In this study, microsatellite markers, developed for Alligator mississipiensis and Caiman latirostris, were used to assess parentage among individuals from the captive colony of Caiman latirostris at the University of São Paulo, in Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. Many of the females in the colony were full siblings, which made maternal identification difficult due to genotypic similarity. Even so, the most likely mother could be identified unambiguously among offspring in most of the clutches studied. Two non-parental females displayed maternal behavior which would have misled managers in assigning maternity based on behavior alone. This set of variable loci demonstrates the utility of parentage testing in captive propagation programs.

We investigated wether early-maturing or late-maturing Bos indicus Nellore heifers produced more leptin mRNA in adipose tissues and altered expression of hypothalamic genes related to leptin signaling. Six prepubertal and six pubertal heifers aged about 34 months and weighing 280 kg to 300 kg each were selected from a population of 100 Nellore heifers. Real-time PCR was used to quantify the expression of the leptin gene (LEP) in adipose tissues and the long isoform of the leptin receptor gene (Ob-Rb), the NK2 homeobox 1 hypothalamic marker gene NKX2-1, the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 gene (SOCS-3), the neuropeptide Y genes (NPY) and the NPY G-protein coupled receptor genes NPY-Y1 and NPY-Y4 in the hypothalamus. Heifers attaining puberty earlier showed significantly greater LEP expression in adipose tissues (p < 0.05) and there was tissue interaction (p < 0.05). Hypothalamic expression of Ob-Rb, NKX2-1, NPY and SOCS-3 did not differ between groups, but in early-maturing heifers there was a tendency for lower expression of NPY-Y1 (8.3-fold less) and NPY-Y4 (14.3-fold less) compared to late-maturing heifers (p = 0.1). These results suggest that a combination of higher LEP expression, lower NPY-Y1 and NPY-Y4 expression could be a factor in regulating puberty in early-maturing B. indicus heifers.

We describe an efficient in vitro assay to test growth hormone effects on mRNA levels and fatty acid synthase (FAS, EC. 2.3.1.85) activity. Swine adipose tissue explants were long-term cultured in medium containing growth hormone and FAS mRNA levels and enzyme activity were measured. We quantified FAS transcripts by competitive reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) using total RNA from cultured adipose tissue explants and RT-PCR standard-curves were constructed using a cloned 307 bp segment of native FAS cDNA and a shorter fragment from which a 64 bp (competitor, 243 bp) internal sequence had been deleted. A known amount of competitor was added to each PCR as an internal control and µ-actin transcripts were also measured to correct for differences in total RNA extraction and reverse transcription efficiency. In cultures with added growth hormone FAS mRNA levels decreased 70% (p < 0.01) and FAS enzyme activity decreased 22% (p < 0.05). These in vitro growth hormone effects were consistent with those observed in vivo, showing that in vitro adipose tissue culture combined with RT-PCR is a useful and accurate tool for studying growth hormone modulation of adipose tissue metabolism. This technique allowed the diagnosis of lower levels of FAS mRNA in the presence of growth hormone and these low levels were associated with decreased FAS activity in the adipose tissue explants.

A identificação dos ácaros geralmente é feita com base nas características morfológicas. Entretanto, as evidências morfológicas nem sempre são suficientes para a distinção de espécies muito próximas, levando o taxonomista a considerar aspectos ecológicos, biológicos e, mais recentemente, as características moleculares. A caracterização molecular de populações de Euseius citrifolius Denmark & Muma e E. concordis (Chant) foi realizada com o seqüenciamento da região dos espaçadores internos transcritos ITS1 e ITS2 utilizando-se os primers P1 (5'-AGAGGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAG-3)' e P2 (5'-ATATGCTTAAATTCAGGGGG-3'), localizados nas regiões 18S e 28S do DNA ribossomal, respectivamente. Foram caracterizadas as seguintes populações: E. citrifolius: Arroio do Meio-RS, Campinas-SP e Petrolina-PE; E. concordis: Arroio do Meio, Jaguariúna-SP, Pontes e Lacerda-MT, Petrolina e Viçosa-MG. O seqüenciamento dos ITS1 e ITS2 permitiu separar os grupos de populações de E. citrifolius e de E. concordis. A similaridade entre as seqüências das duas espécies foi superior a 94%. Maior variação entre as populações foi observada no espaçador ITS1 que no espaçador ITS2. O seqüenciamento da região ITS auxilia na identificação de fitoseídeos especialmente em casos de populações que apresentam incompatibilidade citoplasmática e que requeiram informações adicionais.

Mites have usually been identified by their morphological characteristics. However, morphological evidences are not always sufficient to distinguish between closely related species, leading taxonomists to consider additional ecological, biological and, more recently, molecular characteristics in this process. The molecular characterization of populations of Euseius citrifolius Denmark & Muma and Euseius concordis (Chant) was done by sequencing the internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2 using the P1 (5'-AGAGGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAG-3)' and P2 (5'-ATATGCTTAAATTCAGGGGG-3') primers, located in 18S and 28S regions of the ribosomal DNA. The following populations were characterizate: E. citrifolius: Arroio do Meio-RS, Campinas-SP and Petrolina-PE; E. concordis: Arroio do Meio, Jaguariúna-SP, Pontes e Lacerda-MT, Petrolina and Viçosa-MG. The sequencing of ITS1 and ITS2 allowed the discrimination between the group of populations of E. citrifolius from E. concordis. The similarity between the sequences was more than 94%. Most of the variation between populations was observed more in ITS1 than in ITS2. The sequencing of ITS region helps the identification of phytoseiid species when the populations show citoplasmatic incompatibility and need additional information.

A correct relationship among sires is essential for an efficient breeding program. Microsatellite markers were used in progeny tests, to assess the paternity of seventy-four probable offspring of nine Gir dairy sires. A 36% misidentification rate was observed; however, these errors had minimal effects on the ranking of the nine bulls with regard to their genetic values. The results suggest that paternity tests should be performed in breeding programs, in order to prevent inappropriate paternities from influencing the genetic value of bulls in the future.

Seqüências do banco de dados SUCEST foram analisadas baseado em suas identidades com genes relacionados que codificam enzimas chalcone sintase (CHS). A seqüência da proteína CHS de sorgo (gi|12229613), foi usada para a busca de seqüências no banco de dados do SUCEST, que foram mais similares à CHS. Baseado na similaridade das seqüências de aminoácidos deduzidas, quatorze conjuntos formados por 121 seqüências, foram divididos em dois grupos. O primeiro grupo é mais similar à CHS de sorgo (EC 2.3.1.74) e apresenta a seqüência consenso do sítio ativo de chalcone e stilbene sintase. Análises da expressão gênica, baseada no número de seqüências de uma dada biblioteca presente em cada grupo, indicaram que neste caso, a maioria das seqüências são de bibliotecas preparadas de raíz e flores de cana-de-açúcar. O segundo grupo é mais similar à seqüência de aminoácidos deduzida de uma proteína, não caracterizada, induzida por patógeno (PI1, gi|9855801|) do banco de dados de EST de Sorghum bicolor. Estas duas seqüências de proteínas são 90% idênticas e tem duas mudanças de aminoácidos no consenso padrão de chalcone e stilbene sintase, e conservam o resíduo de cisteína na posição do sítio ativo. Esta EST não foi associada a chalcone sintase antes, e apresenta diferenças na seqüência consenso da CHS previamente descrita de sorgo. A maioria das seqüências do segundo grupo são de bibliotecas de cana-de-açúcar preparadas de raíz e plantas infectadas com Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans e Gluconacetobacter diazotroficans. Os resultados indicam que nós identificamos uma chalcone sintase, tal como a encontrada no banco de cDNA de sorgo em uma biblioteca induzida por patógeno, expressa em plantas de cana-de-açúcar, e que ambas as proteínas são novos membros da super família chalcone e stilbene sintase.

Sequences from the sugarcane expressed sequence tag (SUCEST) database were analyzed based on their identities to genes encoding chalcone-synthase-like enzymes. The sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) chalcone-synthase (CHS, EC 2.3.1.74) protein sequence (gi|12229613) was used to search the SUCEST database for clusters of sequencing reads that were most similar to chalcone synthase. We found 121 reads with homology to sorghum chalcone synthase, which we were then able to sort into 14 clusters which themselves were divided into two groups (group 1 and group 2) based on the similarity of their deduced amino acid sequences. Clusters in group 1 were more similar to the sorghum enzyme than those in group 2, having the consensus sequence of the active site of chalcone and stilbene synthase. Analysis of gene expression (based on the number of reads from a specific library present in each group) indicated that most of the group 1 reads were from sugarcane flower and root libraries. Group 2 clusters were more similar to the amino acid sequence of an uncharacterized pathogen-induced protein (PI1, gi|9855801) from the S. bicolor expressed sequence tag (EST) database. The group 2 clusters sequences and PI1 proteins are 90% identical, having two amino acid changes at the chalcone and stilbene synthase consensi but conserving the cysteine residue at the active site. The PI1 EST has not been previously associated with chalcone synthase and has a different consensus sequence from the previously described chalcone synthase of sorghum. Most of the group 2 reads were from libraries prepared from sugarcane roots and plants infected with Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans and Gluconacetobacter diazotroficans. Our results indicate that we have identified a sugarcane chalcone synthase similar to the pathogen-induced PI1 protein found in the sorghum cDNA libraries, and it appears that both proteins represent new members of the chalcone and stilbene synthase super-family.

Oitenta e oito vacas da raça Holandesa e 88 touros da raça Gir foram genotipados através da PCR para o gene CD18 da deficiência de adesão de leucócitos em bovinos (BLAD). As freqüências do alelo mutante BLAD e de vacas heterozigotas da raça Holandesa foram 2,8 e 5,7%, respectivamente. Por outro lado, todos animais Gir foram identificados como homozigotos normais, ou seja, nenhum alelo mutante BLAD foi encontrado. Estes resultados sugerem que a mutação no gene CD18 é prevalente em bovinos brasileiros da raça Holandesa e ausente ou presente numa freqüência muito baixa em animais Gir.

Bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD) is a disease known to affect the Holstein cattle breed throughout the world. Eighty-eight Holstein dairy cows and 88 Gir dairy bulls were genotyped by PCR for the CD18 BLAD alelle. The frequency of the BLAD mutant allele and the BLAD-carrier prevalence in Brazilian Holstein cows were 2.8 and 5.7%, respectively. No mutant allele was found in any of the 88 Gir animals. We conclude that the CD18 gene mutation is prevalent in Brazilian Holstein cattle and absent or present at a very low frequency in Gir cattle.

A detecção in situ de diferentes fatores regulatórios músculo-específicos vem sendo uma prática muito empregada para o entendimento das bases moleculares envolvidas no processo de formação do tecido muscular esquelético durante o desenvolvimento embrionário em diferentes organismos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o padrão de expressão dos transcritos do fator miogênico MyoD em embriões inteiros de galinha por análises de hibridização in situ, usando uma sonda obtida a partir de ensaios de transcrição reversa e reação em cadeia da polimerase (RT-PCR). Nos somitos recém-formados (embriões no estádio 12), os transcritos de MyoD foram detectados na porção mediana dos somitos posicionados imediatamente adjacentes ao tubo neural, enquanto nos somitos maduros (embriões no estádio 24), a expressão do gene do MyoD foi observada em toda a região dos somitos. Tais resultados indicam que a expressão do MyoD é importante no processo de determinação e manutenção da miogênese nas aves.

In situ hybridization has provided insights into the molecular basis of skeletal myogenesis during embryonic development. In situ detection of different muscle-specific regulatory factors in whole embryos has been described. Spatial and temporal expression patterns of these factors differed among species. The expression pattern of MyoD in whole chicken embryos was studied via in situ hybridization using a probe obtained by the reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. In newly formed somites (embryos of stage 12), MyoD mRNA transcripts were detected along the anterior to posterior axis of somites immediately adjacent to the neural tube, whereas in mature somites (embryos of stage 24), MyoD transcripts were detected throughout the entire somite. These results indicate that MyoD expression is important for initiating and maintaining the avian myogenic system.

Ovos fertilizados de galinha foram bombardeados através da técnica de biobalística. A expressão transiente do gene lacZ, sob o controle do promotor humano citomegalovírus, foi verificada após a transferência in situ. Diferentes níveis de pressão de gás hélio, vácuo e tipos de partículas foram testados. A taxa de sobrevivência aumentou à medida que a velocidade das partículas diminuíram, entretanto, o nível de expressão foi menor. Os melhores resultados, combinando taxa de sobrevivência e expressão, foram obtidos com partículas de ouro, 600 libras por polegada ao quadrado de hélio e 600 mmHg de vácuo. Nestas condições, todos os embriões bombardeados apresentaram atividade da <FONT FACE="Symbol">b</FONT>-galactosidase, indicando que esta técnica é eficiente para a transformação de embriões de galinhas.

Fertilized chicken eggs were bombarded with a biolistic device. Transient expression of the lacZ gene under the control of a human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter was assessed after in situ gene transfer using this approach. The influence of different pressures, vacuum levels and particles was tested. Survival rate improved as particle velocity decreased, but resulted in lower levels of expression. The best survival and expression were obtained with gold particles, a helium gas pressure of 600 psi and a vacuum of 600 mmHg. Under these conditions, all bombarded embryos showed <FONT FACE="Symbol">b</FONT>-galactosidase activity, indicating that this was an effective method for transformation of chicken embryos.