ABSTRACT Baru tree (Dipteryx alata Vogel.) is a been an alternative to establish an Integration Crop-Livestock-Forestry Systems (ICLFS), combining native species preservation with sustainable food production. However, the management procedure of herbicides for weed control is one of the major limiting factors to include tree components within ICLFS. Thus, the study evaluated the tolerance of D. alata submitted to different concentrations of glyphosate on the plants, to make the introduction of this forest species in ICLFS. The treatments comprised different doses glyphosate: 0.0 (control); 960; 1920; 2880 and 3840 g a.e ha-1. Shoot height, stem diameter, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and total dry weight, as well as Dickson Quality Index and phytotoxicity were assessed. The phytotoxicity in plants varies according to the applied doses of glyphosate, with progressive yellowing in the leaves up to well-developed necrosis and leaf senescence in the highest doses. All doses tested reduced the biometric and qualitative attributes of D. alata seedlings, demonstrating that no treatment was selective, although the plants are tolerant at dose 960 g a.e ha-1 tested. Increases in doses of glyphosate do not cause the death of seedlings D. alata that shows a great potential to compose ICLFS.

The success of the germination process depends on the entry of water through the tissues that enclose the embryo. The presence of salts reduces the gradient between the ground and the surface of the seed, restricting the absorption of water by the seed. The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of salinity and temperature on the germination of carrot seeds. The osmotic potentials utilized in the solutions were 0.0 (control); -0.4; -0.8; -1.2, -1.6 and -2.0 MPa. obtained with the use of NaCl p.a.; the temperatures used were 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, 35 °C, 15-35 °C and 25-35 °C. A commercial variety of carrot seeds, the 'Brasilia' cultivar, was used. Percentage germination, germination speed index, fresh and dry mass of seedlings were determined. The averages were subjected to analysis of regression. Germination was reduced by the temperature of 35 °C and by osmotic potentials greater than -0.8 MPa. Temperatures of 20 °C and 25 °C are more favorable to the germination of seeds in the GSI salt conditions tested.

El éxito en el proceso de la germinación depende del agua que ingresa a través de los tejidos que rodean la semilla. La presencia de sal reduce el gradiente entre el suelo y la superficie de la semilla, lo que limita la absorción del agua por la semilla. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la salinidad y la temperatura sobre la germinación de semillas de zanahoria. El potencial osmótico utilizado en las soluciones fue 0,0 (control); - 0,4; -0,8; -1,2, -1,6 y 2,0 Mpa, obtenidas con el uso de NaCl, y las temperaturas utilizadas fueron 15 °C 20 °C 25 °C 35 °C 15-35 °C y 25- 35 °C. En las evaluaciones, se utilizó un lote comercial de Brasilia. En las evaluaciones de semillas de zanahoria cv se midieron porcentaje de germinación, índice de velocidad de germinación, peso fresco y seco de las plántulas. Las medias fueron sometidos a análisis de regresión. En el ensayo, la germinación se redujo en 35 °C en potencial osmótico mayor que -0,8 MPa. Las temperaturas de 20 °C y 25 °C son más favorables para la germinación y la tasa de germinación de las condiciones ensayadas.

A presença de compostos fenólicos nas estruturas das sementes de mamão pode interferir no processo de germinação, de forma que o objetivo no estudo foi avaliar o efeito da época de colheita e da maturação dos frutos sobre a ocorrência de compostos fenólicos e qualidade de sementes de mamão. Os frutos foram colhidos em abril e outubro de 2010 e as sementes extraídas nos estádios 1, 3, 5 e final da maturação, correspondendo a cerca de 15, 50, 75 e 100% da casca amarela, respectivamente. Em cada estádio, sementes com e sem sarcotesta foram avaliadas quanto à porcentagem de germinação, primeira contagem, envelhecimento acelerado, sementes dormentes e conteúdo de fenóis nas sementes pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteau em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. As sementes com maior porcentagem de germinação e nível de vigor foram as dos frutos no estádio 5 e final da maturação; a sarcotesta contém maior concentração de fenóis em relação às demais estruturas

The presence of phenolic compounds in the papaya seed structures can interfere with the germination process, so the objective in the study was to evaluate the effect of the harvest season and maturation stage of the fruit changing the inhibitory compounds presence and physiological quality in papaya seeds. Fruits of papaya were collected in April and October, 2010, and seeds extracted of the stage 1, 3, 5 and final of maturation, corresponding to about 15, 50, 75 and 100% of yellow peel respectively. Seeds with and without sarcotesta were evaluated by test of germination, first counting, accelerated aging, percentage of dormant seeds, and content of phenols in seed by method of Folin-Ciocalteau in completely randomized design The Seeds with higher germination and vigor level were the fruits at stage 5 and final of maturation. The sarcotesta contains a higher concentration of phenols in relation to other structures

Papaya seeds presents irregular and slow germination. In this sense, the evaluation of the internal morphology of the seeds may be viable and complementary in evaluating the physiological quality of seed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphological and physiological quality of papaya seeds extracted at different ripeness stages of the fruit and the position inside of the fruit. Papaya fruits were harvested at maturity stage 1 and the seeds extracted in stages 1, 3, 5 and full maturation. The fruits were cut into three portions of equal size. Seeds of the central portion and extremities were extracted separately. Were determined: seed germination (%), dormant seeds (%), accelerated aging, X-ray test and seedling length. A randomized design factorial was used with four replications. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and treatment means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The results demonstrated that the post-harvest maturity of fruits improves the physiological quality of papaya seeds, promoting a reduction in the number of dormant and non-viable seeds. High physiological quality seeds is obtained from the central portion of fruits at fifth and final maturation stages, corresponding from 75% to 100% of maturation, respectively. The X-ray test proved to be adequate to evaluate the morphological quality of papaya seed, allowing distinguish between empty seeds and seed with normal embryo within a sample.

Semillas de papaya presentan germinación irregular y lenta. En este sentido, la evaluación de la morfología interna de las semillas puede constituir una alternativa viable y complementaria en la evaluación de la calidad fisiológica de la semilla. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las alteraciones morfológicas y la calidad fisiológica de semillas de papaya extraídas en diferentes etapas de la maduración de las frutas y las diferentes posiciones dentro de la fruta. Frutos de papaya fueron cosechados en la etapa 1 de la madurez y las semillas se extrajeron en etapas 1, 3, 5 y final. Las frutas se cortaron en porciones de igual tamaño. Semillas de la porción central y las extremidades se extrajeron por separado. Se determinaron: la germinación de semillas (%), semillas dormantes (%), la prueba de envejecimiento acelerado, los rayos X y la longitud de las plántulas. El experimento se realizó en un diseño factorial con cuatro repeticiones. Datos fueron sujetos a análisis de varianza y medios de tratamiento se compararon mediante la prueba de Tukey al 5% de probabilidad. Los resultados demostraron que la maduración posterior a la cosecha de fruta mejora la calidad de las semillas de papaya, con una reducción en el número de semillas dormantes y no viables. Alta calidad fisiológica de las semillas se obtiene de la parte central de los frutos en la etapa de maduración 5 y final, que corresponde al 75% y 100% de la maduración, respectivamente. La prueba de rayos X es adecuada para evaluar la calidad morfológica de las semillas de papaya y permite distinguir entre las semillas vacías y semillas con embrión normal dentro de una muestra.

O condicionamento osmótico e o tratamento de sementes com fungicidas têm apresentado bons resultados na melhoria do vigor e proteção das plântulas contra patógenos associados às sementes e de solo, garantindo assim bom estabelecimento do estande. Objetivou-se com este trabalho, avaliar o efeito do condicionamento osmótico e do tratamento com fungicidas sobre a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de beterraba (Beta vulgaris L.). As sementes foram condicionadas em água, KNO³ (0,34 M) e PEG 6000 (-0,8 MPa). Os tratamentos com fungicidas foram: testemunha (sementes tratadas pela empresa produtora de sementes com Thiran a 0,15%), metalaxil (0,004%), procimidone (0,1%) e metalaxil + procimidone (0,004 + 0,1%). Avaliaram-se as seguintes características: primeira contagem, contagem no oitavo dia e final pelo teste de germinação; emergência, velocidade de emergência e índice de velocidade de emergência em substrato comercial e em solo. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, esquema fatorial (condicionamento x tratamento com fungicidas), com quatro repetições, realizando-se a comparação de médias pelo teste Duncan a 5% de probabilidade. O condicionamento das sementes em água por 16h, associado com o tratamento com o fungicida Metalaxil (0,004%), proporciona melhores resultados no teste de germinação e no estabelecimento de plântulas em solo.

The osmotic conditioning and fungicide treatments of seeds have presented good results in vigor improvement and seedling protection against microorganisms associated to the seeds and soil, thus guaranteeing good stand establishment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of osmotic conditioning and fungicide treatment on the physiological quality of beet seeds. The seeds were conditioned in water, KNO³ (0.34 M), PEG 6000 (-0.8 MPa). The treatments with fungicides were: control (seeds treated by the seed producing Company with Thiran to 0,15%), metalaxil (0,004%), procimidone (0,1%) and metalaxil + procimidone (0,004 + 0,1%). The following characteristics were evaluated: first count, count on the eighth day and final day for the germination test; emergence, emergence speed and index of emergence speed in commercial substratum and soil. A randomized complete design was used, factorial arragement (conditioning x treatment with fungicides), with four replications, and the means were compared by the Duncan test at 5% probability. Conditioning of the seeds in water for 16h, associated with the treatment with the fungicide Metalaxil fungicide (0.004%) presented the best results in the germination test and in the seedling establishment in soil.

O trabalho foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação no Campus do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre-ES, com o objetivo avaliar a influência do substrato e da lâmina de água na germinação de sementes e no desenvolvimento pós-seminal de plantas de pimenta-malagueta. As sementes foram distribuídas em vasos contendo os substratos Latossolo Vermelho puro (LP), Latossolo Vermelho + cama de galinheiro (A) e Latossolo Vermelho + esterco bovino (B), aos quais foram aplicadas lâminas de água equivalentes a 25, 50, 75, 100 e 125% da evapotranspiração da cultura. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 3x5. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: germinação, índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE), massa fresca e seca, altura de planta, diâmetro de coleto e volume de raiz. Os substratos A e B apresentaram melhores resultados em relação ao LP para todas as características avaliadas, sendo que para todas as características houve aumento nos valores em resposta ao aumento no fornecimento de lâminas de água.

This experiment was carried out in greenhouse at campus of Centre of agrarian sciences of the federal University of the Holy Spirit, in Alegre with objective to evaluate the influence of substrates and different water sheet on seed germination and plant development of plants of pepper. Seeds were sown in the following substrates were Red Latosol pure (LP), Red Latosol conditioned wiht fowl-run manure (A) and corral manure (B), treated with water at 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125% of culture evapotranspiration. The randomized complete blocks design was used, in factorial scheme 3x5 with four replications. The substrates A and B they presented better results in relation and AP for all the evaluated characteristics. Also for all the characteristics there was increase in the values in reply to the increase in the supply of water sheet.