termos Mesh e sinônimos. Não se adotou restrição de idioma ou data. Estudos avaliando o conhecimento dos PS sobre amamentação e desmame foram elegíveis. Estudos recuperados pelas buscas foram avaliados por dois examinadores independentes. Dos 1.417 estudos recuperados, 35 foram incluídos. Muitos países e PS de diferentes áreas foram analisados. Nenhum estudo avaliou o conhecimento dos dentistas. Embora os PS conheçam os benefícios da amamentação, a duração recomendada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, exclusiva ou não, não está alinhada com o endosso de todos os PS. Considerando o desmame, a informação é escassa. No entanto, os PS estão atentos às principais causas potenciais do desmame precoce. O conhecimento dos PS é conflitante sobre amamentação e incomum sobre o desmame. Não foram encontrados estudos que apresentassem dados sobre o conhecimento de dentistas sobre a temática. Investigações quanto ao conhecimento dos mesmos e medidas de educação para todos os PS são necessárias, considerando que são frequentemente questionados sobre o tema.

Abstract This review evaluated the knowledge of health professionals (HP) about breastfeeding and factors that leading the weaning. A search was performed in four electronics databases and the grey literature. The search strategy included Mesh terms and synonyms. No language or date restrictions were adopted. Studies that evaluated the knowledge of HP about breastfeeding and weaning were considered eligible. The studies retrieved by the searches were evaluated by two independently examiners. From 1,417 studies retrieved, 35 were included. Many countries and professionals from different health areas were analyzed. No studies evaluated the dentists’ knowledge. Although the included HP know the benefits of breastfeeding for health, the length of breastfeeding recommended by the World Health Organization, exclusive or not, was not aligned with all professionals’ endorsement. Information about weaning is scarce; however, HP are mindful of the main potential causes of early weaning. The knowledge of HP is conflicting about breastfeeding and unusual about weaning. Furthermore, no studies were found that presented data on the knowledge of dentists on the subject. Thus, assessments of dentists’ knowledge and education measures for HP are necessary since they are frequently questioned about these issues.

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar os efeitos do exercício de pressão de língua contra a papila incisiva, realizado de forma isolada e associada ao treino funcional da deglutição, na atividade elétrica da musculatura supra-hioidea e na autopercepção da mudança estética na região submandibular. Métodos: estudo experimental, analítico e prospectivo, realizado com 27 mulheres entre 30 e 78 anos, divididas em dois grupos de tratamento (G1 e G2) e um grupo controle (GC). Os indivíduos foram submetidos a oito semanas de treinamento, sendo que o G1 realizou somente o exercício pressão de língua contra a papila incisiva, o G2 realizou o mesmo exercício associado ao treino da deglutição e o GC não foi submetido a qualquer intervenção. A atividade elétrica da musculatura supra-hioidea foi obtida por meio da eletromiografia de superfície no início e ao final do estudo, quando também foi aplicado um questionário de autopercepção dos possíveis resultados estéticos obtidos. Foram utilizados os testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson, Exato de Fisher, Mann Whitney, Kruskal Wallis e Wilcoxon, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas na atividade elétrica entre os valores inicial e final tanto no G1 quanto no G2, fato não observado no GC. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação à autopercepção da melhora visual e da melhora muscular. Conclusão: as duas estratégias analisadas mostraram-se igualmente eficazes para promover o maior recrutamento da musculatura supra-hioidea, porém, sem impacto na autopercepção da mudança estética na região submandibular.

ABSTRACT Purpose: to verify the effects of tongue pressure exercises against the incisive papilla, used both alone and in combination with functional swallowing training, on the electrical activity of the suprahyoid muscles and the self-perception of aesthetic changes in the submandibular region. Chi-square, Fisher’s exact, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal Wallis, and Wilcoxon tests were used. The significance level was set at 5%. Methods: an experimental, analytical, prospective study on 27 women, aged 30 to 78 years, divided into two treatment groups (G1 and G2), and a control group (CG). Individuals were submitted to 8 weeks of training, in which G1 performed only tongue pressure exercises against the incisive papilla, and G2 performed the same exercises in combination with swallowing training, while CG was not submitted to any intervention. The suprahyoid muscle electrical activity was obtained with surface electromyography at the beginning and end of the study when subjects also answered a self-perception questionnaire on possible aesthetic results. Pearson’s chi-square, Fisher’s exact, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal Wallis, and Wilcoxon tests were used. The significance level was set at 5%. Results: statistically significant differences were found between the initial and final electrical activity in both G1 and G2, which was not found in CG. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding their self-perception of visual or muscle improvements. Conclusion: both strategies analyzed were equally effective to increase suprahyoid muscle recruitment, though with no impact on the self-perception of aesthetic changes in the submandibular region.

Resumo Esta revisão avaliou o conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde (PS) sobre amamentação e fatores que levam ao desmame. Realizou-se buscas em quatro bancos de dados eletrônicos e literatura cinzenta. A estratégia de busca incluiu termos Mesh e sinônimos. Não se adotou restrição de idioma ou data. Estudos avaliando o conhecimento dos PS sobre amamentação e desmame foram elegíveis. Estudos recuperados pelas buscas foram avaliados por dois examinadores independentes. Dos 1.417 estudos recuperados, 35 foram incluídos. Muitos países e PS de diferentes áreas foram analisados. Nenhum estudo avaliou o conhecimento dos dentistas. Embora os PS conheçam os benefícios da amamentação, a duração recomendada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, exclusiva ou não, não está alinhada com o endosso de todos os PS. Considerando o desmame, a informação é escassa. No entanto, os PS estão atentos às principais causas potenciais do desmame precoce. O conhecimento dos PS é conflitante sobre amamentação e incomum sobre o desmame. Não foram encontrados estudos que apresentassem dados sobre o conhecimento de dentistas sobre a temática. Investigações quanto ao conhecimento dos mesmos e medidas de educação para todos os PS são necessárias, considerando que são frequentemente questionados sobre o tema.

Abstract This review evaluated the knowledge of health professionals (HP) about breastfeeding and factors that leading the weaning. A search was performed in four electronics databases and the grey literature. The search strategy included Mesh terms and synonyms. No language or date restrictions were adopted. Studies that evaluated the knowledge of HP about breastfeeding and weaning were considered eligible. The studies retrieved by the searches were evaluated by two independently examiners. From 1,417 studies retrieved, 35 were included. Many countries and professionals from different health areas were analyzed. No studies evaluated the dentists’ knowledge. Although the included HP know the benefits of breastfeeding for health, the length of breastfeeding recommended by the World Health Organization, exclusive or not, was not aligned with all professionals’ endorsement. Information about weaning is scarce; however, HP are mindful of the main potential causes of early weaning. The knowledge of HP is conflicting about breastfeeding and unusual about weaning. Furthermore, no studies were found that presented data on the knowledge of dentists on the subject. Thus, assessments of dentists’ knowledge and education measures for HP are necessary since they are frequently questioned about these issues.

Abstract: The purpose of this review was to systematically evaluate all the existing literature on the efficacy of treatments used to relieve the signs and symptoms associated with teething. A systematic search up to February 2021, without restrictions on language or date of publication, was carried out in MEDLINE/PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, LILACS, BBO, OpenGrey, Google Scholar, Portal de Periódicos da CAPES, clinicaltrials.gov, and the references of the included studies. Clinical studies that evaluated the effect of any intervention to alleviate the signs and symptoms associated with teething in babies and children were included. The risk of bias was assessed using the ROB-2 and ROBINS-I tools. The characteristics and results of the individual studies were extracted and synthesized narratively. The GRADE approach was followed to rate the certainty of the evidence. Three randomized and two non-randomized clinical trials were included. The outcomes of these five articles were classified as high or serious risk of bias. Three studies using homeopathy reported improvement in appetite disorders, gum discomfort, and excess salivation. One study showed a new gel with hyaluronic acid was more effective than an anesthetic gel in improving signs and symptoms such as pain, gingival redness, and poor sleep quality. Another study applied non-pharmacological treatments, which were more effective, especially against excess salivation. Although the present systematic review suggests some therapies could have a favorable effect on signs and symptoms related to teething, definitive conclusions on their efficacy cannot be drawn because of the very low certainty of the evidence. The existing literature on the subject is scarce and heterogeneous and has methodological flaws; therefore, further high-quality investigations are necessary.

Resumo O estudo analisou e comparou os tipos de alimentos comercializados no entorno de 30 escolas privadas e 26 públicas de Ensino Fundamental do município de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. A coleta de dados foi realizada por auditoria utilizando um instrumento tipo checklist para caracterização dos estabelecimentos (formal ou informal) e identificação dos tipos de alimentos e bebidas comercializados. Estes foram classificados segundo o grau de processamento (in natura, processados e ultraprocessados). Para análise dos dados foram utilizados os testes estatísticos de Mann-Whitney para verificar diferença do tipo de comércio e das categorias de alimentos comercializados entre as escolas e o de Kruskal-Wallis para verificar diferença na quantidade de alimentos comercializada entre as categorias. A quantidade de ultraprocessados no entorno das escolas foi estatisticamente maior (p=0,0001) do que as outras categorias. Algumas preparações culinárias apresentaram alto percentual de contribuição energética de ultraprocessados. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa (p=0,478) nas categorias de alimentos comercializados entre escolas públicas e privadas. No entorno das escolas predomina a comercialização de ultraprocessados, favorecendo a exposição de crianças a um ambiente que estimula o consumo destes produtos.

Abstract The study analyzed and compared the types of food sold in the surroundings of 30 private and 26 public elementary schools in the city of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. Data were collected by audit using a checklist instrument to characterize establishments (formal or informal) and identify the types of food and beverages sold, which were classified by processing level (fresh, processed, and ultraprocessed). Mann-Whitney statistical tests were used to verify the difference in the type of trade outlets d the categories of food sold between schools. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to verify the difference in the amount of food traded between the categories. The amount of ultraprocessed food in the surroundings of public and private schools was statistically higher (p=0.0001) than the other categories. Some culinary preparations had a high rate of energy contribution from ultraprocessed foods (above 15%). There was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.478) in the categories of food sold between public and private schools. The sale of ultraprocessed products predominates around public and private schools, favoring the exposure of children to an environment that encourages the consumption of these products.

Resumo O estudo analisou e comparou os tipos de alimentos comercializados no entorno de 30 escolas privadas e 26 públicas de Ensino Fundamental do município de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. A coleta de dados foi realizada por auditoria utilizando um instrumento tipo checklist para caracterização dos estabelecimentos (formal ou informal) e identificação dos tipos de alimentos e bebidas comercializados. Estes foram classificados segundo o grau de processamento (in natura, processados e ultraprocessados). Para análise dos dados foram utilizados os testes estatísticos de Mann-Whitney para verificar diferença do tipo de comércio e das categorias de alimentos comercializados entre as escolas e o de Kruskal-Wallis para verificar diferença na quantidade de alimentos comercializada entre as categorias. A quantidade de ultraprocessados no entorno das escolas foi estatisticamente maior (p=0,0001) do que as outras categorias. Algumas preparações culinárias apresentaram alto percentual de contribuição energética de ultraprocessados. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa (p=0,478) nas categorias de alimentos comercializados entre escolas públicas e privadas. No entorno das escolas predomina a comercialização de ultraprocessados, favorecendo a exposição de crianças a um ambiente que estimula o consumo destes produtos.

Abstract The study analyzed and compared the types of food sold in the surroundings of 30 private and 26 public elementary schools in the city of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. Data were collected by audit using a checklist instrument to characterize establishments (formal or informal) and identify the types of food and beverages sold, which were classified by processing level (fresh, processed, and ultraprocessed). Mann-Whitney statistical tests were used to verify the difference in the type of trade outlets d the categories of food sold between schools. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to verify the difference in the amount of food traded between the categories. The amount of ultraprocessed food in the surroundings of public and private schools was statistically higher (p=0.0001) than the other categories. Some culinary preparations had a high rate of energy contribution from ultraprocessed foods (above 15%). There was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.478) in the categories of food sold between public and private schools. The sale of ultraprocessed products predominates around public and private schools, favoring the exposure of children to an environment that encourages the consumption of these products.

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the food environment (FE) of a Brazilian public university regarding availability, accommodation and economic accessibility. Audits and check lists were used. Foods and meals marketed in the university were classified according to their level of processing. FE of the university was composed of 21 food services (FS), a central university restaurant (UR) and four satellite UR. Accommodations in most FS included furniture for customers and two provided free water. UR had an adequate physical structure and provided water during meals. Meal prices were much higher in FS compared to the UR. With respect to availability, the highest percentage of foods marketed were ultra-processed. Fruits, vegetables were offered daily at the UR. The university food environment was characterized by providing a large supply of ultra-processed foods in FS located on all campuses; however, fresh or minimally processed food options were available only at UR.

RESUMEN Este estudio evaluó el entorno alimentario de una universidad pública brasileña con respecto a las dimensiones de disponibilidad, alojamiento y accesibilidad económica. Se realizó una auditoría y se aplicó una lista de verificación. Los alimentos y comidas comercializados por los establecimientos alimentarios se clasificaron según su grado de procesamiento. El entorno alimentario de la universidad estaba compuesto por 21 Servicios de Alimentación, un Restaurante Universitario central y cuatro Comedores Satélites. El alojamiento en la mayoría de los servicios de alimentación incluía muebles para los clientes y sólo dos ofrecían agua gratuitamente. El Restaurant Universitario tenía una estructura física adecuada y proveía agua durante las comidas. Los precios de las comidas en los Servicios de Alimentación fueron más altos que en el Restaurant Universitario. En la dimensión disponibilidad, el mayor porcentaje de alimentos comercializados en los Servicios de Alimentación eran ultraprocesados. En el Restaurant Universitario disponía diariamente de frutas y verduras. En resumen, el entorno alimentario universitario, dominado por los Servicios de Alimentación ubicados en todos los campus se caracterizó por proporcionar un gran suministro de alimentos ultraprocesados. Sin embargo, las opciones de alimentos frescos o mínimamente procesados solo estaban disponibles en Restaurant Universitario.

The use of paper devices in chemical analysis has been increased due to their low cost, high surface area, portability, and biodegradability. A novel use of paper devices is proposed using thermal infrared enthalpimetry (TIE) for a rapid, green, and high throughput determination of wine acidities. The determination of total, fixed, and volatile acidities in red, white, and sparkling wine was carried out, and the results were compared with AOAC titration method. A multichannel pipette was used for reagent addition and an infrared camera for the temperature monitoring. The pipetting and temperature measurement conditions presented direct influence in the deviations among the measurements. The results obtained by TIE presented an agreement between 96 and 104% with the reference method (AOAC 962.12), for all samples. A high sample throughput was achieved reaching 480 samples h-1 for total acidity. A significant reduction in sample volume and reagent consumption was also obtained, with energy consumption up to 60 times lower in relation to the AOAC method. The association of TIE with a paper device provided a rapid, reliable and green method for the determination of acidities of wines.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar como o perfil de compra de alimentos da agricultura familiar no âmbito do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar se relaciona com indicadores socioeconômicos e demográficos nas capitais brasileiras. MÉTODOS Este estudo transversal e descritivo foi baseado em dados secundários de 2016 e 2017 do governo brasileiro. Foram utilizados dados demográficos e socioeconômicos, o valor do recurso repassado pelo governo federal, o percentual utilizado para compras de alimentos da agricultura familiar e as chamadas públicas disponíveis. RESULTADOS As capitais no maior quartil de índice de desenvolvimento humano e de recursos repassados pelo governo federal utilizaram menos de 30% do recurso para a compra de gêneros da agricultura familiar em 2016. Todas as capitais da região Norte utilizaram acima de 30%, enquanto as regiões Sul e Sudeste não atenderam à legislação. Destaca-se a presença majoritária de alimentos in natura nas chamadas públicas analisadas. CONCLUSÕES A execução dessa política pública ocorre de forma desigual nas capitais brasileiras, com maior dificuldade naquelas supostamente com melhor estrutura institucional e maior volume de recursos destinados ao Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar, contudo, o programa mantém seu potencial para a promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável nas escolas, em razão da qualidade dos alimentos incluídos nas chamadas públicas.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze how the profile of food purchases from family farming under the National School Feeding Program (PNAE) is related to socioeconomic and demographic indicators in Brazilian capitals. METHODS This cross-sectional and descriptive study was based on secondary data from 2016 and 2017 from the Brazilian government. We used demographic and socioeconomic data, as well as the amount of federal funding; the percentage used purchases of food from family farming and the public call notices. RESULTS The capitals in the largest quartile of HDI and funding by the federal government used less than 30% of the resource for the purchase of crops from family farming in 2016. All capitals of the Northern region used more than 30%, while the Southern and Southeastern regions did not comply with the legislation. We highlight that most analyzed food items were in natura. CONCLUSIONS The implementation of this public policy occurs unequally in Brazilian capitals, with greater difficulty in those supposedly with better institutional structure and higher volume of resources destined to the National School Feeding Program. The program, however, maintains its potential for the promotion of adequate and healthy food in schools, due to the quality of food included in public calls.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar como o perfil de compra de alimentos da agricultura familiar no âmbito do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar se relaciona com indicadores socioeconômicos e demográficos nas capitais brasileiras. MÉTODOS Este estudo transversal e descritivo foi baseado em dados secundários de 2016 e 2017 do governo brasileiro. Foram utilizados dados demográficos e socioeconômicos, o valor do recurso repassado pelo governo federal, o percentual utilizado para compras de alimentos da agricultura familiar e as chamadas públicas disponíveis. RESULTADOS As capitais no maior quartil de índice de desenvolvimento humano e de recursos repassados pelo governo federal utilizaram menos de 30% do recurso para a compra de gêneros da agricultura familiar em 2016. Todas as capitais da região Norte utilizaram acima de 30%, enquanto as regiões Sul e Sudeste não atenderam à legislação. Destaca-se a presença majoritária de alimentos in natura nas chamadas públicas analisadas. CONCLUSÕES A execução dessa política pública ocorre de forma desigual nas capitais brasileiras, com maior dificuldade naquelas supostamente com melhor estrutura institucional e maior volume de recursos destinados ao Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar, contudo, o programa mantém seu potencial para a promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável nas escolas, em razão da qualidade dos alimentos incluídos nas chamadas públicas.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze how the profile of food purchases from family farming under the National School Feeding Program (PNAE) is related to socioeconomic and demographic indicators in Brazilian capitals. METHODS This cross-sectional and descriptive study was based on secondary data from 2016 and 2017 from the Brazilian government. We used demographic and socioeconomic data, as well as the amount of federal funding; the percentage used purchases of food from family farming and the public call notices. RESULTS The capitals in the largest quartile of HDI and funding by the federal government used less than 30% of the resource for the purchase of crops from family farming in 2016. All capitals of the Northern region used more than 30%, while the Southern and Southeastern regions did not comply with the legislation. We highlight that most analyzed food items were in natura. CONCLUSIONS The implementation of this public policy occurs unequally in Brazilian capitals, with greater difficulty in those supposedly with better institutional structure and higher volume of resources destined to the National School Feeding Program. The program, however, maintains its potential for the promotion of adequate and healthy food in schools, due to the quality of food included in public calls.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphogenetic and structural characteristics of Piatã grass under rotational stocking and nitrogen fertilization during the seasons. A randomized complete block design in a split-plot arrangement with three replications was used. The main plots were the applications of 0, 150, 300 and 450 kg per ha of N in the form of urea, and the subplots were seasons of the year: late summer/fall, winter, spring and summer. No interaction was detected between nitrogen fertilization and season for leaf appearance rate, leaf lifespan, number of live leaves and final length leaves. However, an interaction (P<0.05) of nitrogen fertilization and season influenced leaf elongation rate, phyllochron, leaf senescence rate and stem elongation rate. The leaf elongation rate and leaf appearance rate were linearly affected (P<0.05) by nitrogen fertilization. The seasons affected (P<0.05) the leaf lifespan and number of life leaves. The leaf lifespan decreased by 0.06 days for each kg of N applied. On the other hand, the number of live leaves increased by 0.0026 leaves/tiller for each kg of N. Fertilization with nitrogen positively affects morphogenetic and structural characteristics of Piatã grass under rotational stocking. This effect can be optimized during rainy periods in spring and late summer/autumn.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las características morfogenéticas y estructurales del pasto Piatã bajo pastoreo rotacional y fertilización nitrogenada durante las diferentes estaciones del año. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con un arreglo de parcelas divididas con tres repeticiones. Las parcelas principales fueron las aplicaciones de 0, 150, 300 y 450 kg/ha de N en forma de urea, y las subparcelas fueron las estaciones del año: finales de verano/otoño, invierno, primavera y verano. No se detectó interacción entre la fertilización nitrogenada y la estación para la tasa de aparición de hojas, la esperanza de vida de la hoja, el número de hojas vivas y longitud final de las hojas. Sin embargo, una interacción (P<0,05) de la fertilización nitrogenada y la temporada influyeron en la tasa de elongación de la hoja, filocrono, tasa de senescencia foliar y tasa de elongación del tallo. La tasa de elongación de la hoja y la tasa de aparición de la hoja se vieron afectadas linealmente (P<0,05) por la fertilización nitrogenada. Se observó un efecto (P<0,05) de las estaciones sobre la vida media foliar y el número de hojas vivas. La vida útil de la hoja disminuyó en 0,06 días por cada kg de N aplicado. Por otro lado, el número de hojas vivas aumentó en 0,0026 hoja/macollo por cada kg de N. La fertilización con nitrógeno influye positivamente en las características morfogenéticas y estructurales del pasto Piatã bajo pastoreo rotativo. Este efecto se puede optimizar durante los períodos de lluvia, en la primavera y al final del verano/otoño.