RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a ocorrência de resistência a fármacos antituberculose e a associação com características sociodemográficas e clínicas de pacientes de um hospital referência. Métodos Estudo transversal, com dados de pacientes que tiveram a cultura de micobactérias identificada e o respectivo perfil de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos definido (junho de 2014 a fevereiro de 2016). Foram realizados a análise estatística descritiva e o teste exato de Fisher, para comparação de proporções. Resultados O estudo envolveu 104 pacientes, e todos tiveram resultados para Mycobacterium tuberculosis . A baciloscopia atingiu alta positividade (93,3%), e 15 pacientes (14,4%) apresentaram linhagens resistentes, sendo 6 (5,6%) multirresistentes. As características sociodemográficas e clínicas não foram associadas à resistência. Conclusão A pesquisa permitiu conhecer melhor o perfil dos pacientes com tuberculose e constitui ferramenta para elaboração de políticas públicas específicas. Os pacientes diagnosticados com tuberculose resistente devem ser submetidos à maior supervisão.

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the occurrence of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance and its association with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients in a referral hospital. Methods This was a cross-sectional study based on data from patients who had mycobacterial culture identified and defined antimicrobials sensitivity profile (June 2014 to February 2016). The descriptive statistical analysis and Fisher’s exact test were used to compare proportions. Results The study included 104 patients who had positive results for Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Bacilloscopy had high positivity (93.3%). A total of 15 patients (14.4%) had resistant strains and six (5.6%) multidrug-resistant. The sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were not related with resistance. Conclusion This study contributed to further the understandings about the tuberculosis patients’ profile, the study also served as a tool for development of specific public policies. Patients diagnosed with resistant tuberculosis must be under greater supervision.

RESUMO Objetivo Comparar o desempenho do método de Ogawa-Kudoh ao de Petroff modificado no diagnóstico da tuberculose pulmonar. Métodos Utilizaram-se 205 amostras de escarro de 166 pacientes com suspeita clínica ou controle de tuberculose pulmonar atendidos em um hospital público terciário, entre os meses de julho de 2014 a julho de 2016. Todas as amostras foram processadas simultaneamente pelos métodos de descontaminação Ogawa-Kudoh e Petroff modificado, seguindo as recomendações do Ministério da Saúde. Na análise estatística, foi empregado o teste de McNemar, para comparação de proporções, e o índice Kappa, para verificar o grau de concordância entre os dados. Resultados Os métodos Ogawa-Kudoh e Petroff modificado mostraram-se eficientes na detecção de micobactérias, não sendo verificadas discordâncias significativas tanto nas comparações de pares de resultados (p=0,549), como na taxa de contaminação das culturas (p=0,065). O grau de concordância das técnicas foi considerado excelente (índice Kappa de 0,877), e o Ogawa-Kudoh, em relação ao Petroff modificado, apresentou 90,4% de sensibilidade, 96,6% de especificidade, 94,3% de valor preditivo positivo e 94,2% de valor preditivo negativo. Conclusão O método de Ogawa-Kudoh revelou-se suficientemente sensível e específico para o diagnóstico da tuberculose pulmonar e, portanto, adequado para a aplicação na rotina laboratorial. Por ser mais simples, de baixo custo e com menores exigências técnicas de biossegurança e capacitação profissional, o Ogawa-Kudoh apresenta-se como alternativa para gestores e profissionais da área promoverem a ampliação da cobertura diagnóstica bacteriológica da tuberculose pulmonar.

ABSTRACT Objective To compare the performance of the Ogawa-Kudoh method with the modified Petroff technique in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods A total of 205 sputum samples from 166 patients with clinical suspicion or under pulmonary tuberculosis follow-up, seen at a public tertiary care hospital, from July 2014 to July 2016 were used. All samples were simultaneously processed using the Ogawa-Kudoh and modified Petroff decontamination methods, according to the recommendations of the Ministry of Health. In the statistical analysis, the McNemar test and the Kappa index were used, respectively, to compare proportions and verify agreement between data. Results The Ogawa-Kudoh and modified Petroff methods were efficient in mycobacteria detection, with no significant differences in results (p=0.549) and contamination rate of the cultures (p=0.065). The agreement between techniques was considered excellent (Kappa index of 0.877) and Ogawa-Kudoh, as compared to the modified Petroff technique, showed sensitivity of 90.4%, specificity of 96.6%, positive predictive value of 94.3% and negative predictive value of 94.2%. Conclusion The Ogawa-Kudoh technique proved to be sufficiently sensitive and specific for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis, and, therefore, suitable for routine laboratory application. Since it is simple, low-cost and has less technical requirements for biosafety and professional training, Ogawa-Kudoh is an alternative for managers and healthcare professionals to promote the expansion of bacteriological diagnostic coverage of pulmonary tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified human zoonotic tuberculosis (TB) due to Mycobacterium bovis as a neglected issue in the developing world. In a recent cross-sectional study in Brazil, three of 189 TB patients presented with a coinfection of M. bovis and M. tuberculosis and were selected as cases for this study. OBJECTIVE The aim was to evaluate risk factors (RF) for zoonotic TB in an urban area of Brazil in order to guide preventive programmes. METHODS A matched case-control study was carried out nested within a cross-sectional study. For each of the three cases, 14 age- and sex-matched controls (TB due to M. tuberculosis) were selected. FINDINGS Zoonotic potential exposures (ZE) and extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) were independently associated with zoonotic TB in multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS ZE by occupation and consumption of raw milk and derivative products that place individuals in direct and indirect contact with animals and their excretions/secretions increase the risk for zoonotic TB in Brazil, especially among those with EPTB. Therefore, measures such as efficient control of bovine TB, distribution of pasteurised milk and its derivative products, and the diagnosis and monitoring of zoonotic TB in humans are essential steps, especially in developing countries where bovine TB is enzootic, and further studies are necessary.

OBJETIVO Analisar casos de tuberculose e o impacto do acompanhamento direto na detecção dos desfechos dos tratamentos.MÉTODOS Estudo de coorte aberto prospectivo com 504 casos notificados ao Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, em Juiz de Fora, MG, no período de 2008 a 2009. Foram comparadas as incidências de encerramentos dos tratamentos de um grupo de casos de tuberculose detectadas por acompanhamento direto (287) por meio de contatos mensais com os pacientes durante os seus retornos, com as coletadas indiretamente (217) por meio do sistema de registro do município. Para comparar as proporções foi utilizado o teste Qui-quadrado, com nível de significância de 0,05. O risco relativo foi utilizado para avaliar a razão de incidências de cada tipo de encerramento entre os dois grupos.RESULTADOS Dos encerramentos acompanhados, direta e indiretamente, 18,5% e 3,2% o abandonaram e 3,8% e 0,5% tiveram falência de tratamento, respectivamente. As incidências de abandono e falência dos tratamentos foram maiores no grupo com acompanhamento direto (p < 0,05) (RR = 5,72; IC95% 2,65;12,34 e RR = 8,31; IC95% 1,08;63,92), respectivamente.CONCLUSÕES Houve maior incidência de abandonos e de falências na população acompanhada diretamente que, em sua maioria, permaneceu negligenciada pelo Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. São necessárias medidas efetivas para melhoria do controle da tuberculose e da qualidade dos dados.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the cases of tuberculosis and the impact of direct follow-up on the assessment of treatment outcomes.METHODS This open prospective cohort study evaluated 504 cases of tuberculosis reported in the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN – Notifiable Diseases Information System) in Juiz de Fora, MG, Southeastern Brazil, between 2008 and 2009. The incidence of treatment outcomes was compared between a group of patients diagnosed with tuberculosis and directly followed up by monthly consultations during return visits (287) and a patient group for which the information was indirectly collected (217) through the city’s surveillance system. The Chi-square test was used to compare the percentages, with a significance level of 0.05. The relative risk (RR) was used to evaluate the differences in the incidence rate of each type of treatment outcome between the two groups.RESULTS Of the outcomes directly and indirectly evaluated, 18.5% and 3.2% corresponded to treatment default and 3.8% and 0.5% corresponded to treatment failure, respectively. The incidence of treatment default and failure was higher in the group with direct follow-up (p < 0.05) (RR = 5.72, 95%CI 2.65;12.34, and RR = 8.31, 95%CI 1.08;63.92, respectively).CONCLUSIONS A higher incidence of treatment default and failure was observed in the directly followed up group, and most of these cases were neglected by the disease reporting system. Therefore, effective measures are needed to improve the control of tuberculosis and data quality.

OBJETIVO Analisar casos de tuberculose e o impacto do acompanhamento direto na detecção dos desfechos dos tratamentos.MÉTODOS Estudo de coorte aberto prospectivo com 504 casos notificados ao Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, em Juiz de Fora, MG, no período de 2008 a 2009. Foram comparadas as incidências de encerramentos dos tratamentos de um grupo de casos de tuberculose detectadas por acompanhamento direto (287) por meio de contatos mensais com os pacientes durante os seus retornos, com as coletadas indiretamente (217) por meio do sistema de registro do município. Para comparar as proporções foi utilizado o teste Qui-quadrado, com nível de significância de 0,05. O risco relativo foi utilizado para avaliar a razão de incidências de cada tipo de encerramento entre os dois grupos.RESULTADOS Dos encerramentos acompanhados, direta e indiretamente, 18,5% e 3,2% o abandonaram e 3,8% e 0,5% tiveram falência de tratamento, respectivamente. As incidências de abandono e falência dos tratamentos foram maiores no grupo com acompanhamento direto (p < 0,05) (RR = 5,72; IC95% 2,65;12,34 e RR = 8,31; IC95% 1,08;63,92), respectivamente.CONCLUSÕES Houve maior incidência de abandonos e de falências na população acompanhada diretamente que, em sua maioria, permaneceu negligenciada pelo Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. São necessárias medidas efetivas para melhoria do controle da tuberculose e da qualidade dos dados.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the cases of tuberculosis and the impact of direct follow-up on the assessment of treatment outcomes.METHODS This open prospective cohort study evaluated 504 cases of tuberculosis reported in the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN – Notifiable Diseases Information System) in Juiz de Fora, MG, Southeastern Brazil, between 2008 and 2009. The incidence of treatment outcomes was compared between a group of patients diagnosed with tuberculosis and directly followed up by monthly consultations during return visits (287) and a patient group for which the information was indirectly collected (217) through the city’s surveillance system. The Chi-square test was used to compare the percentages, with a significance level of 0.05. The relative risk (RR) was used to evaluate the differences in the incidence rate of each type of treatment outcome between the two groups.RESULTS Of the outcomes directly and indirectly evaluated, 18.5% and 3.2% corresponded to treatment default and 3.8% and 0.5% corresponded to treatment failure, respectively. The incidence of treatment default and failure was higher in the group with direct follow-up (p < 0.05) (RR = 5.72, 95%CI 2.65;12.34, and RR = 8.31, 95%CI 1.08;63.92, respectively).CONCLUSIONS A higher incidence of treatment default and failure was observed in the directly followed up group, and most of these cases were neglected by the disease reporting system. Therefore, effective measures are needed to improve the control of tuberculosis and data quality.

In this cross-sectional study, mycobacteria specimens from 189 tuberculosis (TB) patients living in an urban area in Brazil were characterised from 2008-2010 using phenotypic and molecular speciation methods (pncA gene and oxyR pseudogene analysis). Of these samples, 174 isolates simultaneously grew on Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) and Stonebrink (SB)-containing media and presented phenotypic and molecular profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, whereas 12 had molecular profiles of M. tuberculosis based on the DNA analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin wax-embedded tissue samples (paraffin blocks). One patient produced two sputum isolates, the first of which simultaneously grew on LJ and SB media and presented phenotypic and molecular profiles of M. tuberculosis, and the second of which only grew on SB media and presented phenotypic profiles of Mycobacterium bovis. One patient provided a bronchial lavage isolate, which simultaneously grew on LJ and SB media and presented phenotypic and molecular profiles of M. tuberculosis, but had molecular profiles of M. bovis from paraffin block DNA analysis, and one sample had molecular profiles of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis identified from two distinct paraffin blocks. Moreover, we found a low prevalence (1.6%) of M. bovis among these isolates, which suggests that local health service procedures likely underestimate its real frequency and that it deserves more attention from public health officials.

A cross-sectional analysis of stored Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN)-stained sputum smear slides (SSS) obtained from two public tuberculosis referral laboratories located in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, was carried out to distinguish Mycobacterium bovis from other members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). A two-step approach was used to distinguish M. bovis from other members of MTC: (i) oxyR pseudogene amplification to detect MTC and, subsequently, (ii) allele-specific sequencing based on the polymorphism at position 285 of this gene. The oxyR pseudogene was successfully amplified in 100 of 177 (56.5%) SSS available from 99 individuals. No molecular profile of M. bovis was found. Multivariate analysis indicated that acid-fast bacilli (AFB) results and the source laboratory were associated (p < 0.05) with oxyR pseudogene amplification. SSS that were AFB++ SSS showed more oxyR pseudogene amplification than those with AFB0, possibly due to the amount of DNA. One of the two source laboratories presented a greater chance of oxyR pseudogene amplification, suggesting that differences in sputum conservation between laboratories could have influenced the preservation of DNA. This study provides evidence that stored ZN-SSS can be used for the molecular detection of MTC.