ABSTRACT Seaweed blooms pose a compelling governance challenge caused by the new environments of the Anthropocene. Along the Quintana Roo coastline, nestled in the heart of the Caribbean, the onset of extensive Sargassum infestations began in late 2014, posing a formidable environmental management dilemma for state and federal authorities. This study describes the institutional responses elicited by the Sargassum influx on Mexico’s Caribbean shoreline, particularly focusing on Cancún and the Riviera Maya. It proposes ecological reflexivity as a promising governance principle for institutions faced with increasingly complex and unforeseeable circumstances, such as the massive arrivals of Sargassum. Based on a comprehensive analysis of national press reports, active participation in forums and seminars, and in-depth interviews, our research identifies three distinct governance phases. We explore these phases considering the concept of ecological reflexivity. Our findings make a strong case for acknowledging institutional errors and shortcomings as an indispensable aspect of formulating effective strategies to combat unexpected and unfamiliar phenomena such as seaweed blooms. Moreover, governance strategies for dealing with Sargassum in Quintana Roo should not only consider responding to human interests and sustaining the tourist industry. Instead, they should encompass an approach that considers the interplay between human and non-human components within the socio-ecological system. Anthropocene coastline 2014 authorities Mexicos Mexico s shoreline Maya circumstances reports seminars indepth depth interviews Moreover industry Instead nonhuman non socioecological socio system 201 20 2

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es describir la etnografía vegetal, un ámbito de estudio interesado en observar a las plantas como seres con agencia. A partir de una revisión de literatura, se presenta la propuesta teórica, los principales conceptos y algunos trabajos y autores relevantes. Entre los resultados se encuentra que la reelaboración de la noción de agencia ofrece a la antropología nuevas oportunidades para explorar cómo las plantas se insertan en la trama de la vida social. Aunque los métodos de la etnografía vegetal están aún siendo desarrollados y existe discusión sobre los límites y posibilidades de las herramientas empleadas, estas nuevas perspectivas hacen factible acceder a otras formas de comprender el mundo, diferentes de aquellas que la modernidad ha establecido. Se concluye que reconocer las capacidades de las plantas es una manera de cuestionar el excepcionalismo humano e imaginar futuros basados en la colaboración e interdependencia.

Abstract The main goal of this paper is to describe vegetal ethnography, an area of study interested in observing plants as beings with agency. Based on a literature review, the theoretical proposal, the main concepts, and some relevant works and authors are presented. Among the results, it is found that the reworking of the notion of agency offers anthropology new opportunities to explore how plants are embedded in social life entanglements. Although vegetal ethnography’s methods are still being developed and there is debate about the limits and possibilities of the tools employed, these new perspectives make it feasible to access other ways of understanding the world, different from those that modernity has established. It is concluded that recognizing the capabilities of plants is a way of questioning human exceptionalism and imagining futures based on collaboration and interdependence.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a estabilidade de cor das resinas compostas Filtek Z350 XT, Filtek Z250 XT, Z100 e resina ortodôntica Transbond XT, utilizadas para attachments ortodônticos, quando imersas em bebidas populares. Métodos: Trinta corpos de prova em forma de disco de cada resina composta (2 x 5mm) foram confeccionados e divididos aleatoriamente em seis grupos, de acordo com as soluções de imersão: café, vinho tinto, vinho branco, cerveja clara, cerveja escura e água deionizada (controle). Os discos foram totalmente imersos nas soluções por seis dias a 37°C, representando aproximadamente seis meses de consumo. As medidas de cor foram realizadas por um espectrofotômetro de reflexão, no baseline (antes da imersão) e após o manchamento. As coordenadas L*a*b* foram medidas e a variação de cor (ΔE00) foi calculada usando a fórmula CIEDE2000. Os dados foram analisados utilizando a análise de variância seguida pelo teste post-hoc de Tukey, com nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados: As resinas imersas em vinho branco e cerveja clara apresentaram ΔE00 imperceptível ou clinicamente aceitável, sem diferença em relação ao grupo controle (p= 0,44449 e p= 0,467, respectivamente). A imersão em café e vinho tinto foi considerada clinicamente inaceitável e significativamente diferente do grupo controle (p= 0,0028 e p= 0,0475, respectivamente). Conclusão: Com base nos resultados do presente estudo, o consumo de café e vinho tinto pode causar alteração na cor dos attachments ortodônticos acima do limite de aceitabilidade visual e prejudicar a estética durante o tratamento.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the color stability of Filtek Z350 XT, Filtek Z250 XT, Z100 resin composites and Transbond XT orthodontic resin, all used in orthodontic attachments, when immersed in popular beverages. Methods: Thirty disk-shaped specimens of each resin composite (2 x 5mm) were manufactured and randomly divided into six groups according to immersion solutions: coffee, red wine, white wine, regular beer, dark beer and deionized water (control). The specimens were fully immersed in each of the solutions for six days at 37°C, representing approximately six months of consumption. The color measurements were evaluated by a reflection spectrophotometer, at baseline (before immersion) and after staining. L*a*b* coordinates were measured and the color change (ΔE00) was calculated using the CIEDE2000 formula. The data were analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey tests at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The resin composites immersed in white wine and regular beer showed either imperceptible or clinically acceptable ΔE00, and no difference from the control group (p= 0.4449 and p= 0.467 respectively). Immersion in coffee and red wine were considered clinically unacceptable and were significantly different from the control group (p= 0.0028 and p= 0.0475 respectively). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, the consumption of coffee and red wine may cause color change of the resin composite attachments above the visual acceptability threshold, and impair aesthetics during treatment.

Abstract Objective: to analyse the vision of well-being of a rural community and the administration of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve where it is located, in order to provide information that can improve the management of the protected area. Methodology: qualitative methods were used to study subjective well-being, using grounded theory as a reference. Results: in the community’s vision, there is a strong need to increase social cohesion by rescuing traditional elements and including more modern aspects due people consider the reserve civil servants’ vision insufficient to address the local context. Limitations: the study was based on subjective well-being, which does not widely reflect evaluations on material indicators. Value: local perceptions are emphasized to improve the reserve's contribution to well-being. Conclusion: it is demonstrated the need to include contextualized socio-ecological approaches in the reserve management.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar las visiones de bienestar de una comunidad campesina y de la administración de la Reserva de la Biosfera Tehuacán-Cuicatlán donde ésta se ubica, a fin de brindar información que sirva para mejorar el manejo del área protegida. Metodología: se utilizaron métodos cualitativos para el estudio del bienestar subjetivo, tomando como referencia la teoría fundamentada. Resultados: en la visión comunitaria hay una fuerte necesidad de incrementar la cohesión social con el rescate de elementos tradicionales y la inclusión de aspectos más modernos, puesto que la comunidad considera que la visión de los funcionarios de la reserva es insuficiente para atender el contexto local. Limitaciones: el estudio se basó en el bienestar subjetivo, el cual no refleja con amplitud las evaluaciones sobre los indicadores materiales. Valor: se enfatiza la percepción local para mejorar la contribución de la reserva al bienestar. Conclusión: se demuestra la necesidad de incluir enfoques socioecológicos contextualizados en el manejo de la reserva.

The use of non-timber forest products is associated with the conservation of eco-systems and the generation of income for forest inhabitants. However, this is not an automatic correlation. In the Lacandon Forest, the sale of camedor palm does generate income for local communities, but appears to have resulted in an over-exploitation of the resource. The government has attempted to regulate this activity through Wildlife Conservation Management Units (UMAs), but with limited environmental and social outcomes. We describe the harvesting and production of camedor palm in the Lacandon region and analyze the effectiveness of the UMAs, concluding that their limitations are the result of the instrument's emphasis on technical and normative aspects rather than on processes of negotiation and conciliation amongst stakeholders.

El uso de recursos forestales no maderables se asocia a la conservación de ecosistemas y la generación de ingresos para las poblaciones de bosques y selvas. Esta no es una relación directa. En la Selva Lacandona, la venta de palma camedor genera ingresos para las comunidades, pero el tipo de aprovechamiento parece sobreexplotar el recurso. El gobierno ha intentado regular su uso a través de Unidades de Manejo para la Conservación de la Vida Silvestre (UMA), pero con un limitado desempeño ambiental y social. Caracterizamos el aprovechamiento y la producción de palma en la Lacandona y analizamos la efectividad de las UMA de palma en la región. Las deficiencias y escasos resultados de estas derivan de su enfoque técnico y normativo, asi como de la escasa negociación y conciliación de intereses entre sus actores.

In Mexico, the analysis of the relationship between neoliberalism and nature is important since, in the last 20 years, the former has spearheaded a radical transformation of Mexico's economy and society. Seeking to contribute elements for a general understanding of this issue in our country, in this article I describe the way in which neoliberalism has influenced the current framework for conservation, emphasizing certain strategies, getting results that are not always clear, and changing the relationship of communities with their surroundings as they integrate into the neoliberal wave and, at the same time, resist and transform it.

En México, el análisis de la relación entre el neoliberalismo y la naturaleza es importante, pues en los últimos veinte años aquél ha apuntalado una transformación radical de la economía y la sociedad mexicanas. Buscando aportar elementos para una comprensión general del tema en nuestro país, en este texto se describe la forma como el neoliberalismo ha influenciado el esquema actual de conservación en México, privilegiando ciertas estrategias, generando resultados no siempre claros y alterando la relación de las comunidades con su entorno, mientras éstas se integran a la ola neoliberal y, al mismo tiempo, la resisten y transforman.

The analysis of environmental policy permits to gather and evaluate their impact on the management of fishery resources and the establishment of social organizations in Lake Ciutzeo, Michoacán, Mexico. The results suggest four stages in the environmental policy of the lake, which are characterized by focusing on the productivity improvements without implementing measures to prevent negative impacts on biodiversity and the volume fluctuation of the lake. The governmental actions and policy instruments have been centralized in their design (interests, goals and targets), and implementation without considering the decision-making and experiences of local actors. The policies are characterized by problems on their design, the lack of continuity and assessments to follow up on their performance. Consequently, the environmental policy has contributed to negative socio-environmental impacts on the lake, such as introduction of species, increasing fishermen and nets, organizational capacity loss and overfishing. Hence, it is suggested to apply continuous environmental policies assessment. It is also necessary to ensure participation of different actors and institutional coordination in order to improve the management of resources and conservation of the lake.

El análisis de la política ambiental permitió recopilar y evaluar sus impactos en el manejo de los recursos pesqueros y en la constitución de las organizaciones sociales del lago de Cuitzeo, Michoacán, México. Los resultados sugieren cuatro etapas en la política ambiental del lago, las cuales se han centrado en elevar la productividad sin implementar medidas para mitigar los impactos negativos en la diversidad biológica y las variaciones del cuerpo de agua. El desarrollo de las acciones e instrumentos de política ambiental en el lago han sido centralizadas en su diseño (intereses, objetivos y metas) y en su operación desde las dependencias gubernamentales; dejando de lado la participación en la toma de decisiones y las experiencias de los actores locales. Las políticas aplicadas en este lago se caracterizan por problemas en su diseño, falta de continuidad y por carecer de evaluaciones continuas que permitan verificar su desempeño. Consecuentemente se ha contribuido a generar impactos socioambientales negativos, como la introducción de especies, el incremento en el número de pescadores y redes, la pérdida de capacidades organizativas y la sobrepesca. De ahí que se recomienda la aplicación de evaluaciones constantes de las políticas ambientales para valorar su viabilidad y continuidad desde la perspectiva socio-ambiental. Así mismo, se considera necesario asegurar la participación de los diferentes actores sociales y la coordinación institucional para favorecer un manejo adecuado de los recursos y la conservación del lago.

Mexican studies on environmental perception are usually undertaken from a constructivist approach, which separates the natural from the human, considering the natural as a social construct. This point of view has its shortcomings. When we see the natural as a cultural product, culture looses the foundation on which meanings can be developed. On the other hand, a purely anti-essentialist approach overestimates human power to influence nature, and weakens at the same time nature's capacity for sociocultural transformation. To overcome these difficulties we need to consider that humans do not inhabit a world that is culturally constructed in its entirety, and that nature has the means to influence them directly, beyond their social experience. The purpose of this essay is to incorporate these ideas to the study of environmental perceptions, introducing the concept of environmental perspective as a useful element for considering nature in itself as a source of meanings and to overcome the dichotomy between nature and society. The concept of environmental perspective allows us to understand that environmental anthropology does not deal with different constructions of the natural, but with different environments.

En México los estudios sobre percepción ambiental parten, generalmente, de un enfoque constructivista que separa los dominios de lo natural y lo humano, entendiendo a la naturaleza como producto de la construcción social. Sin embargo, esta visión tiene algunas desventajas, porque al suponer a la naturaleza como un producto cultural, la cultura carecería de base o sustento sobre la cual puedan desarrollarse los significados. Por otra parte, la visión antiesencialista sobrestima la capacidad del hombre de influir en la naturaleza, al mismo tiempo que debilita el poder de transformación sociocultural de la misma. Para superar estas dificultades, parece necesario considerar que los seres humanos no habitan un mundo culturalmente construido en su totalidad, y que la naturaleza tiene la capacidad de influenciarlos directamente, más allá de su experiencia social. El objetivo de este ensayo es incorporar estas reflexiones al estudio de las percepciones ambientales, proponiendo el concepto de perspectiva ambiental como un elemento útil para considerar a la naturaleza en sí misma, como fuente de significados y para superar la dualidad entre naturaleza y sociedad. El concepto de perspectiva ambiental nos permite comprender que dentro de la antropología ambiental no lidiamos con distintas construcciones de lo natural, sino en realidad con ambientes diferentes.