Resumen El sector metalmecánico genera una gran diversidad de bienes, los cuales se constituyen, en su mayoría, en insumos y componentes clave para un conjunto amplio de industrias relevantes, como el sector automotriz, la aeronáutica o el sector energético. En los años recientes, la actividad metalmecánica ha sido estimulada sensiblemente por la expansión de estas industrias, las cuales están fuertemente articuladas a las cadenas globales de valor. Su permanencia en éstas es condicionada de manera importante por su productividad y por los procesos de innovación que en ellas se desarrollan para ser más competitivos. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar evidencias sobre las condiciones de productividad actuales de la industria metalmecánica en México, así como develar el peso específico del efecto de los cambios en eficiencia y del efecto de los cambios en innovación. Para ello se emplea el índice de Malmquist de cambio en productividad. Entre los principales resultados se encuentra que, para el sector metalmecánico en México, periodo 2010-2016, el cambio en productividad total de los factores y el cambio técnico presentaron pérdidas, lo que se deriva de falta de innovación, en tanto que el cambio en eficiencia en la mayoría de las actividades ha permanecido sin alteraciones.

Abstract The metal-mechanic sector generates a great diversity of goods, which are mostly in inputs and key components for a broad set of relevant industries, such as the automotive sector, aeronautics, or the energy sector. In recent years, metal-mechanic activity has been significantly stimulated by the expansion of these industries, which are strongly articulated to global value chains. Their permanence in these is conditioned in an important way by their productivity, and by the innovation processes that develop in them to be more competitive. Given this, the objective of this research is to present evidence of the current productivity conditions of the metal-mechanic industry in Mexico, as well as to reveal the effect of changes in efficiency and technology on it, as well as innovation, given the importance of inside of the manufacturing industry. For this, the Malmquist index of productivity change is used. Among the main results is that in the study period, the change in total factor productivity and technical change have shown losses, which is derived from lack of innovation, while the change in efficiency in most of the It has remained without improvements, but also without losses.

La falta de organización en linajes discretos en la filogenia y la taxonomía del grupo anteriormente llamado protistas ha retrasado la comprensión de la historia evolutiva del grupo y la comparación de rasgos entre los miembros del mismo. En este estudio usamos una aproximación filogenómica para plantear hipótesis filogenéticas del grupo mencionado. Usamos una estrategia basada en el agrupamiento automático de ortólogos (OrthoMCL) para recuperar 72 grupos de ortólogos de 73 especies. Un árbol obtenido con el método de maxima verosimilitud fue estimado a partir de una supermatriz de datos. De manera general obtuvimos inferencias filogenéticas consistentes con publicaciones previas pero se observaron algunos patrones de ramificación inesperados con valores bajos de soporte. A pesar de la gran cantidad de genes de los grupos Opisthokonta, este clado aparece polifilético. No pudimos demostrar la monofilia de Excavata, muy probablemente debido a artefactos de atracción de ramas largas. Un segundo conjunto de datos fue construido luego de eliminar los sitios de rápida evolución/saturados. El test de Shimodaira-Hasegawa se calculó con el fin de verificar si nuestros datos e inferencias filogenéticas controvertían patrones de ramificación reportados previamente. Los resultados de los tests sugieren que las topologías propuestas en estudios previos no son significativamente mejores que las topologías propuestas en este estudio. Nuevas relaciones fueron encontradas dentro de los Opisthokonta, para dos especies, Thecamonas trahens y Capsaspora owczarzaki. Adicionalmente, algunas posiciones filogenéticas controversiales se encontraron para varios grupos eucariotas con nuestra aproximación filogenómica. En el estudio se discuten las relaciones de los grupos Alveolata y Stramenopila, siendo este ultimo grupo de especial interés para nuestro grupo de investigación.

The lack of organisation of monophyletic lineages in the phylogeny and taxonomy of the group formerly known as protists has precluded the understanding of the group's evolutionary history and trait comparison among members of the group. We used a phylogenomic approach to establish phylogenetic hypotheses of this group of organisms. We used an automatic orthologous clustering (OrthoMCL)-based strategy to recover 72 clusters of orthologues from 73 eukaryotic species. A maximum likelihood tree was inferred from the supermatrix. Overall, we obtained consistent inferences with previous published ones, but some unexpected phylogenetic relationships were poorly supported. Despite the large quantity of genes from the Opisthokonta groups, this clade was recovered as polyphyletic. We failed to recover a monophyletic Excavata group, most likely because of long- branch attraction artefacts. A second dataset was constructed after removing the fast-evolving/saturated sites, and a Shimodaira-Hasegawa test was performed to verify whether our data allowed us to reject relationships in previous hypotheses. The results of these tests suggested that the competing tree topologies were not significantly better than our recovered topologies. Novel relationships were shown inside the Opisthokonta, for two species, Thecamonas trahens and Capsaspora owczarzaki. Additionally, some controversial phylogenetic positions among several eukaryotic groups were found. We discuss the relative positions of the Alveolata and Stramenopila groups, the latter being of special interest in our research group.

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze trends in monthly average maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperature in Aguascalientes and time series of at least 30 years. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Kendall methodology and the exchange rate was calculated with Theil slope. From 612 Tmin series, 365 were not significant, whereas 247 were significant, of these series with significant trend (p≤ 0.05), 129 had positive trend and 118 had negative trend. From 672 Tmax series, 448 were not significant, whereas 224 were significant, of these series with significant trend (p≤ 0.05), 167 had positive trend and 57 had negative trend. The highest positive trend (1.33 °C decade-1) from Tmin was in April and the lowest (0.09 °C decade-1) in July and September, the average annual positive trends was 0.50 °C decade-1; December had the highest negative trend (-1.42 °C decade-1) and August had the lowest (-0.14 °C decade-1), the average annual negative trends was -0.59 °C decade-1. Regarding Tmax, April had the highest positive trend (1.59 °C decade-1) and December had the lowest (0.18 °C decade-1), the average annual positive trend was 0.61 °C decade-1; October had the highest negative trend (-1.51 °C decade-1) and September had the lowest (-0.19 °C decade-1), the average annual negative trends was -0.68 °C decade-1. In Aguascalientes, a small number of localities are cooling and a significant portion are warming, the region that is showing temperature changes is having a more extreme weather and changes in the diurnal temperature range (RTD).

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar tendencias en los promedios de temperatura máxima (Tmax) y mínima (Tmin) mensual en Aguascalientes y series de tiempo de por lo menos 30 años. El análisis estadístico se realizó con la metodología de Mann-Kendall y la tasa de cambio se calculó con la pendiente de Theil. De 612 series de Tmin, 365 no fueron significativas, mientras que 247 si lo fueron, de estas series con tendencia significativa (p≤ 0.05), 129 tuvieron tendencia positiva y 118 tuvieron tendencia negativa. De 672 series de Tmax, 448 no fueron significativas, mientras que 224 si lo fueron, de estas series con tendencia significativa (p≤ 0.05), 167 tuvieron tendencia positiva y 57 tuvieron tendencia negativa. La mayor tendencia positiva (1.33 °C década-1) de Tmin fue en abril y la menor (0.09 °C década-1) en julio y septiembre, el promedio anual de las tendencias positivas fue 0.50 °C década-1; diciembre tuvo la mayor tendencia negativa (-1.42 °C década-1) y agosto tuvo la menor (-0.14 °C década-1), el promedio anual de tendencias negativas fue -0.59 °C década-1. En relación con Tmax, abril tuvo la mayor tendencia positiva (1.59 °C década-1) y diciembre tuvo la menor (0.18°C década-1), el promedio anual de tendencias positivas fue 0.61 °C década-1; octubre tuvo la mayor tendencia negativa (-1.51 °C década-1) y septiembre tuvo la menor (-0.19 °C década-1), el promedio anual de tendencias negativas fue -0.68 °C década-1. En Aguascalientes, un número pequeño de localidades presenta enfriamiento y una parte importante se está calentando, la región que manifiesta cambios en la temperatura está presentando un clima más extremo y cambios en el rango térmico diurno (RTD).

A deficiência de água é um dos principais fatores que limitam a produção da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.). Estudar os efeitos do estresse hídrico sobre os componentes de produção e sua relação com a produtividade pode ajudar os programas de melhoramento a selecionar genótipos produtivos sob essa condição. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as relações entre os caracteres número de colmos, altura de colmos, diâmetro de colmos e massa de colmos com a produtividade de cana-de-açúcar cultivada em uma área, sob deficiência moderada de água, durante o período de maior desenvolvimento, a fim de prover informações que auxiliem melhoristas na adoção de características para selecionar variedades tolerantes à seca. Foram cultivados 78 genótipos e dois padrões, um tolerante e outro sensível ao estresse hídrico, sob deficiência moderada de água em campo e durante o ano agrícola 2005/2006 em Weslaco, Texas, Estados Unidos. Produtividade e os componentes de produção foram avaliados. Sob estresse, o padrão tolerante (TCP93-4245) apresentou maior produtividade, número de colmos, altura de colmos e massa de colmos do que o padrão sensível (TCP87-3388). Entretanto, o padrão sensível apresentou maior diâmetro de colmos. Associação linear foi encontrada entre produtividade e seus componentes, mas diâmetro de colmos foi bastante instável entre os genótipos. Altura de colmos apresentou correlação positiva com número, diâmetro e massa de colmos. Diâmetro de colmos também apresentou correlação positiva com massa de colmos. Portanto, durante o processo de seleção, quando um desses componentes é melhorado para tolerância à seca, o componente correlacionado deverá também ser melhorado, tornando-se possível selecionar genótipos com elevada produtividade e número, altura e massa de colmos sob deficiência hídrica.

Water deficit is one of the major factors limiting the production of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). A study of the effects of limited water condition on yield components and their relationship with productivity can aid breeding programs in selecting for high yielding genotypes under this condition. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships among the parameters stalk number, stalk height, stalk diameter, and stalk weight with cane yield in sugarcane growing in a field under moderate water stress during its grand growth period, in order to provide information to help breeders in adopting traits for selecting drought tolerant varieties. Seventy-eight genotypes plus two controls, one drought-tolerant and one drought-susceptible, were grown under a moderate water deficit condition in the field in 2005/2006 at Weslaco, TX. Productivity and yield components were measured. Under stress, the tolerant control (TCP93-4245) showed higher productivity, stalk number, stalk height and stalk weight than the susceptible one (TCP87-3388). However, the susceptible control showed higher stalk diameter. Linear association was found between productivity and its yield components, but stalk diameter showed to be fairly unstable among genotypes. Stalk height showed significant correlation with stalk number, stalk diameter and stalk weight. Stalk diameter also showed positive correlation with stalk weight. Therefore, during the selection procedure, when one of these traits is enhanced by drought tolerance, the correlated trait should also increase, making it feasible to select genotypes with high productivity, stalk number, stalk height, and stalk weight under water deficit.