Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto de la temperatura en el desarrollo de dos líneas de Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), para determinar los requisitos térmicos de este parasitoide en huevos de Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). El experimento se llevó a cabo con dos líneas (“Ubajara” y “Guaraciaba”, Ceará) de T. pretiosum a partir de huevos parasitarios de N. elegantalis en frutos de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum). En este experimento, se usaron 40 huevos del huésped N. elegantalis y 4 hembras de los parasitoides, con exposición al parasitismo durante 24 horas (a 25 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 10 % de HR y fotofase de 12 h). Al final de este período, se retiraron las hembras y los tubos se transfirieron a incubadoras (HR = 70 ± 10 % y fotofase de 12 h, a 15, 20, 25, 30 o 35 °C, hasta la aparición de la generación siguiente de parasitoides. Los parámetros evaluados fueron el porcentaje de emergencia, la proporción de sexos, el número de parasitoides que surgieron por huevo y la duración del ciclo. Los experimentos se establecieron en un diseño experimental completamente al azar con cinco tratamientos (temperaturas) y 12 repeticiones. Se realizó ANOVA y se compararon las medias mediante la prueba de Tukey (P < 0.05). La temperatura base fue de 10,77 y 10,86 °C y el número de generaciones por año fue de 33,29 y 35,63 para “Ubajara” y “Guaraciaba”, respectivamente. La temperatura cambió los parámetros biológicos, y la duración del ciclo de las líneas “Ubajara” y “Guaraciaba” disminuyó a medida que aumentaba la temperatura.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the impact of temperature on the development of two lines of Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), to determine the thermal requirements of this parasitoid wasp on Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) eggs. The experiment was carried out with two lines (“Ubajara” and “Guaraciaba”, Ceará State) of T. pretiosum collected naturally parasitizing eggs of N. elegantalis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits. In this experiment, 40 eggs of the host N. elegantalis and 4 females of the parasitoids were used, with exposure to parasitism for 24 hours at 25 ± 1 °C, relative humidity of 70 ± 10 %, and 12-h photophase. At the end of this period, females were removed and the tubes were transferred to incubators (RH = 70 ± 10 %; 12-h photophase), exposed to 15, 20, 25, 30, or 35 °C, until emergence of the following generation of the parasitoids. The percentage of emergence, sex ratio, the number of parasitoids that emerged per egg, and cycle duration were assessed. The experiments were set up in a completely randomized experimental design with 5 treatments (temperatures) and 12 replicates. ANOVA was conducted and the means were compared by Tukey test (P < 0.05). The base temperatures were 10.77 °C and 10.86 °C and the number of generations per year were 33.29 and 35.63 for “Ubajara” and “Guaraciaba”, respectively. The study showed that temperature changed the biological parameters, and cycle duration of the “Ubajara” and “Guaraciaba” lines decreased as temperature increased.

ABSTRACT Intercropping is a method of growing plants that assists in rational use of natural resources. Based on this concept, the aim of this study was to evaluate the response of collard green and radish ‘Cometo’ crops in monoculture and in intercropping under different spatial arrangements through physical production indicators (technical coefficients). The study was conducted in plant beds in a randomized block design (RBD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments involved growing the two crops separately and intercropped under different spatial arrangements: (1:2) one row of radish ‘Cometo’ between two rows of collard green; (2:2) two rows of radish ‘Cometo’ between two rows of collard green; and (3:2) three rows of radish ‘Cometo’ between two rows of collard green. The spatial arrangements adopted did not affect the growth and development of radish ‘Cometo’ and of collard green, and all the arrangements used exhibited high land use efficiency, especially the 3:2 arrangement, which provided the greatest land use efficiency, at 1.69.

RESUMO: O ensacamento de frutos é uma eficiente técnica de controle mecânico utilizado na fruticultura. No entanto, existem poucos estudos sobre sua eficiência em hortaliças como, por exemplo, o tomate. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do ensacamento das flores e/ou frutos de tomate com sacos TNT para o controle de Helicoverpa spp., Neoleucinodes elegantalis e Tuta absoluta, avaliar o efeito dessa técnica sobre a produtividade obtida ao final do ciclo e determinar a melhor época para realização do ensacamento. O ensaio foi realizado em plantio comercial de tomateiro ‘Valerin’ estaqueado, localizado no município de Ubajara, CE. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2x4 (plantas pulverizadas versus não pulverizadas sendo que ambas receberam ensacamento com TNT em diferentes estágios fenológicos [ensacamento da flor, ensacamento do cacho com frutos de 1,5cm, ensacamento do cacho com frutos de 3,0cm, cachos não ensacados (Testemunha)], com cinco repetições. Avaliou-se: número de frutos/cacho, número de cachos/planta, peso/fruto, diâmetro longitudinal e transversal, porcentagem de frutos brocados, produtividade, perda provocada pelo ataque de pragas e ganho real obtido. O ensacamento dos cachos de tomate ‘Valerin’ com TNT foi eficaz para o controle de N. elegantalis e, quando o ensacamento foi realizado em cachos com frutos de 1,5cm de diâmetro, proporcionou incremento de 21,5% de produtividade em relação àqueles não ensacados sendo, portanto, o período mais indicado para o ensacamento.

ABSTRACT: Fruit bagging is an efficient mechanical control technique used in fruit growing. However, to date, few studies have evaluated the efficacy of bagging in the cultivation of vegetables, including tomato crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of bagging of tomato flowers and/or fruits using a non-woven fabric (NWF) for the control of Helicoverpa spp., Neoleucinodes elegantalis, and Tuta absoluta, to evaluate the effect of this technique on the final yield, and determine the optimal period for bagging. Tests were conducted in a commercial crop of staked ‘Valerin’ tomato plants located in the municipality of Ubajara, Ceará State, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with a 2x4 factorial design (sprayed versus unsprayed plants, and both plant groups were bagged with NWF bags at different growth stages [flowers bagging, bagging of bunches of fruits with a diameter of 1.5cm, bagging of bunches of fruits with a diameter of 3.0cm, and unbagged bunches (control)], with five repetitions. We evaluated the number of fruits per bunch, number of bunches per plant, weight of each fruit, longitudinal and transverse diameter, percentage of bored fruits, yield loss caused by insect infestation, and final yield. Bagging of ‘Valerin’ tomato bunches with NWF bags was effective for the control of N. elegantalis, and productivity increased by 21.5% when bagging was done in bunches of fruits with a diameter of 1.5cm compared with unbagged fruits; therefore, this growth period was the most suitable for bagging.

RESUMO As moscas-das-frutas são manejadas com proteína hidrolisada, mas, para agricultores familiares, esse produto é de difícil acesso. Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência de estercos de animais domésticos no controle e/ou monitoramento dessa praga em pomares de goiaba. No primeiro ensaio, avaliou-se a eficiência do suco de goiaba e de estercos bovino, ovino, suíno, equino e de galinha, como atrativos para a mosca-das-frutas. Após definição do melhor atrativo, instalou-se o segundo ensaio, utilizando-se suco de goiaba e extrato de esterco de galinha nas concentrações de 10 %, 30 %, 50 %, 70 % e 100 %. No terceiro ensaio, avaliou-se suco de goiaba e esterco de galinha a 10 %, em três períodos de envelhecimento do atrativo (3, 7 e 14 dias após a instalação das armadilhas). A relação custo/benefício do suco de goiaba e do extrato também foi avaliada. Verificou-se que as moscas-das-frutas têm preferência pelo extrato de esterco de galinha a 10 %, com maior captura observada aos três dias após a instalação, o qual pode substituir o suco de goiaba no manejo agroecológico de moscas-das-frutas em goiabeiras, na agricultura familiar, pois é de baixo custo e eficaz.

ABSTRACT Fruit flies are typically managed using hydrolyzed protein, which is difficult for family farmers to obtain. This study aimed at assessing the efficiency of livestock manure for monitoring and/or controlling this pest in guava tree orchards. The first experiment tested the efficiency of guava juice and manure from cattle, sheep, pig, horse and chicken as attractants for fruit flies. Once the best bait had been established, a second experiment was conducted using guava juice and chicken manure extract at concentrations of 10 %, 30 %, 50 %, 70 % and 100 %. A third assay analyzed guava juice and chicken manure extract (10 %) at three attractant aging periods (3, 7 and 14 days after trap installation). The cost-effectiveness ratio between guava juice and extract was also analyzed. It was concluded that fruit flies prefer the chicken manure extract (10 %), with greater capture observed three days after trap installation, which can replace the guava juice in the agroecological management of fruit flies in guava trees in family farms, since it is low cost and efficient.

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da idade (tamanho) das larvas de Ceratitis capitata utilizadas na criação de Diachasmimorpha longicaudata sobre o parasitismo, a razão sexual e a longevidade das fêmeas da progênie, quando as fêmeas mães foram mantidas sozinhas ou competindo pelo mesmo hospedeiro. Para isso, foram oferecidas larvas de cinco, seis, sete e oito dias de idade às fêmeas do parasitoide em "unidades de parasitismo", no interior de gaiolas adaptadas, contendo uma ou duas fêmeas do parasitoide de sete dias de idade. O número de fêmeas do parasitoide dividindo a mesma "unidade de parasitismo" não afetou nenhum aspecto da qualidade do parasitoide. O tamanho do hospedeiro influenciou significativamente no número de parasitoides emergidos. Larvas hospedeiras menores (cinco dias) provocaram uma redução no parasitismo em relação às larvas de seis, sete e oito dias de idade. Houve maior emergência de parasitoides machos de hospedeiros com cinco e seis dias de idade, enquanto mais fêmeas emergiram de larvas com sete e oito dias de idade. As fêmeas de D. longicaudata provenientes de larvas com seis, sete e oito dias viveram mais do que as fêmeas obtidas de larvas com cinco dias de idade. Larvas hospedeiras maiores, quando utilizadas na criação de parasitoides de moscas-das-frutas, aumentam a porcentagem de parasitismo, o número de fêmeas na progênie e a longevidade das fêmeas da progênie, podendo proporcionar vantagens econômicas quando utilizadas para liberação aumentativa no campo.

This work was carried out in order to evaluate the influence of age (size) of larvae Ceratitis capitata used in the rearing of the Diachasmimorpha longicaudataon parasitism, sex ratio of the progeny and the longevity of progeny's females, when the mothers were maintained alone or sharing the same host. Larvae at different ages (five, six, seven and eight days old), in "units of parasitism" were offered to female parasitoids, inside adapted cages, containing one or two seven days old female parasitoids. The number of females of the parasitoid sharing the same "unit of parasitism" in the same cage did not affect any aspect of parasitoid quality. However, the size of the host had significant influence on the number of emerged parasitoids. The youngest host larvae (five days old) reduced parasitism more than larvae at six, seven and eight days old. There was higher emergence of male parasitoids of five and six days old hosts, while more females emerged from seven and eight days old larvae. The females of D. longicaudata from larvae with six, seven and eight days old lived more than those obtained from females of five days old larvae. When larger host larvae are used in the rearing of parasitoids of fruit flies, it increases parasitism, the number of female progeny and the longevity of female progeny; it can provide economic advantages when used for augmentative liberation on the field.