RESUMO OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é descrever o perfil das variáveis EIMP entre as duas posições de jogo e determinar as possíveis associações com as características antropométricas e qualidades físicas de um grupo de jogadores amadores de rugby chilenos. HIPÓTESE: É por isso que podemos hipotetizar a existência de associações entre as variáveis do EIMP e as qualidades físicas dos jogadores do RU. DESENHO METODOLÓGICO: Este estudo tem um desenho de coorte observacional, descritivo e correlacional. Investigou-se a associação entre as variáveis do EIMP com os testes físicos e as variáveis antropométricas. Trinta e dois jogadores de rugby masculinos de nível amador chileno foram avaliados (média ( DP, idade, 23,3 ( 5,4 anos). RESULTADOS: Para a variável Massa Muscular foram encontradas grandes associações (r=0,53ejercicio y cualidades físicos) (r=0,47) (r=0,44) (r=0,46) com F50, F100, F150 e F200 respectivamente. Grandes associações (R2=0,305) (R2=0,297) (R2=0,267) entre 1RM PB e F200, F100 e F150 respebaloncestotambém podem ser observadas. CONCLUSÃO: Em conclusão, este estudo pode demonstrar a existência de associações estatisticamente significativas entre algumas das variáveis antropométricas e físicas com as variáveis EIMP Força em jogadores amadores do RU chilenos.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to describe the profile of the EIMP variables between two playing positions and to determine its possible associations with anthropometric characteristics and physical qualities of a group of Chilean amateur rugby players. HYPOTHESIS: There are associations between the EIMP variables and the physical qualities of UR players. METHODOLOGICAL DESIGN: This study has an observational, descriptive and correlational cohort design. The association between the EIMP variables, from the physical tests, and the anthropometric variables was investigated. Thirty-two Chilean amateur-level male rugby players were evaluated (mean ( SD, age, 23.3 ( 5.4 years). RESULTS: For the Muscle Mass variable, large associations were found (r=0.53) (p=0.001) to FM, and moderate associations (r=0.48) (r=0.47) (r=0.44) (r =0.46) to F50, F100, F150, and F200 respectively. Large associations (R2=0.305) (R2=0.297) (R2=0.267) between 1RM PB and F200, F100, and F150, respectively, can also be observed. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this study can demonstrate the existence of statistically significant associations between some of the anthropometric and physical variables and the EIMP Strength variables in Chilean amateur UR players.

RESUMEN Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio es describir el perfil de las variables del EIMP entre las dos posiciones de juego y determinar las posibles asociaciones con las características antropométricas y las cualidades físicas de un grupo de jugadores Rugby amateurs chilenos. Hipótesis: es por eso por lo que podemos plantear como hipótesis la existencia de asociaciones entre las variables de EIMP y las cualidades físicas de los jugadores de RU. Diseño metodológico: este estudio tiene un diseño de cohorte observacional, descriptivo y correlacional. Se investigó la asociación existente entre las variables de EIMP con las pruebas físicas y las variables antropométricas. Fueron evaluados treinta y dos jugadores de rugby varones de nivel amateurs chilenos (promedio ( DE, edad, 23,3 ( 5,4 años). Resultados: para la variable Masa Muscular se encontraron asociaciones grandes (r = 0.53) (p = 0.001) con la FM y asociaciones moderadas (r = 0,48) (r = 0,47) (r = 0,44) (r = 0,46) con F50, F100, F150 y F200 respectivamente. También se pueden observar las asociaciones grandes (R2 = 0,305) (R2 = 0,297) (R2 = 0,267) entre 1RM PB y F200, F100 y F150, respectivamente. Conclusión: en conclusión, este estudio puede demostrar la existencia de asociaciones estadísticamente significativas entre algunas de las variables antropométricas y físicos con las variables de Fuerza de EIMP en jugadores de RU amateurs chilenos.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar as experiências em torno da conceituação, validação e implementação de entrevistas elaboradas para analisar as práticas educacionais que convergem no ensino e aprendizagem de línguas estrangeiras para estudantes com deficiência visual em uma universidade pública mexicana. Como estratégia de pesquisa, foram elaboradas três entrevistas, validadas (através do método de consultoria de especialistas) e aplicadas para recuperar informações sobre práticas educacionais de natureza institucional, educacional e social que impactaram os processos de ensino e aprendizagem de uma língua estrangeira. em alunos com deficiência visual no nível superior. O desenho metodológico consistiu em cinco etapas: 1) a elaboração do instrumento, 2) sua implementação, 3) a consulta de especialistas, 4) a reelaboração do instrumento e 5) o consenso dos especialistas. Os resultados mostram que o uso do processo de validação em cinco etapas seqüenciais garante, por meio do registro das avaliações dos juízes, antes e depois da pilotagem do instrumento, a organização clara e coerente das informações nos itens de acordo com cada dimensão. . A análise dos dados obtidos durante o processo de validação gerou um alto consenso por parte dos especialistas, com alta coerência interna (alfa de Cronbach> 0,80) em cada uma das seções do instrumento.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to show the experiences around the conceptualization, validation and implementation of interviews developed to analyze the educational practices that converge in second language teaching and learning processes to students with visual impairment in a Mexican public university. As a research strategy, three interviews were designed, validated (through the method of consulting experts) and applied to retrieve information on educational practices of an institutional, educational and social nature that have impacted the processes of teaching and learning a foreign language in students with visual impairment in the upper level. The methodological design consisted of five steps: 1) the elaboration of the instrument, 2) the implementation of the instrument, 3) the consultation of experts, 4) the re-elaboration of the instrument and 5) the consensus of the experts. Findings show that the use of the validation process in five sequential steps guarantees, through the registration of the judges’ opinion, the clear and coherent organization of the information in items according to each dimension. The analysis of data obtained during the validation process showed a high consensus on the part of the experts with a high internal coherence (Cronbach's alpha > 0.80) in each of the sections of the instruments.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar las experiencias en torno a la conceptualización, validación e implementación de entrevistas elaboradas para analizar las prácticas educativas que convergen en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras a estudiantes con discapacidad visual en una universidad pública mexicana. Como estrategia de investigación, se diseñaron, validaron (a través del método de consulta a expertos) y aplicaron tres entrevistas para recuperar información sobre las prácticas educativas de carácter institucional, educativo y social que han impactado en los procesos de enseñar y aprender una lengua extranjera en estudiantes con discapacidad visual en el nivel superior. El diseño metodológico consistió de cinco pasos: 1) la elaboración del instrumento, 2) la implementación de este, 3) la consulta a expertos, 4) la reelaboración del instrumento y 5) el consenso de los expertos. Los hallazgos muestran que el uso del proceso de validación en cinco pasos secuenciales garantiza, a través del registro de las valoraciones de los jueces, antes y después del pilotaje del instrumento, la organización clara y coherente de la información en ítems de acuerdo con cada dimensión. El análisis de los datos obtenidos durante el proceso de validación arrojó un alto consenso por parte de los expertos, con una alta coherencia interna (alfa de Cronbach > 0.80) en cada una de las secciones de los instrumentos.

RESUMEN Introducción: El síndrome de Sjögren es una enfermedad autoinmunitaria, inflamatoria y crónica, que se caracteriza por dolor, inflamación y sequedad de mucosas. Objetivo: Determinar la percepción de la calidad de vida en pacientes con síndrome de Sjögren. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo y correlacional; universo de 457 pacientes con diagnóstico de síndrome de Sjögren. La muestra fue de 417 pacientes a quienes se les aplicó el cuestionario de láminas Coop/Wonca para determinar la percepción de calidad de vida y la versión cubana del Health Assessment Questionnaire para determinar capacidad funcional. Se utilizó coeficiente de correlación de Pearson para determinar asociación entre las variables del estudio. Se describieron las características sociodemográficas de los pacientes investigados. Resultados: Promedio de edad de 53,22 arios, predominio de pacientes entre 40 y 60 arios (63,79%), femeninas (88,25%) y con tiempo de evolución entre tres y cinco años (64,99%). Existió predominio de síndrome de Sjögren secundario (72,66%) con predominio de presencia de pacientes con artritis reumatoide (49,43%). La puntuación de percepción de calidad de vida global fue de 21,78 y las dimensiones más afectadas fueron el dolor, las actividades sociales y las actividades cotidianas; el valor de correlación de Pearson entre la presencia de discapacidad funcional y las puntuaciones de percepción de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) fue de 0,79. Conclusiones: Existió correlación positiva fuerte entre la presencia de discapacidad funcional y las puntuaciones de CVRS; mientras mayores fueron las puntuaciones de discapacidad peor fue la percepción de calidad de vida de los pacientes.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune, inflammatory, and chronic disease, characterised by the presence of pain, inflammation, and dry mucosa. Objective: To determine the perception of quality of life in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Methodology: A descriptive and correlational study with a group of 457 patients diagnosed with Sjögren's syndrome. The sample consisted of 417 patients who completed the Coop/Wonca slide questionnaire to determine the perception of quality of life, as well as the Cuban version of the Health Assessment Questionnaire to determine functional capacity. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine the association between the study variables. The sociodemographic characteristics of the investigated patients were described. Results: The mean age of the patients was 53.22 years, with the majority between 40 and 60 years (63.79%), of whom 88.25% were female, and with time with disease between 3 and 5 years (64.99%). There was a predominance of secondary Sjögren's syndrome (72.66%) with a predominance of the presence of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (49.43%). The overall quality of life perception score was 21.78, and the most affected dimensions were pain, social activities, and daily activities. A Pearson correlation value of 0.79 was observed between the presence of functional disability and the perception of HRQoL scores. Conclusions: There was a strong positive correlation between the presence of functional disability and health-related quality of life scores; the higher the disability scores, the worse the perception of quality of life of the patients.

Resumen: Durante la última década, el síndrome de fragilidad ha adquirido gran importancia debido a sus consecuencias sociales y psicológicas perjudiciales. En el presente estudio, investigamos la asociación entre el estado de fragilidad y el bienestar (felicidad y satisfacción con la vida) en los adultos mayores, y evaluamos el papel de la salud autopercibida como potencial mediador de dichas relaciones. Reclutamos a 1205 adultos mayores chilenos que respondieron preguntas acerca de su estado de salud objetivo (indicadores relacionados con el estado de fragilidad), bienestar y autopercepción de salud. En términos generales, los análisis mostraron que el estado de fragilidad se asocia negativamente con la satisfacción vital y la felicidad, y que la salud autopercibida tiene un papel mediador en tales relaciones. Se discuten las consecuencias sociales y psicológicas del síndrome de fragilidad en adultos mayores.

Abstract During the past decade, the frail syndrome has acquired great importance due to its detrimental social and psychological consequences. In the present study, we investigate the association between frailty status and well-being (happiness and life satisfaction) among older adults, and we test the role of self-perceived health as potential mediator in such relations. We recruited 1205 older Chilean adults who responded to measures about their objective health status (frailtyrelated indicators), well-being, and self-perceived health. Overall, path analyses showed that frailty status is negatively associated to life satisfaction and happiness, and that self-perceived health works as a mediator for such relations. The social and psychological consequences of the frail syndrome in older adults are discussed.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Takayasu arteritis is a systemic vasculitis considered a rare disease. Its etiopathogenic mechanism is based on an inflammatory process that affects the aorta and its large branches. The absence of pulse, the angiodynia, the hypertensive disorders and the presence of nodules in the lower limbs are described as their main clinical manifestations. Objective: To present the main clinical manifestations that allows the diagnostic suspicion of Takayasu arteritis in primary health care. Clinical case: 36-year-old female patient, which presents clinical manifestations that allow the diagnosis of Takayasu arteritis. Conclusions: The clinical suspicion of the disease is based on adequate clinical, epidemiological and laboratory findings, which are perfectly detectable in primary health care.

RESUMEN Introducción: La arteritis de Takayasu es una vasculitis sistémica considerada como una enfermedad rara. Su mecanismo etiopatogénico se basa en un proceso inflamatorio que afecta la arteria aorta y sus grandes ramas. La ausencia de pulso, la angiodinia, los trastornos hipertensivos y la presencia de nódulos en miembros inferiores se describen como sus principales manifestaciones clínicas. Objetivo: Dar a conocer las principales manifestaciones clínicas que permiten la sospecha diagnóstica de la arteritis de Takayasu en la atención primaria de salud. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 36 años de edad, la cual acude con manifestaciones clínicas que hace que se sospeche y finalmente se realice el diagnóstico de arteritis de Takayasu. Conclusiones: La sospecha clínica de la enfermedad se basa en una adecuada historia clínica, epidemiológica y hallazgos de laboratorio, los cuales son perfectamente detectables en la atención primaria de salud.

Resumo Além de suas transmissões de televisão, telesecundaria serviço é caracterizado por um único professor responsável pelo processo educativo de todos os assuntos de um grau. Neste contexto, um caso peculiar é apresentada: a "História e geografia do estado de Tabasco" opcional assunto, pertencentes à terceira série do ensino secundário e telesecundaria subsistema, tem espaços para a radiodifusão televisiva de seu conteúdo educacional, como só o material impresso está disponível, que é o livro publicado pelo Ministério da Educação no estado de Tabasco. Perante esta lacuna educacional, foi criado como objetivo de pesquisa diagnosticar a necessidade de diferentes material didáctico para reforçar o desenvolvimento do conteúdo programático do assunto em questão. A pesquisa foi realizada especificamente em telesecundaria Guadalupe Victoria, com chave 27ETV0099B, a cidade de Cúlico localizado no município de Cunduacán, Tabasco. Esta é uma instituição organizacional completa. Trabalhamos com o paradigma qualitativo e sob o enfoque de pesquisa-ação, levando em conta que se caracteriza por ser realizado de forma participativa. Esta forma de trabalho foi selecionada para ser realizada a partir de um workshop. Além disso, foi acompanhado por assembleias gerais, onde um projeto metodológico foi apresentado para reforçar a forma como este assunto é ensinado. O programa foi desenvolvido em conjunto com os promotores do projeto, que solicitaram o funcionamento do workshop e, por sua vez, foram os professores responsáveis pelo tema. Os participantes foram os professores da escola e os alunos da mesma. um grupo operacional, por sua natureza, é mais identificado com o trabalho de desenvolvimento e, igualmente, trabalhou com grupos constituídos por colegas que partilhavam o mesmo papel e grupos formados por outros juntaram-lo (embora diferentes papéis) participaram juntos de alguma atividade. A partir da integração dos grupos, poderíamos refletir sobre uma série de crenças e comportamentos sobre ensino e aprendizagem, de certa forma, tornar-se um senso comum de ensino; onde, embora haja vontade de melhorar, há uma forte resistência à mudança, que se torna um obstáculo para a renovação do ensino. No entanto, este problema só pode ser superado se for realizado um trabalho de ensino interativo, coletivo, participativo, analítico, crítico, reflexivo e inovador.

Abstract The Telesecundaria service is characterized by the fact that in this subsystem only one teacher is responsible for the educational process in all the subjects of a grade. In this educational context there is the need to teach the optional subject, "History and Geography of the State of Tabasco", in the third grade, of the secondary level in the subsystem of Telesecundaria, which does not have spaces destined for the television transmission of its contents for its teaching, since only printed material is available, which is the book published by the Secretary of Education in the State of Tabasco. In view of this didactic vacuum, the research objective was to diagnose, through the research team, the need for different didactic supports to reinforce the development of the program content of the subject "History and Geography of the State of Tabasco", in third grade of Telesecundaria. The research work was carried out in the "Guadalupe Victoria" telesecundaria, with code 27ETV0099B, located in the Cúlico town, first section, school zone number 25, sector number 02, of the municipality of Cunduacán, Tabasco. This is a complete organizational institution. We worked with the qualitative paradigm and under the research-action approach, taking into account that it is characterized by being carried out in a participatory manner. The way of working was selected from a workshop for participatory research instruction. It was also accompanied by general assemblies where a methodological project was presented to reinforce the way this subject is taught. The program was developed jointly with the project promoters, who requested the operation of the workshop, and who in turn were the teachers who teach the subject. The participants were the teachers of the school and students in it. An operational group was integrated, which due to its characteristics is the one that most identifies itself with the development of the work. Likewise, it worked with groups made up of colleagues who share the same role and groups formed by other people who (although in different roles) participate together in some activity. From the integration of the groups, it was possible to reflect on a large number of beliefs and behaviors about teaching and learning that in a certain way make up common sense teaching, where, despite the fact that there is a willingness to improve, there is a strong resistance to change that becomes an obstacle to renew teaching. However, this problem can only be overcome if an interactive, collective, participatory, analytical, critical, reflective and innovative teaching work is carried out.

Resumen Además de por sus transmisiones televisivas, el servicio de telesecundaria se caracteriza por ser un solo maestro el responsable del proceso educativo de todas las asignaturas de un grado. En este contexto se presenta un caso peculiar: la asignatura optativa “Historia y geografía del estado de Tabasco”, perteneciente al tercer grado del nivel secundaria y del subsistema telesecundaria, no tiene espacios destinados a la transmisión televisiva de sus contenidos educativos, ya que solo se cuenta con el material impreso, que es el libro editado por la Secretaría de Educación en el estado de Tabasco. En vista de este vacío didáctico, se planteó como objetivo de investigación diagnosticar la necesidad de diferentes apoyos didácticos para reforzar el desarrollo de los contenidos programáticos de la asignatura en cuestión. El trabajo de investigación se realizó específicamente en la telesecundaria Guadalupe Victoria, con clave 27ETV0099B, del poblado de Cúlico, ubicado en el municipio de Cunduacán, Tabasco. Esta es una institución de organización completa. Se trabajó con el paradigma cualitativo y bajo el enfoque de investigación-acción, tomando en cuenta que se caracteriza por realizarse de forma participativa. Se seleccionó esta forma de trabajo para ser efectuada a partir de un taller. Además, se acompañó de asambleas generales donde se presentó un proyecto metodológico para reforzar la forma de impartir esta materia. El programa fue elaborado en conjunto con los promotores del proyecto, quienes solicitaron el funcionamiento del taller y, a su vez, eran los maestros encargados de la asignatura. Los participantes fueron los profesores de la escuela y alumnos de la misma. Se integró un grupo operativo que, por sus características, es el que más se identificaba con el desarrollo del trabajo y, de igual forma, se trabajó con grupos constituidos por colegas que compartían un mismo rol y grupos formados por otras personas que (aunque en roles distintos) participaban juntos en alguna actividad. A partir de la integración de los grupos, se pudo reflexionar sobre un gran número de creencias y comportamientos sobre la enseñanza y el aprendizaje que, en cierta manera, conforman una docencia de sentido común; en donde a pesar de que existe disposición a la mejora, se hace presente una fuerte resistencia al cambio, la cual se convierte en un obstáculo para renovar la enseñanza. Sin embargo, esta problemática solo es superable si se realiza un trabajo docente interactivo, colectivo, participativo, analítico, crítico, reflexivo e innovador.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Connective tissue diseases are a health concern for healthcare institutions in any country, not only because of the symptoms they present, which is a reason for frequent medical attention, but also because of the need for care, high health costs and the great negative effects on the quality of life generated in the lives of people who suffer from them. Objective: To reflect about some connective tissue diseases and their structural and morphological complications. Development: During the analysis of the consulted literature, we could verify the existence of a group of systemic autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, inflammatory myopathies, antiphospholipid syndrome, Sjögren's syndrome and systemic necrotizing vasculitis, which has drawn the specialists’ attention. Conclusions: Most of these conditions develop with pain, discomfort and limitations to perform activities of daily life, a reason why patients often feel distressed, particularly because these are diseases that can cause irreversible damage with a not always favorable prognosis and whose response to specific treatment is not always satisfactory, which accentuates the discomfort and symptoms in general and gives rise to spiritual anguish and suffering in the patient and their relatives.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las enfermedades del tejido conectivo constituyen un problema de salud para las instituciones sanitarias de cualquier país, no solo por los síntomas que las acompañan, lo cual resulta motivo de atención médica frecuente, sino por la elevada carga asistencial, los elevados costos sanitarios y las afectaciones a la calidad de vida que genera en las personas que las padecen. Objetivo: Reflexionar sobre algunas enfermedades del tejido conectivo y sus complejidades morfológicas estructurales. Desarrollo: En la literatura consultada pudo constatarse la existencia de un grupo de enfermedades autoinmunes de tipo sistémico; tales como la artritis reumatoide, el lupus eritematoso sistémico, la esclerosis sistémica, la dermatomiositis, las miopatías inflamatorias, el síndrome antifosfolípido, el síndrome de Sjögren y las vasculitis necrotizantes sistémicas, que llaman la atención de los especialistas. Conclusiones: La mayoría de estas afecciones evolucionan con dolor, molestias y limitaciones para desarrollar las actividades de la vida cotidiana por lo que los pacientes suelen expresar sufrimiento, en particular, porque son enfermedades progresivas que pueden producir daños irreversibles con pronóstico no siempre favorable y cuya respuesta al tratamiento específico no siempre es satisfactoria, lo que acentúa el malestar y los síntomas en general y dan lugar a angustia y sufrimiento espiritual al paciente y sus familiares.

Resumen Este trabajo trata sobre la comparación de la asignación teórica del espectro vibracional de DADP con los desplazamientos experimentales por marcación isotópica. Para ello, se sintetizaron los isotopómeros DADP-C4 y DADP-C2, los cuales son isotopómeros parcialmente marcados. DADP-C4 y DADP-C2 fueron sintetizados a partir de acetona marcada isotópicamente en los átomos de carbonos del grupo metilo y carbonilo, respectivamente. La acetona y los compuestos isotopómeros de DADP fueron caracterizados usando espectroscopia Raman e Infrarroja. Las asignaciones teóricas fueron tomadas de estudios previos sobre la distribución de energía potencial de un modo vibracional, el cual proporciona una aproximación a las coordenadas internas relacionadas con cada banda vibracional. La marcación isotópica selectiva nos permitió acercarnos a la dependencia de cada banda, debido a que, la energía de una vibración molecular depende también de la masa recíproca de los átomos involucrados. En general, los resultados mostraron que algunas bandas asignadas experimentalmente no coinciden con las asignaciones teóricas mediante simulaciones mecánicas cuánticas.

Abstract This work deals with the comparison of the theoretical assignment of the DADP vibrational spectrum with the experimental displacements by isotopic labeling. For this, the DADP-C4 and DADP-C2 isotopomers were synthesized from acetone labeled isotopically in the methyl and the carbonyl carbon atoms, respectively. The acetone and DADP-isotopomer compounds were characterized using Raman and infrared spectroscopy. Theoretical assignments were taken from previous studies on the potential energy distribution of a vibrational mode, which provide an approach to the internal coordinates related to each band. The selective isotopic labeling allowed us to approach to the dependence of each band, because the energy of a molecular vibration also depends on the reciprocal mass of the atoms involved. In general, the results showed that some bands assigned experimentally do not coincide with the theoretical assignments by quantum mechanical simulations.

Resumen Los ácidos húmicos se producen por la descomposición de la materia orgánica de los suelos y por la oxidación de carbones minerales. En este estudio se analizó mediante superficies de respuesta el efecto de la oxidación en la extracción de ácidos húmicos de un carbón colombiano. Las variables de oxidación estudiadas fueron las siguientes: tamaño de partícula (0,063, 0,106 y 0,150 mm), concentración del agente oxidante (permanganato de potasio (KMnO4): 0,010, 0,020 y 0,050 M) y tiempo de oxidación (30, 60 and 90 minutos). El grado de oxidación se verificó con espectroscopia infrarroja. La oxidación incrementó los grupos oxigenados en la matriz carbonácea debido, principalmente, a la oxidación de componentes alifáticos. Se obtuvieron porcentajes de extracción superiores a 24 % al usar partículas de 0,063 mm y KMnO4 con 0,020 M. © 2017. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Ex. Fis. Nat.

Abstract Humic acids are produced by decomposition of organic soil material and from oxidation of mineral coals. In this study, the effect of oxidation and the yield of humic acids extracted from a sample of Colombian mineral coal were studied by response surface methodology (RSM). The variables used were: particle size (0.063, 0.106 and 0.150 mm), concentration of the oxidizing agent (KMnO4: 0.010, 0.020 and 0.050 M) and oxidation time (30, 60 and 90 minutes). The degree of oxidation was verified by infrared spectroscopy. Oxidation increased oxygen groups in the carbonaceous matrix, mainly due to oxidation of aliphatic components. Extraction yields above 24% were obtained with 0.063 mm particle size and 0.020 M KMnO4. © 2017. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Ex. Fis. Nat.

Resumen Las hidrotalcitas tienen un alto impacto en el desarrollo de nuevos materiales y en avances tecnológicos en áreas como catálisis y química ambiental. Un aspecto de vital importancia es la temperatura del colapso de la estructura HTLc, ya que de esta dependen las propiedades de los sólidos obtenidos. En este trabajo se estudió el comportamiento térmico de hidrotalcitas de níquel-aluminio y se determinó la Ea asociada al colapso y formación de NiO. Se observó que la mayor interacción entre iones carbonato y grupos OH ocurre a 250 °C, temperatura en la cual desaparece la estructura HTLc. El sólido N0,75A0,25 requirió menos energía para que ocurriese el colapso, debido a la mayor distancia entre las láminas. El material N0,66A0,33 necesito más energía para que ocurriese la formación del óxido de níquel, lo que se debe a que el mayor contenido de Al3+, desfavorece el crecimiento de las partículas iniciales de NiO.

Abstract The synthesis and use of materials as hydrotalcites have a high impact on development of new materials and technological advances, applied in areas such as catalysis and environmental chemistry. An aspect of vital importance is the temperature of collapse of the HTLc structure, because from this fact depend the properties of solids obtained. In this work was studied the thermal behavior of nickel-aluminum hydrotalcite, and determined the Ea associated with the collapse and formation of NiO. It was observed that the greater interaction among carbonate ions and OH groups occurs at 250 °C, temperature at which the collapse of the HTLc structure occurs. The solid N0,75A0,25 requires less energy to collapse, which is due to the greater distances between the positive sheets. The solid N0,66A0,33 need more energy for the formation of NiO, which is due to higher content of Al3+, disfavoring the growth of the initial particles of NiO.

ABSTRACT The endothelium is fundamental for the regulation of vascular tone and structure. Under disease conditions, including the presence of cardiovascular disease risk factors, the endothelium loses its protective role and becomes a proatherosclerotic structure. In this article we searched for strategies from PUBMED and Science Direct databases using the following key words: endothelium, natural bioactive compounds, polyphenols and cardiovascular diseases. The search was restricted to english language papers. Studies have identified the contribution of diet to the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. In this context, high intakes of fruit and vegetables are associated with the decrease of cardiovascular diseases. Thus the most important fruit/vegetables and bioactive compounds to prevent endothelial diseases are berries, apples, virgin olive oil, tomatoes, soybeans, and polyphenols, carotenoids and unsaturated fatty acids, respectively. The bioactive compounds from fruit and vegetables provide endothelial protection through the following mechanisms: improved eNOS/NO bioavailability, attenuates oxidative stress, inhibited NF-κB pathway and decreased cell adhesion molecules expression. In this article natural bioactive compound mechanisms of endothelium protection are thoroughly reviewed.

In this paper, two models of humic acids, the Temple-Northeastern-Birmingham (TNB) and Kolla models, were studied. Also, the complexation reaction of the structures formed by the interaction of the TNB and Kolla models with Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, K+ and NH4+ cations, common in agricultural soils, was studied. These calculations were made for the complexes, at PM6 and DFT / LANL2DZ level of theory, both in vacuum and in aqueous medium. We found a strong affinity between Kolla and TNB models, and Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, K+ and NH4+ cations, influenced by the solvent that affected the interaction sites; the solvent increased the rate of reactivity and affinity for the cations in nucleophilic regions and decreased it in electrophilic regions of the structures. Calculations of molecular electronic potential, MEP and atomic charges, the local smoothness, Fukui functions and the HSAB principle adequately described the HA/cations interactions which were affected by the number of hydrogen bonds. The most reactive sites were the hydroxyl, phenolic, carbonyls oxygens and nitrogens at both vacuum and aqueous medium, especially carbonyl oxygens. These results are consistent with the properties of HA that make them attractive as components of agricultural soils.

ABSTRACT Human aging is characterized by both physical and physiological frailty that profoundly affects the immune system. In this context aging is associated with declines in adaptive and innate immunity established as immunosenescence. Immunosenescence is a new concept that reflects the age-associated restructuring changes of innate and adaptive immune functions. Thus elderly individuals usually present chronic low-level inflammation, higher infection rates and chronic diseases. A study of alterations in the immune system during aging could provide a potentially useful biomarker for the evaluation of immune senescence treatment. The immune system is the result of the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity, yet the impact of aging on this function is unclear. In this article the function of the immune system during aging is explored.

Background: Health literacy is defined as the degree to which individuals obtain, process and understand basic health information and services. It is necessary to make appropriate decisions about their health. Evidence has shown that the level of health literacy is critical to the prognosis of chronic diseases. The Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Spanish-speaking Adults (SAHLSA-50) is a short and simple health literacy adult assessment. Aim: To determine the validity and reliability indicators of SAHLSA-50 in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: The survey was applied to 84 older adults living in high and low income neighborhoods. Results: The survey had an adequate construct validity and reliability, its Comparative Fit Index was 0.93, its Tucker-Lewis index was 0.927 and its Root Mean Square Error of Approximation was 0.044. “Close fit” was not statistically significant (p = 0.828). Reliability was estimated by K-Richardson, which reported a good outcome (0.9255). Despite the good global indicators obtained, it is necessary to pay attention to some items that would fail to explain the “Health literacy” construct or were beyond the parameters of difficulty and discrimination proposed by the authors of the test. Conclusions: We propose this test as a useful tool to assess health literacy in the adult population in Chile. Its use and incorporation into local research can be especially recommended in the areas of education and health promotion.