Abstract In Peru, within a context of educational reform based on improved scholastic achievement, specific yet fragmented information is available on educational inequality. The purpose of this article is to explore such inequality. To this end, we adapted the Gini coefficient of education proposed by Thomas, Wang, and Fan for Peru. The results show that the country’s educational inequalities persist in spite of progress made in their reduction. And the gap between urban and rural areas in terms of educational achievement has remained, even with expanded enrollment. The average differences illustrate that income levels have a substantial influence on educational spending, independent from the increased spending that has occurred in public education.

Resumen En el Perú, en un contexto de reforma educativa por la mejora en el rendimiento escolar, surge información específica y disgregada sobre las desigualdades educativas. Este artículo tiene el propósito de explorar dichas desigualdades. Para ello, se adapta el coeficiente de Gini educativo propuesto por Thomas, Wang y Fan para el Perú. Los resultados muestran que las desigualdades educativas en el país persisten a pesar de los avances en su reducción. La brecha de la desigualdad en el logro educativo del área urbana y rural se mantiene incluso con los avances en la expansión de la matrícula. También, las diferencias de promedio ilustran que los quintiles de ingreso influyen de manera sustantiva en el gasto de educación, a pesar del aumento de inversión en educación pública.

RESUMO: A educação privada no Peru começou seu período de maior crescimento na segunda metade da década de 1990, especificamente em 1996, quando o segundo governo de Alberto Fujimori (1995-2000) promoveu a liberalização do mercado educacional. A partir dessa data, tanto a oferta de serviços educacionais quanto a inscrição privada aumentaram de forma constante e, após 20 anos, parecem irreversíveis, particularmente em áreas urbanas. O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar o itinerário seguido pelo ensino privado no Peru, com base na explicação do crescimento das matrículas nas cidades. Para isso, estudou-se o comportamento de três variáveis: aumento da oferta educacional, crescimento econômico das famílias e diminuição do tamanho das famílias. Em geral, os resultados evidenciaram que a matrícula escolar cresceu em razão do crescimento econômico das famílias, do incremento da oferta privada e da diminuição do tamanho da família.

ABSTRACT: Private education in Peru began its period of greatest boom in the second half of the decade of the 1990s. Specifically, it was in 1996 when the second government of Alberto Fujimori (1995-2000) promoted the liberalization of the educational market. As of that date, both the educational service offers and the private enrollment increase steadily and, after 20 years, it was apparently irreversible, particularly in urban areas. The objective of this article is to show the itinerary followed by private education in Peru, based on the explanation of the growth of enrollment in cities. For this, the behavior of three variables has been studied: the increase of the educational offer, the economic growth of the families and the decrease in the size of the families. In general, the results showed that school enrolment grows due to the economic growth of families, the increase in private supply and the decrease in family size.

RESUMEN: La educación privada en Perú inició su periodo de mayor auge en la segunda mitad de la década de los años noventa. Específicamente, fue en 1996 cuando en el segundo gobierno de Alberto Fujimori (1995-2000) se promovió la liberalización del mercado educativo. A partir de esa fecha, tanto la oferta del servicio educativo, como la matrícula privada crecen de manera sostenida y, luego de 20 años, de manera aparentemente irreversible, particularmente en las zonas urbanas. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar el itinerario que ha seguido la educación privada en Perú, a partir de la explicación del crecimiento de las matrículas en las ciudades. Para ello se ha estudiado el comportamiento de tres variables: el incremento de la oferta educativa, el crecimiento económico de las familias y la disminución del tamaño de las familias. De manera general, los resultados evidenciaron que la matrícula escolar crece debido a crecimiento económico de las familias, el incremento de la oferta privada y la disminución en el tamaño familia.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) requires membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) to generate electrical energy from hydrogen and oxygen. In this study a MEA production process by sieve printing and an ink composition were developed to produce catalyst layers of MEAs. The deposition of the exact catalyst content was possible on cathodes and anodes with only one print step. The optimal ink developed shown viscosity of 2.75 Pa s, density 1.27 g cm-3, total solid content of 33.76 % and tack of 92 U.T. The electrodes prepared in only one printing step showed higher performance than those prepared in several steps.