ABSTRACT In the search for new natural photoprotective agents, the mesocarp of babassu (Attalea speciosa) stands out as a promising candidate due to its unique chemical composition and regional significance. In this study, we investigated the in vitro photoprotective and antioxidant properties of babassu mesocarp flour extracts and their fractions. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS assays. The sun protection factor (SPF) was determined through the Mansur assay, and cytotoxicity was determined in RAW cells. The samples exhibited high antioxidant activity, especially in the more polar fractions. The hydroethanolic extract had an SPF of 16.69, while the aqueous extract had an SPF of 14.83. Notably, the hydroethanolic extract exhibited no cytotoxic effects at the tested concentrations. Our findings suggest that babassu mesocarp flour is a potential source for developing photoprotective agents to shield skin from UV radiation and combat free radicals. Attalea speciosa significance study fractions assays (SPF assay cells 1669 16 69 16.69 1483 14 83 14.83 Notably concentrations radicals 166 1 6 16.6 148 8 14.8 16. 14.

RESUMO Na busca por novos agentes fotoprotetores naturais, o mesocarpo do babassu (Attalea speciosa) se destaca como um candidato promissor, devido à sua composição química única e importância regional. Neste estudo, investigamos as propriedades fotoprotetoras e antioxidantes in vitro dos extratos da farinha de mesocarpo de babassu e suas frações. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada usando os ensaios DPPH e ABTS. O fator de proteção solar (FPS) foi determinado através do ensaio de Mansur, e a citotoxicidade foi determinada em células RAW. As amostras apresentaram alta atividade antioxidante, especialmente nas frações mais polares. O extrato hidroetanólico teve um FPS de 16,69, enquanto o aquoso registrou um FPS de 14,83. Notavelmente, o extrato hidroetanólico não exibiu efeitos citotóxicos nas concentrações testadas. Nossos resultados sugerem que a farinha de mesocarpo de babassu é uma fonte potencial para o desenvolvimento de agentes fotoprotetores para proteger a pele da radiação UV e combater radicais livres. naturais Attalea speciosa promissor regional estudo ABTS (FPS Mansur RAW polares 1669 16 69 16,69 1483 14 83 14,83 Notavelmente testadas livres 166 1 6 16,6 148 8 14,8 16, 14,

ABSTRACT Geopropolis is produced by some stingless bee species such as Melipona fasciculata and consists of a mixture of plant resins, salivary secretions of the bee, wax, and soil. This study evaluated the antileishmanial activity in vitro, cytotoxicity and chemical composition of geopropolis produced by M. fasciculata in the savannah region of Maranhão, Brazil. The geopropolis extract was obtained through maceration using in 70% ethanol. The hydroalcoholic extract of geopropolis after liquid–liquid partition yielded the hexane, chloroformic, ethyl acetate and hydroalcoholic fractions. Antileishmanial activity was evaluated against promastigote and intracellular amastigote of Leishmania amazonensis. Cytotoxic was realized in BALB/c mice peritoneal macrophages. Chemical analysis was performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography coupled to an ultraviolet–visible detector. The geopropolis inhibited the L. amazonensis promastigotes growth and was effective in reducing the infection of murine macrophages since the number of internalized amastigotes were smaller in cells treated with the geopropolis extract in relation to the untreated group. The ethyl acetate fraction was the most active and showed the highest index of selectivity as antileishmanial product. The geopropolis from M. fasciculata had an antileishmanial effect, mainly after the obtention of the ethyl acetate fraction that improved the activity without increasing the cytotoxicity against murine macrophages. Analysis for gas chromatography-mass spectrometer identified as main compounds the gallic and ellagic phenolic acids, either in the extract or in the active fraction. The results obtained by high performance liquid chromatography it was possible to confirm the presence and quantify the concentration gallic and ellagic acid either in the extract or in the active fraction. These results suggest that the antileishmanial activity of geopropolis is related to the presence of derivatives of these phenolic acids, mainly gallic and ellagic acids.

RESUMO Geoprópolis, uma mistura de resinas vegetais, cera, terra e secreção salivar, produzida pela abelha sem ferrão Melipona fasciculata. Este estudo investigou a composição química e a atividade antioxidante da geoprópolis coletada em colmeias em duas regiões fitogeográficas de campos alagados e de cerrado, nos municípios de Palmeirândia e Fernando Falcão, no Estado do Maranhão, Nordeste do Brasil. Os compostos da geoprópolis foram identificados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (CG/EM). Foram determinados os teores de fenólicos totais pelo reagente de Folin−Ciocalteu, e atividade antioxidante utilizando o ensaio in vitro com 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e capacidade redutora do ferro (FRAP). As quatro amostras de geoprópolis apresentaram variações no teor de fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante, as geoprópolis de Fernando Falcão, apresentaram maiores teores. Nas geoprópolis do município de Palmeirândia foram identificados, triterpenos do tipo cicloartano, ursano e oleanano e ácidos fenólicos (ácido protocatecuico e ácido gálico), enquanto que na geoprópolis de Fernando Falcão, ácidos fenólicos, ácido gálico e elágico foram os principais constituintes. A propriedade antioxidante da geoprópolis pode ser atribuída aos altos teores de fenólicos totais e de ácido gálico e elágico. Os resultados demonstram que as fontes vegetais das duas regiões fitogeográficas do Maranhão, Brasil, utilizadas pelas abelhas para a produção da geoprópolis contribuem para a composição química e bioatividade deste produto.

ABSTRACT Geopropolis, a mixture of plant resin, wax, soil and salivary secretion, is produced by the stingless bee Melipona fasciculata. This aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of geopropolis collected from beehives in two phytogeographical regions, flooded fields and cerrado, in the municipalities of Palmeirândia and Fernando Falcão, Maranhão State, northeastern Brazil. The geopropolis compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Additionally, total phenolic content was determined with the Folin−Ciocalteu reagent and antioxidant activity was evaluated in vitro by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The four geopropolis samples varied in terms of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity and the highest values were observed for geopropolis from Fernando Falcão. Triterpenes such as cycloartane, ursane and oleanane and phenolic acids (protocatechuic acid and gallic acid) were identified in the geopropolis from Palmeirândia, while the phenolic acids, gallic and ellagic acid were the main compounds in geopropolis from Fernando Falcão. The antioxidant property of geopropolis is due to its high total phenolic content and predominance of gallic acid and ellagic acid. The results showed that the plant resources in two phytogeographical regions of Maranhão used by bees for the production of geopropolis contribute to the chemical composition and bioactivity of this product.

Melipona fasciculata Smith é uma abelha nativa, social e sem ferrão que produz cera, mel e geoprópolis. O presente trabalho objetivou caracterizar, do ponto de vista farmacognóstico, o geoprópolis de Melipona fasciculata, coletado em meliponários nos municípios de Arari, São Bento e São João Batista, da Baixada maranhense, no Estado do Maranhão, visando estabelecer dados para o controle de qualidade e padronização do produto. A metodologia utilizada constou de análises sensoriais, abordagem química, perfis cromatográficos e determinação dos teores de flavonóides. Os resultados demonstram que o geoprópolis apresenta características sensoriais similares às encontradas para própolis de Apis mellifera, presença de compostos fenólicos em maior concentração, além de substâncias da classe dos terpenos e saponinas e ausência de alcalóides. Os perfis cromatográficos indicaram que a composição e concentração das substâncias químicas são diferentes entre as amostras. Os teores de flavonóides variaram de 0,17 - 2,6%, os quais para a maioria das amostras apresentaram valores acima do mínimo exigido pela legislação brasileira para própolis de Apis mellifera. Os dados encontrados sugerem que as variações qualitativa e quantitativa de flavonóides e outros constituintes químicos no geoprópolis são fortemente afetados pela flora visitada pelas abelhas, região geográfica e fatores ambientais.

Melipona fasciculata Smith is a native, social, stingless bee species that produces wax, honey and geopropolis. This work aimed to do a pharmacological evaluation of Melipona fasciculata geopropolis, collected in beehives in the municipal districts of Arari, São Bento and São João Batista, in Baixada maranhense, in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, seeking to obtain basis for the quality control and standardization of the product. The methodology used included the accomplishment of sensorial analyses, chemical approach, chromatographic profiles and determination of the flavonoids contents. The results demonstrate that the geopropolis have organoleptic characteristics similar to the ones found for the propolis of Apis mellifera, presence of phenolic compounds in larger concentration, besides substances of the class of the terpenes and saponins and absence of alkaloids. The chromatographic profiles indicated that the composition and concentration of the chemical substances are different among the samples. The flavonoids contents ranged between 0.17 - 2.6%. The content for most of the samples presented values above the minimum demanded by the Brazilian legislation for propolis of Apis mellifera. The found data suggest that the qualitative and quantitative variations of flavonoids and other chemical substances in geopropolis are strongly affected for the flora visited by the bees, geographical area and environmental factors.