Accumulation of visceral adipose tissue is associated with metabolic syndrome (MS), insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. Here we examined several morphometric and biochemical parameters linked to MS in a rodent litter size reduction model, and how a 30-day fish oil (FO) supplementation affected these parameters. On day 3 post-birth, pups were divided into groups of ten or three. On day 22, rats were split into control (C) and small litter (SL) until 60 days old. Then, after metabolic disturbance and obesity were confirmed, FO supplementation started for 30 days and the new groups were named control (C), FO supplemented (FO), obese (Ob), and obese FO supplemented (ObFO). Comparison was performed by Student t-test or 2-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test. At the end of the 60-day period, SL rats were hyperphagic, obese, hypoinsulinemic, normoglycemic, and had high visceral fat depot and high interleukin (IL)-6 plasma concentration. Obese rats at 90 days of age were fatter, hyperphagic, hyperglycemic, hypertriacylgliceromic, hipoinsulinemic, with low innate immune response. IL-6 production ex vivo was higher, but in plasma it was not different from the control group. FO supplementation brought all biochemical changes to normal values, normalized food intake, and reduced body weight and fat mass in obese rats. The innate immune response was improved but still not as efficient as in lean animals. Our results suggested that as soon MS appears, FO supplementation must be used to ameliorate the morpho- and biochemical effects caused by MS and improve the innate immune response. MS, , (MS) resistance dyslipidemia model 30day (FO postbirth, postbirth birth, birth post-birth three 22 C (C (SL 6 old Then confirmed C, FO, Ob, Ob (Ob) ObFO. ObFO . (ObFO) ttest t test 2way way 2 60day period hyperphagic hypoinsulinemic normoglycemic IL6 IL (IL)- concentration 9 fatter hyperglycemic hypertriacylgliceromic hipoinsulinemic IL- higher group values intake animals appears morpho (MS (Ob (ObFO (IL) (IL

Early childhood obesity increases the risk of developing metabolic diseases. We examined the early introduction of exercise in small-litter obese-induced rats (SL) on glucose metabolism in the epididymal adipose tissue (AT) and soleus muscle (SM). On day 3 post-birth, pups were divided into groups of ten or three (SL). On day 22, rats were split into sedentary (S and SLS) and exercise (E and SLE) groups. The rats swam three times/week carrying a load for 30 min. In the first week, they swam without a load; in the 2nd week, they carried a load equivalent to 2% of their body weight; from the 3rd week to the final week, they carried a 5% body load. At 85 days of age, an insulin tolerance test was performed in some rats. At 90 days of age, rats were killed, and blood was harvested for plasma glucose, cholesterol, and triacylglycerol measurements. Mesenteric, epididymal, retroperitoneal, and brown adipose tissues were removed and weighed. SM and AT were incubated in the Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer, 5.5 mM glucose for 1 h with or without 10 mU/mL insulin. Comparison between the groups was performed by 3-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey post-hoc test. Sedentary, overfed rats had greater body mass, more visceral fat, lower lactate production, and insulin resistance. Early introduction of exercise reduced plasma cholesterol and contained the deposition of white adipose tissue and insulin resistance. In conclusion, the early introduction of exercise prevents the effects of obesity on glucose metabolism in adulthood in this rat model.

Resumo Objetivo: O presente estudo prospectivo, randomizado, duplo-cego e placebo-controlado, verificou o efeito da ingestão de 3 g/dia-1 β-hidroxi-β-metilbutirato sobre os parâmetros da curva força-tempo em canoístas de elite. Método: Participaram 24 canoístas, homens, de elite, com 21.41 ± 5.35 anos, 173.36 ± 8.27 cm e 69.83 ± 10.29 kg. Formaram-se 2 grupos, um suplementado (HMB) e outro placebo (CON), ambos acompanhados por 14 dias e submetidos a teste máximo de 4 min (pré e pós) num caiaque ergômetro. Resultados: Apontam melhora na eficiência mecânica em consonância com o aumento significativo do impulso gerado (17.23%, p = 0.02), da potência média (26.6%, p = 0.01), frequência de remada (13.5%, p = 0.04), perante teste máximo de 4 min em ergômetro. Conclusão: Houve melhora na capacidade de gerar potência, que pode estar associada com a suplementação de β-hidroxi-β-metilbutirato, através da diminuição do catabolismo durante o treinamento; contudo, o mecanismo pelo qual isso pode ocorrer ainda é desconhecido.

Abstract Objective: This prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, checked the effect of the intake of 3 g/day-1 of β-Hidroxy-β-Methylbutyrato on the parameters of the force-time curve in elite kayakers. Method: 24 paddlers, men, elite with 21.41 ± 5.35 years, 173.36 ± 8.27 cm and 69.83 ± 10.29 kg. Formed two groups, one supplemented (HMB) and another placebo (CON), both followed for 14 days and subjected to maximum test 4 min (pre and post) in a kayak ergometer. Results: Point improvement in mechanical efficiency in line with the significant increase in the generated pulse (17.23% p = 0.02), average power (26.6% p = 0.01), stroke frequency (13.5% p = 0.04) before maximum test 4 min ergometer. Conclusion: There was improvement in the ability to generate power, which may be associated with supplementation of β-Hidroxy-β-Methylbutyrato by reducing catabolism during training, however the mechanism by which this may occur is still unknown.

Resumen Objetivo: Este estudio aleatorizado, doble ciego prospectivo, controlado y placebo, tubo como objetivo comprobar el efecto de la ingesta de 3 g/día-1 de β-hidroxi-β-metilbutirato en los parámetros de la curva fuerza-tiempo en kayakistas de élite. Método: Veinticuatro kayakistas, hombres, élite con 21.41 ± 5.35 años, 173.36 ± 8.27 cm y 69.83 ± 10.29 kg. Formado dos grupos, uno suplementado (HMB) y otro placebo (CON), ambos siguieron durante 14 días y sometido a máxima 4 min prueba (pre y post) en un ergómetro kayak. Resultados: Se apreció una mejora en la eficiencia mecánica en relación con el aumento significativo del impulso generado (17.23% p = 0.02), la potencia media (26.6% p = 0.01), frecuencia de carrera (13.5% p = 0.04) durante una prueba máxima en ergómetro de 4 min. Conclusión: Hubo una mejora en la capacidad para generar energía, que puede estar asociada con la administración de suplementos de β-hidroxi-β-metilbutirato mediante la reducción de catabolismo durante el entrenamiento, sin embargo, el mecanismo por el que esto puede ocurrir es aún desconocido.

We investigated the effect of fish oil (FO) supplementation on tumor growth, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and RelA gene and protein expression in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats. Male Wistar rats (70 days old) were fed with regular chow (group W) or chow supplemented with 1 g/kg body weight FO daily (group WFO) until they reached 100 days of age. Both groups were then inoculated with a suspension of Walker 256 ascitic tumor cells (3×107 cells/mL). After 14 days the rats were killed, total RNA was isolated from the tumor tissue, and relative mRNA expression was measured using the 2-ΔΔCT method. FO significantly decreased tumor growth (W=13.18±1.58 vsWFO=5.40±0.88 g, P<0.05). FO supplementation also resulted in a significant decrease in COX-2 (W=100.1±1.62 vsWFO=59.39±5.53, P<0.001) and PPARγ (W=100.4±1.04vs WFO=88.22±1.46, P<0.05) protein expression. Relative mRNA expression was W=1.06±0.022 vsWFO=0.31±0.04 (P<0.001) for COX-2, W=1.08±0.02vs WFO=0.52±0.08 (P<0.001) for PPARγ, and W=1.04±0.02 vs WFO=0.82±0.04 (P<0.05) for RelA. FO reduced tumor growth by attenuating inflammatory gene expression associated with carcinogenesis.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of volume and composition of fluid replacement on the physical performance of male football referees. Ten referees were evaluated during three official matches. In one match the participants were asked to consume mineral water ad libitum, and in the others they consumed a pre-determined volume of mineral water or a carbohydrate electrolyte solution (6.4% carbohydrate and 22 mM Na+) equivalent to 1% of their baseline body mass (half before the match and half during the interval). Total water loss, sweat rate and match physiological performance were measured. When rehydrated ad libitum (pre-match and at half time) participants lost 1.97 ± 0.18% of their pre-match body mass (2.14 ± 0.19 L). This parameter was significantly reduced when they consumed a pre-determined volume of fluid. Sweat rate was significantly reduced when the referees ingested a pre-determined volume of a carbohydrate electrolyte solution, 0.72 ± 0.12 vs 1.16 ± 0.11 L/h ad libitum. The high percentage (74.1%) of movements at low speed (walking, jogging) observed when they ingested fluid ad libitum was significantly reduced to 71% with mineral water and to 69.9% with carbohydrate solution. An increase in percent movement expended in backward running was observed when they consumed a pre-determined volume of carbohydrate solution, 7.7 ± 0.5 vs 5.5 ± 0.5% ad libitum. The improved hydration status achieved with the carbohydrate electrolyte solution reduced the length of time spent in activities at low-speed movements and increased the time spent in activities demanding high-energy expenditure.

To determine the effects of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in phosphatidylcholine (PC) on macrophage activity, peritoneal lavage cells were cultured in the presence of phosphatidylcholine rich in saturated or unsaturated fatty acids (sat PC and unsat PC, respectively), both used at concentrations of 32 and 64 µM. The treatment of peritoneal macrophages with 64 µM unsat PC increased the production of hydrogen peroxide by 48.3% compared to control (148.3 ± 16.3 vs 100.0 ± 1.8%, N = 15), and both doses of unsat PC increased adhesion capacity by nearly 50%. Moreover, 64 µM unsat PC decreased neutral red uptake by lysosomes by 32.5% compared to the untreated group (67.5 ± 6.8 vs 100.0 ± 5.5%, N = 15), while both 32 and 64 µM unsat PC decreased the production of lipopolysaccharide-elicited nitric oxide by 30.4% (13.5 ± 2.6 vs 19.4 ± 2.5 µM) and 46.4% (10.4 ± 3.1 vs 19.4 ± 2.5 µM), respectively. Unsat PC did not affect anion production in non-stimulated cells or phagocytosis of unopsonized zymosan particles. A different result pattern was obtained for macrophages treated with sat PC. Phorbol 12-miristate 13-acetate-elicited superoxide production and neutral red uptake were decreased by nearly 25% by 32 and 64 µM sat PC, respectively. Sat PC did not affect nitric oxide or hydrogen peroxide production, adhesion capacity or zymosan phagocytosis. Thus, PC modifies macrophage activity, but this effect depends on cell activation state, fatty acid saturation and esterification to PC molecule and PC concentration. Taken together, these results indicate that the fatty acid moiety of PC modulates macrophage activity and, consequently, is likely to affect immune system regulation in vivo.

In the present study we determined the effect of chronic diet supplementation with n-3 PUFA on renal function of healthy and cachectic subjects by providing fish oil (1 g/kg body weight) to female rats throughout pregnancy and lactation and then to their offspring post-weaning and examined its effect on renal function parameters during their adulthood. The animals were divided into four groups of 5-10 rats in each group: control, control supplemented with fish oil (P), cachectic Walker 256 tumor-bearing (W), and W supplemented with fish oil (WP). Food intake was significantly lower in the W group compared to control (12.66 ± 4.24 vs 25.30 ± 1.07 g/day). Treatment with fish oil significantly reversed this reduction (22.70 ± 2.94 g/day). Tumor growth rate was markedly reduced in the P group (16.41 ± 2.09 for WP vs 24.06 ± 2.64 g for W). WP group showed a significant increase in mean glomerular filtration rate compared to P and control (1.520 ± 0.214 ml min-1 kg body weight-1; P < 0.05). Tumor-bearing groups had low urine osmolality compared to control rats. The fractional sodium excretion decreased in the W group compared to control (0.43 ± 0.16 vs 2.99 ± 0.87%; P < 0.05), and partially recovered in the WP group (0.90 ± 0.20%). In summary, the chronic supplementation with fish oil used in this study increased the amount of fat in the diet by only 0.1%, but caused remarkable changes in tumor growth rate and cachexia, also showing a renoprotective function.