ABSTRACT Sugarcane irrigation is one of the main technologies to increase productivity and profitability in the sugar-energy sector. However, to improve the management of water resources in Brazil, growers need to obtain a water rights permitfrom regulatory agencies. The calculation of water rights is determined from data based on estimates of rainfall and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) provided by the Agência Nacional de Águas e Saneamento Básico (ANA). The primary hypothesis of this study was that the method proposed by ANA to calculate water rights did not provide operational security since it lacked an adequate probabilistic character. As a corollary, we included a secondary hypothesis stating that determining flows through the simplified FAO method proposed in the CROPWAT 8.0 manual displayed vulnerability due to the criteria to choose the representative years. This research aimed to compare such methodologies with a more detailed case study (standard method), taking into account the temporal variability of these estimates, the irrigation criteria, and the probability of occurrence of ETo and rainfall to determine water rights for sugarcane irrigation. During the period between Apr and Sept (dry period), the calculation method proposed by ANA met the needs of the project. However, when rainfall was concentrated (Oct to Mar), the calculation method tended to underestimate the monthly values of available flows. The simplified method proposed by FAO and the alternative method proposed here approached ideal conditions. sugarenergy sugar energy sector However Brazil agencies (ETo ANA. . (ANA) character corollary 80 8 0 8. years standard method, , method) dry period, period) project Oct Mar, Mar Mar) conditions (ANA

Abstract The demands of high-quality zucchini fruits by the consumer market make studies regarding the improvement of cultivation systems, such as plant nutrition and salinity tolerance. Considering the demands of the consumer market for the high quality of zucchini fruits, it is necessary studies regarding the improvement of production systems for this improvement, such as nutrition and salinity tolerance to plant. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the zucchini fruits quality characteristics, grown in soilless, under N:K ratios, and levels of electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution. The experiment was conducted in a protected environment in pots with 8.2 dm3 of volumetric capacity filled with commercial substrate. The trial design adopted was randomized blocks, with three replicates, in a 5x3 factorial scheme, with five levels of electrical conductivity (1.0; 2.0; 3.0; 4.0; and 5.0 dS m-1) and three N:K ratios (2:1; 1:1; and 1:2), both in the nutrient solution. The application of the nutrient solution was by fertigation through drip irrigation. Throughout the experiment, variables related to fruit quality and total plant biomass production were analyzed. The increase of the electrical conductivity in the nutrient solution provided an increase in the values of fruits organoleptic properties. Regarding the nutrient solution N:K ratios, the 1:2 ratio provided larger fruits and a higher percentage of water. highquality Thus characteristics soilless NK N K 82 8 2 8. dm substrate blocks replicates x 5x scheme 1.0 10 1 0 (1.0 2.0 20 3.0 30 3 4.0 40 4 50 5 5. m1 m m-1 21 (2:1 11 1:1 12, 12 , 1:2) irrigation analyzed properties 1: water 1. (1. 2. 3. 4. m- (2: (1 (2 (

Resumen En las regiones con riego intenso, la fertirrigación aumenta la productividad de los cultivos, pero la aplicación excesiva de fertilizantes aumenta el riesgo de salinización del suelo. Por lo tanto, se utilizaron ecuaciones de lixiviación para evaluar sistemas de recuperación de suelos salinizados por exceso de fertilizantes. Las fases del estudio fueron: la salinización de los suelos en lisímetros, la recuperación de estos suelos y la medición de las concentraciones de sal en los suelos para la comparación con estimaciones de ecuaciones empíricas. Los tratamientos combinaron sistemas de recuperación del suelo (continuo e intermitente) en cinco niveles iniciales de salinidad del suelo (2,0; 4,0; 6,0; 8,0 y 10,0 dS m-1). El diseño experimental fue de bloques al azar con seis repeticiones. La ecuación de Volobuyev representó mejor la remediación del suelo salinizado en relación con los resultados obtenidos experimentalmente. Las ecuaciones evaluadas mostraron un mejor desempeño en el sistema intermitente que en el sistema continuo.

Abstract In regions with intense irrigation, the use of fertirrigation increases crop productivity, but excessive fertilizer application increases the risk of soil salinization. Therefore, this work used leaching equations to evaluate systems of remediation of soils salinized by excess fertilizers. The phases of the study were: salinization of soils in lysimeters, remediation of these soils, and measurement of salt concentrations in soils for comparison with estimates of empirical equations. The treatments combined soil remediation systems (continuous and intermittent) with five initial levels of soil salinity (2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0 dS m-1). The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates. The Volobuyev equation best represented the salinized soil remediation in relation to the results obtained experimentally. The equations tested showed better performance in the intermittent remediation system compared to the continuous system.

Resumo Este estudo objetivou verificar o desempenho das informações produzidas pela missão GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) e TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission) sobre a região leste do estado de São Paulo, tendo como base de comparação pluviômetros do DAEE (Departamento de Águas e Energia Elétrica do Estado de São Paulo). A conferência foi feita através da comparação da informação agregada espacialmente, proveniente de ambas as fontes. A fim de se analisar os resultados, foram medidos: (1) Diferença Relativa, (2) BIAS e (3) Raiz do Erro Médio Quadrático (REMQ). Obteve-se como resultado que as diferenças relativas situaram-se na faixa de -20% a 20% para ambas as missões. Analisando-se os BIAS para ambos os satélites observou-se que 68% das aferições foram superestimadas. A maior concordância foi obtida para a mesorregião de Campinas e a menor para Araraquara. No TRMM constatou-se os menores valores de REMQ na mesorregião de Araraquara e os maiores em Piracicaba. No GPM os valores medidos mais próximos foram observados na mesorregião de Piracicaba, enquanto os valores mais distantes foram identificados em Araraquara. Todas as análises deste trabalho demonstraram similaridade entre os erros gerados por ambos os satélites. Novos estudos de comparação são necessários para melhor entendimento dos produtos.

Abstract This study aimed to verify the performance of the information produced by the GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) mission and TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission) on the eastern region of São Paulo state, based on a comparison of rainfall data from DAEE (Department of Waters and Electric Energy of São Paulo State). The comparison was done by comparing spatially aggregated information from both sources. In order to analyze the results, we measured: (1) Relative Difference, (2) BIAS and (3) Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). It was found that the relative differences were in the range of -20% to 20% for both missions. Analyzing the BIAS for both satellites it was observed that 68% of the measurements were overestimated. The highest agreement was obtained for the mesoregion of Campinas and the lowest for Araraquara. In the TRMM, the lowest RMSE values were found in the Araraquara mesoregion and the highest in Piracicaba. In the GPM the closest measured values were observed in the Piracicaba mesoregion, while the most distant values were identified in Araraquara. All the analyzes of this work demonstrated similarity between the errors generated by both satellites. New comparison studies are needed to better understand the products.

RESUMO. O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar uma nova metodologia para dimensionamento de RCAPs com base em modelagem probabilística. Para determinar uma demanda hídrica hipotética, utilizou-se a cultura do Eucalipto cultivada em casa de vegetação (CV). Dados meteorológicos foram utilizados para estimar, demanda (evapotranspiração) e oferta (precipitação incidente na cobertura da CV). A distribuição de probabilidade de Wakeby apresentou o melhor ajuste aos dados de precipitação; portanto, foi utilizada para modelar a curva de permanência do escoamento gerado na cobertura da CV e, assim, determinar o volume de um RCAP para suprir a demanda da cultura. Para um tempo de retorno (T) de 10 anos de excedente hídrico da demanda e de déficit hídrico da oferta, obteve-se um volume do RCAP de 13,60 m³. Assim, pela combinação de ocorrência simultânea dos eventos, pode-se concluir que a metodologia proposta permite dimensionar reservatórios com alta segurança de atendimento da demanda (T = 100 anos) e, consequentemente, com menor custo de implantação, comparado com as abordagens separadas (T = 10 anos).

ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to propose a new methodology for reservoir rainwater dimensioning based on probabilistic modeling. Eucalyptus seedlings grown in a greenhouse were used to obtain a hypothetical water demand. Meteorological data were used to estimate the demand (evapotranspiration) and offer (rainfall over the greenhouse coverage). The probability distribution of Wakeby presented the best fit for the rainfall data; therefore, a Wakeby distribution was used to model the flow-duration curve of the greenhouse coverage. For a payback period (T) of 10 years of surplus water demand and water supply deficit, a reservoir with 13.60 m³ was obtained. The proposed methodology combined the simultaneous occurrence of the events to enable the scaling out of a reservoir with high safety to supply the required demand (T = 100 years) and therefore enables a lower cost of deployment compared to each approach separately (T = 10 years).

RESUMOO uso racional de nutrientes é de fundamental importância para obtenção de alta produção e com alta qualidade nutricional. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade de frutos de pimentão cultivado sob diferentes manejos de fertirrigação e níveis de nitrogênio e potássio. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3 x 6 com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos resultaram da combinação de três sistemas de manejo da fertirrigação (M1-Fertirrigação a partir da marcha de absorção; M2-Fertirrigação a partir do monitoramento da condutividade da solução do solo; M3-monitoramento da concentração de íons de N e K na solução do solo) com seis níveis de N e K (N0K0, N50K50, N100K100, N150K150, N200K200 e N300K300 (%) da dose recomendada para a cultura sob fertirrigação convencional (M1) ou hidroponia (M2 e M3)). A qualidade dos frutos foi avaliada para as seguintes características: pH, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, teor de vitamina C e relação sólidos solúveis/acidez titulável. Os manejos de fertirrigação afetaram apenas o teor de sólidos solúveis (SS) e a acidez titulável (AT), reduzindo os SS e AT. As variáveis estudadas foram ajustadas com modelos quadráticos para os níveis de N e K.

ABSTRACTThe rational use of nutrients is of fundamental importance for obtaining high productivity of high nutritional quality. This work was developed with the aim of evaluating the quality of pepper fruit grown under different fertigation managements and different levels of nitrogen and potassium. The experimental design was of randomised blocks in a 3 x 6 factorial scheme with four replications. The treatments resulted from the combination of three fertigation managements (M1-based on the rate of absorption; M2-monitoring the conductivity of the soil solution; M3-monitoring concentrations of N and K ions in the soil solution) with six levels of N and K (N0K0, N50K50, N100K100, N150K150, N200K200 and N300K300) as a percentage of the recommended dosage for the crop under conventional fertigation (M1) or hydroponics (M2 and M3). Fruit quality was evaluated for the following characteristics: pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, vitamin C content and the ratio of soluble solids to titratable acidity. The different fertigation managements only affected the levels of soluble solids (SS) and titratable acidity (TA), reducing the SS and TA. The variables under study were adjusted for the levels of N and K using quadratic models.

Objetivou-se estudar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de salinidade do solo sobre as variáveis fenológicas e de produção da berinjela, cultivada em vasos e em ambiente protegido. O estudo foi conduzido na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas da ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP. Os tratamentos foram compostos da combinação de dois fatores: 6 níveis de salinidade inicial do solo (S1 = 1,3; S2 = 2,4; S3 = 3,6; S4 = 4,5; S5 = 5,6 e S6 = 6,4 dS m-1) e dois manejos de fertirrigação: com controle da condutividade elétrica da solução do solo (M1), e o tradicional (M2), obedecendo a curva de absorção de nutrientes da cultura. O delineamento estatístico adotado foi o de blocos casualizados completos, com quatro repetições, arranjados no esquema fatorial 6 x 2. Os resultados revelaram que os níveis de salinidade do solo afetaram diretamente as variáveis, produção de matéria seca, produção de frutos e índice de área foliar das plantas. Verificou-se que a redução média na produção da cultura da berinjela, em estufa, foi da ordem de 8,65% para o incremento de 1 dS m-1 na salinidade do solo, acima da salinidade limiar, que foi de 1,71 dS m-1.

The objective was to study the effects of different levels of soil salinity on the phenological variables and production of the eggplant when grown in pots in a protected environment. The study was carried out at the experimental site of the Department of Biosystems Engineering ESALQ/USP in Piracicaba, São Paulo. The treatments consisted of a combination of two factors: six initial levels of soil salinity (S1 = 1.3, S2 = 2.4, S3 = 3.6, S4 = 4.5, S5 = 5.6 and S6 = 6.4 dS m-1) and two fertigation management: with the electrical conductivity of the soil solution being controlled (M1) and traditional (M2), following the absorption curve of nutrients from the culture. The statistical design adopted was a randomized complete-block design with four replications, arranged in a 6 x 2 factorial. The results showed that the levels of soil salinity directly affected the variables of dry-matter production, fruit production and leaf-area index of the plants. It was found that the average reduction in yield of the eggplant crop in a greenhouse, was approximately 8.65% for an increase of 1 dS m-1 in the salinity of the soil above the threshold salinity of 1.71 dS m-1.

O presente experimento teve como objetivo comparar valores de velocidade de infiltração de água no solo, determinados por duas metodologias distintas: infiltrômetro de anéis concêntricos (IANC) e infiltrômetro de aspersores (IAS). Em uma parcela de controle com dimensões de 12 x 12 m obtiveram-se, pela metodologia do IANC, 36 curvas de infiltração de água no solo e a velocidade básica de infiltração de água nesta área, através da metodologia do IAS. Comparando-se os resultados obtidos em ambas as metodologias, constatou-se que a média aritmética dos valores obtidos pela metodologia do IANC superestimou a velocidade de infiltração de água no solo, obtida pela metodologia do IAS, e que somente os valores da média geométrica e da moda obtidas com o IANC se aproximaram da velocidade de infiltração obtida com o IAS.

The objective of this paper was to compare values of water infiltration rate in soil, obtained with two distinct methodologies: cylinder infiltrometer and sprinkler infiltrometer. Thirty six infiltration rate curves were obtained using the cylinder infiltrometer methodology and four infiltration rate curves using a sprinkler infiltrometer. It was observed that the arithmetic mean of results from the cylinder infiltrometer methodology obtained overestimated the infiltration rate obtained with sprinkler infiltrometer and that the geometric mean and mode of the results obtained with cylinder infiltrometer approached the velocity of infiltration of water in soil obtained with the sprinkler infiltrometer.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo básico o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para a quantificação do acúmulo de água na superfície do solo, em função da intensidade de precipitação dos emissores de um infiltrômetro de aspersores (IAS). Em condições de intensidade de precipitação abaixo da velocidade básica do solo (VIB) o microrrelevo superficial comportou-se de maneira estável, apresentando uma superfície espelhada crescente (acúmulo de água) sobre o solo, ao longo dos primeiros 120 min de ensaio e, em condições de intensidade de precipitação acima da velocidade básica (VIB) observou-se que a superfície espelhada estabilizava-se em menos de 30 min, apresentando, posteriormente, a formação de canais preferenciais de escoamento de água sobre o solo (erosão laminar).

This paper aims at the development of a new methodology for quantification of water over a soil surface, as a function of the precipitation intensity from a sprinkler irrigation system. The research was carried out at the experimental station belonging to Rural Engineering Department of the University of São Paulo (ESALQ), on a soil often used for traditional agricultural practices. The results obtained showed the existence of a relationship between the precipitation intensity over the area and the microrelief of the soil. Under conditions of low intensity, the microrelief stayed stable throughout the formation of puddles on the soil surface. Under conditions of high intensity, runoff was observed over the area, with the formation of small preferential water flow channels among the puddles, starting the laminar erosion process of the soil.