ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to examine the effects of replacement of an antibiotic (ANT, chlorohydroxyquinoline) in the diet of weaned piglets with a prebiotic composed of β-glucans, glucomannans, and mannan-oligosaccharides on growth performance, diarrhea occurrence (DO), hematological parameters, pH of digestive content, organ weights, intestinal epithelium morphology, and intestinal bacterial counts. A total of 120 piglets (weaned at 21 d old; 6.32±0.10 kg BW) were allocated in a randomized block design, with six pens replicates and four piglets per pen as experimental unit. Treatments consisted of diets with 0, 1,000, 2,000, or 3,000 mg kg−1 of prebiotic and a basal diet with 120 mg kg−1 ANT. No differences of treatments were observed on performance, DO, pH of digestive content, organ weights, and hematological parameters. Duodenal villus density (VD) increased linearly with the prebiotic levels. In the jejunum, the prebiotic level of 2,000 mg kg−1 resulted in a greater VD compared with the ANT. Enterobacteriaceae count in the ileum and total and lactic acid bacteria counts in the cecum responded quadratically to increasing prebiotic levels. The equations estimated the prebiotic levels of 2,125, 1,167, and 1,500 mg kg−1 to provide reduced counts of the respective bacteria (ileal enterobacteria: 6.47 log CFU g−1; total cecal bacteria: 6.70 log CFU g−1; and cecal lactic acid: 7.29 log CFU g−1). Salmonella spp. was not detected, whereas Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus spp. gene copies were unaffected by the treatments. Prebiotic levels or ANT do not enhance performance or health of weanling pigs, but the effects observed on VD and microbiota profile might be an indication of the potential benefits of these products in commercial farming conditions. ANT, (ANT chlorohydroxyquinoline βglucans, βglucans β glucans, glucans β-glucans glucomannans mannanoligosaccharides mannan oligosaccharides DO , (DO) parameters content weights morphology 12 2 old 632010 6 32 0 10 6.32±0.1 BW design unit 1000 1 000 1,000 2000 3000 3 3,00 kg1 kg− (VD jejunum 2,00 2125 125 2,125 1167 167 1,167 1500 500 1,50 ileal enterobacteria 647 47 6.4 g−1 g1 g 670 70 6.7 729 7 29 7.2 g−1. . g−1) spp detected pigs conditions (DO 63201 6.32±0. 100 00 1,00 200 300 3,0 2,0 212 2,12 116 16 1,16 150 50 1,5 64 4 6. g− 67 72 7. 6320 6.32±0 1,0 20 30 3, 2, 2,1 11 1,1 15 5 1, 632 6.32± 63 6.32 6.3

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess the addition of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) to diets on the count of bacterial populations, pH of digestive organ contents, histopathological description, proinflammatory markers, hepatic glycogen reserve, and diarrhoea incidence of piglets challenged with Escherichia coli. Sixty-four crossbred piglets (7.16±0.28 kg body weight, 25-days-old) were assigned to four treatments in a completely randomised block design: negative control (NC), NC + antibiotic (ANT), NC + 15 mg IAP, or NC + 30 mg IAP kg−1 of diet, eight replications of two piglets per experimental unit. All piglets were orally challenged with 6 mL of a solution containing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 at 106 CFU mL−1 at 15 days of experimentation. The study lasted for 19 days. At the end of the experimental period, the piglets were slaughtered (six animals per treatment). Enterobacteriaceae in caecum and colon was lower in piglets on 30 mg IAP than with ANT and NC, ANT or 15 mg IAP, respectively. Enterobacteriaceae adhered to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) was greater in piglets fed ANT than the other treatments. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count in caecum was greater in piglets fed NC and ANT. In MLN, LAB count was greater in ANT and 30 mg IAP-fed piglets compared with 15 mg IAP. Piglets in 30 mg IAP in diet showed a tendency for lowering tissue necrosis compared with NC or ANT. Piglets fed 30 mg IAP showed a reduction in diarrhoea incidence in the pre- and post-challenge compared with 15 mg IAP and all other treatments, respectively. Based on the criteria, addition of 30 mg IAP to diet inhibits Enterobacteriaceae population and suggests a potential effect in mitigating intestinal injuries, as observed in piglets in the NC for some of the parameters investigated.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effects of zinc oxide and a low level of encapsulated zinc oxide, with or without dietary fiber, on the performance and intestinal health of weaned piglets. A total of 112 piglets were used, divided into four treatment groups: basal diet with zinc oxide (ZnO); basal diet with zinc oxide and dietary fiber (ZnO+DF); basal diet with encapsulated low zinc oxide (LZnOE); and basal diet with LZnOE and DF (LZnOE+DF). Piglets were challenged with E . coli K88 + , weighed weekly and the fecal score was evaluated daily. One pig per pen was slaughtered to evaluate the production of volatile fatty acids, intestinal microbial populations, intestinal morphology, and digestibility. The encapsulated zinc resulted in lower body weight and average daily gain, but, when associated with dietary fiber, had similar results to zinc oxide. Until 49 days of age, zinc oxide reduced diarrhoea ( p < 0.05). At 63 days of age the piglets subjected to LZnOE+DF treatment had lower diarrhoea than the pigs subjected to LZnOE treatment but higher than the ZnO and the ZnO+DF groups. Final weight and incidence of diarrhoea of pigs receiving LZnOE was worse than ZnO. LZnOE associated with DF provided the same final weight of piglets from the ZnO group.

ABSTRACT The intestinal gene expression of RelA/p65 (NF-κB), insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), and Na+/dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) were evaluated in response to benzoic acid, yeast culture, L-glutamine, and oregano essential oil, using an ex vivo model. Six piglets weighing approximately 20 kg each were sacrificed, and their jejunum was collected and segmented into five 2-cm explants. Each explant was immersed in cell culture medium according to one of the following treatments: control (without additive), 0.5% benzoic acid, 1% yeast culture, 1% L-glutamine, and 0.015% oregano oil. Gene expression was evaluated using RT-PCR. Yeast culture up-regulated the gene expression of RelA/p65, IGF-1, GLUT2, and SGLT1 in comparison with control. In addition, jejunal exposure to L-glutamine and oregano oil increased mRNA levels of GLUT2 compared with the control treatment. Exposure to oregano oil increased intestinal SGLT1 gene expression, while benzoic acid reduced SGLT1 expression compared with the control. Feed additives can differently modulate the gene expression of immune response, gut development, and glucose absorption in jejunal explants. These findings can contribute for a better understanding of the trophic action of these feed additives into the diets to optimize animal performance.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da adição do óleo essencial de aroeira ( Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) na dieta de suínos sobre as características físicas, composição química e oxidação lipídica da carne. Setenta e dois leitões recém-desmamados (5,7±0,8kg) foram utilizados em um experimento em blocos completos casualizados com quatro tratamentos, seis repetições por tratamento e três animais por unidade experimental (baia). Os animais foram alimentados com uma dieta basal suplementada com 0, 500, 1,000 ou 1,500mg kg-1 de óleo essencial de aroeira durante 35 dias. Ao final do experimento, um animal por unidade experimental (16,4±2,2kg) foi abatido para coleta do músculo Longissimus dorsi para fim de análises. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) do óleo essencial de aroeira sobre cor, pH, perda de peso por cozimento e força de cisalhamento. A inclusão de níveis crescentes do óleo essencial de aroeira na dieta aumentou linearmente (P<0,05) o conteúdo de ácidos graxos saturados do músculo dos suínos, principalmente, as concentrações de mirístico (C14:0) e esteárico (C18:0). Para as análises de TBARS, a inclusão de óleo essencial de aroeira reduziu, significativamente, a produção de compostos secundários da oxidação lipídica nas amostras de carne crua (P<0,001) e imediatamente após o cozimento (P<0,001). Entretanto, durante oito dias de armazenamento refrigerado, a adição do óleo essencial de aroeira não protegeu eficientemente (P>0,05) os lipídios da oxidação. Portanto, o óleo essencial de aroeira, adicionado às dietas para suínos, aumentou o conteúdo de ácidos graxos saturados e reduziu a oxidação lipídica na carne fresca e logo após cozimento, sem ocorrer efeitos sobre os parâmetros físicos da carne.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding pigs with diets containing increasing levels of Brazilian red pepper essential oil ( Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) on the physical attributes, fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of precooked meat. Seventy-two weanling pigs (5.7±0.8kg) were allotted in a completely randomized block design experiment with four treatments, six replicates per treatment, and three animals per experimental unit (pen). Animals were fed with a basal diet supplemented with 0, 500, 1,000, or 1,500mg kg-1 Brazilian red pepper essential oil during the 35-d experimental period. At the end of the experiment, one animal per experimental unit (16.4±2.2kg) was slaughtered to sample Longissimus dorsi muscle for analysis. Dietary supplementation of Brazilian red pepper had no effect (P>0.05) on pork meat color, pH, cooking loss and shear force. Inclusion of essential oil in the diet provided a linear increase (P<0.05) of the saturated fatty acids content of L. dorsi, especially myristic (C14:0) and stearic (C18:0) fatty acids. Utilization of essential oil in pig diets reduced significantly the production of secondary lipid oxidation compounds measured as TBARS in raw pork meat (P<0.001) and immediately after cooking (P<0.001). However, during 8-d storage assay, the addition of essential oil in the diet did not protect pork meat lipids from oxidation. Therefore, Brazilian red pepper added to pig diets increased the saturated fatty acids content and reduced lipid oxidation in fresh meat and short-term heat treatment without affecting pork meat physical attributes.

Foi conduzido um experimento para avaliar a adição de butirato de sódio, extratos vegetais e nucleotídeos sobre desempenho, pH do conteúdo digestório, morfometria dos órgãos e histologia do epitélio intestinal de leitões desmamados. Foram utilizados 90 leitões, com idade média de 21 dias e peso médio inicial de 6,35±0,34kg. Os leitões foram distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados completos, com cinco tratamentos, seis repetições por tratamento e três animais por unidade experimental. As dietas experimentais consistiam de: Controle - dieta basal sem antibiótico; Antibiótico - dieta basal com 40mg kg-1 de sulfato de colistina; Aditivo: 1000, 1500 e 2000mg kg-1 de uma combinação de butirato de sódio + extrato vegetal + nucleotídeos. No 35o dia de experimentação, foi eutanasiado um animal por gaiola (unidade experimental) para avaliar o pH do conteúdo digestório, morfometria de órgãos e histologia do epitélio intestinal. Não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,05) para desempenho, pH do conteúdo digestório, morfometria de órgãos e histologia do epitélio intestinal por meio das análises de polinômios ortogonais ou mesmo pelos contrastes. A combinação de butirato de sódio, extratos vegetais e nucleotídeos não melhorou as características produtivas de leitões desmamados.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the addition of sodium butyrate, plant extracts and nucleotides on weanling pig performance, digestive content pH, organ morphometry, and intestinal epithelial histology. A total of 90 piglets at 21 days of age and an average initial weight of 6.35±0.34kg were used. The piglets were distributed in a randomized complete block design with five treatments, six replicates, and three animals per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of the following: Control: basal diet without antibiotic; Antibiotic: basal diet with 40mg kg-1 colistin sulfate and Additive: 1000, 1500 and 2000mg kg-1 of a combination of sodium butyrate + plant extracts + nucleotides. The experiment lasted 35 days, at which time one animal was slaughtered to assess pH of the digestive contents, morphometry of the organs and histology of the intestinal epithelium. No differences were found (P>0.05) in the performance, pH of the digestive contents, morphometry of the organs or histology of the intestinal epithelium by the analysis of orthogonal polynomials or contrasts. The combination of sodium butyrate, plant extracts and nucleotides not improved the productive characteristics of weanling pigs.

Avaliou-se a inclusão dos farelos da vagem da algaroba (Prosopis juliflora) e folha da mandioca (Manihot esculenta) em rações para tilápia do Nilo (85,22 ± 3,13 g). Foram utilizados 336 peixes, distribuídos em 28 tanques (120 L), em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, duas fontes de óleo e quatro níveis de farelo (0, 5, 10 e 20%) (n = 4). Ao final de 60 dias, foram avaliados o desempenho zootécnico (consumo de ração, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar aparente e taxa de sobrevivência) e a composição da carcaça dos peixes. Para análise da histologia intestinal, foram mensuradas a altura e a densidade das vilosidades. O desempenho zootécnico, a composição da carcaça e a densidade das vilosidades intestinais não foram afetados (p > 0,05) pela fonte e nível de inclusão de farelo. Houve efeito significativo do nível de inclusão dos farelos sobre a altura das vilosidades intestinais, com comportamento linear decrescente, indicando que quanto maior o nível de inclusão de farelo, menor a altura das vilosidades. Os farelos estudados podem ser incluídos em até 20% em rações de tilápias do Nilo sem comprometer o desempenho zootécnico e alterar a composição corporal, no entanto, a presença destes coprodutos em rações pode resultar em efeito deletério sobre as vilosidades intestinais dos peixes.

This work evaluated the inclusion of mesquite bean bran (Prosopis juliflora) and cassava leaf bran (Manihot esculenta) in diets for Nile tilapia (85.22 ± 3.13 g). Three hundred and thirty-six fish were distributed in 28 fiberglass tanks (120 L) in a 2 × 4 factorial scheme for two sources of oil and four levels of bran (0, 5, 10 and 20%) (n = 4). After 60 days, growth performance (feed intake, weight gain, apparent feed conversion and survival rate) and fish body composition were evaluated. Heights and density of villi were measured for morphometric analysis of the intestinal mucosa. Animal performance, body composition and villi density were not affected (p > 0.05) by the source and level of inclusion of bran. There was a significant effect of the level of inclusion of bran on villi height, with a linear trend, indicating that the higher the inclusion levels of bran, the lower the height of the villi. The bran studied can be used in diets for Nile tilapia up to 20% without compromising growth performance and body composition change, but the presence of these by-products can result in a deleterious effect on fish villi.

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da utilização de proteína láctea ou zinco suplementar na dieta sobre o desempenho, os pesos relativos do intestino delgado e fígado, a morfologia intestinal e as concentrações séricas de IGF-I (fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina), hormônio do crescimento e zinco em leitões. O experimento teve duração de 14 dias e foi realizado com 60 leitões desmamados aos 21 dias de idade (5,43 ± 0,46 kg), em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em fatorial 2 x 2, composto de dois níveis de proteína láctea (com e sem, 4%) e dois de zinco (com e sem, 2.250 ppm) na dieta. No período de 1 a 7 dias de experimento, o zinco proporcionou melhor conversão alimentar e, no período de 1 a 14 dias, promoveu maior pesos aos 14 dias e maior ganho de peso. O fornecimento de proteína láctea na dieta piorou a conversão alimentar nas duas fases (de 1 a 7 dias e de 1 a 14 dias de experimento) e resultou em menor profundidade de cripta no jejuno aos 7 dias e maior altura de vilosidade aos 14 dias de experimento. Aos 7 dias de experimento, Houve interação proteína láctea e zinco para a relação altura de vilosidades:profundidade de criptas do jejuno, a qual foi também maior nos animais recebendo proteína láctea. A adição de zinco na dieta reduziu a concentração de IGF-I e o peso relativo do fígado aos 14 dias de experimento, enquanto o uso de proteína láctea aumentou a concentração de IGF-I. A inclusão de proteína láctea melhorou a conversão alimentar, influenciou a morfologia intestinal e aumentou a concentração de IGF-I, mas a suplementação de zinco não foi eficiente para alterar os níveis de hormônio do crescimento no organismo.

It was evaluated the effects of using milk protein or supplemental zinc in the diet on performance, relative weights of small intestine and liver, intestine morphology and IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor) serum concentrations, growth hormone and zinc in piglets. The experiment lasted 14 days and it was carried out using 60 piglets weaned at 21 days of age (5.43 ± 0.46 kg) in a complete random design, in a 2 x 2 factorial composed of two levels of milk protein (with and without, 4%) and two levels of zinc (with or without, 2,250 ppm) in the diet. In the 1-7 day experiment period, zinc provided better feed conversion and the in the 1-14 day experiment period, it promoted higher body weight at 14 days and higher weight gain. Supply of milk protein in the diet worsened feed conversion in the two phases (from 1 to 7 days and from 1 to 14 days of the experiment) and it resulted in a lower crypts depth in the jejunum and a higher villous height on day 14 of the experiment. On the 7th day of the experiment, there was an interaction among milk protein and supplemental zinc for villous height:crypts depth relationship, which was also higher for animals fed milk protein. The addition of zinc in the diet reduced insuline-like growth factor concentration and the average weight of the liver on day 14 of the experiment while the use of milk protein increased IGF-I concentrations. The inclusion of milk protein improves feed conversion, affects intestine morphology and increases IGF-I concentration, but supplementation of zinc is not efficient to affect levels of growth hormone in the organism.

Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar o efeito da adição de ractopamina, cromo-metionina e suas combinações em dietas para suínos em crescimento e terminação sobre o desempenho, as características de carcaça e a qualidade da carne. Sessenta e quatro suínos da linhagem Topigs, com peso inicial de 26,56 ± 3,11 kg, foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 x 2, com dois níveis de ractopamina (0 e 5 ppm) e dois níveis de cromo-metionina (0 e 400 ppb), totalizando quatro dietas com oito repetições (blocos) por dieta. Em cada uma das três fases, crescimento 1 (de 26,56 kg aos 50,51 kg), crescimento 2 (de 50,51 kg aos 70,32 kg) e terminação (de 70,32 kg aos 114,80 kg), os animais receberam rações fareladas e água à vontade. Ao atingirem o peso vivo de 114,80 ± 4,98 kg, os animais foram abatidos e as carcaças avaliadas quanto ao rendimento de carcaça fria, ao comprimento de carcaça, à espessura de toucinho, à área de olho-de-lombo e à relação gordura:carne. Amostras do músculo longissimus dorsi foram retiradas para mensurações de cor, pH final e perda de peso por gotejamento. A suplementação de ractopamina melhorou a conversão alimentar, o rendimento de carcaça fria, a área de olho-de-lombo, a relação gordura:carne e a perda de peso por gotejamento e reduziu os teores de vermelho e amarelo da carne. O cromo-metionina, embora tenha ocasionado redução no consumo diário de ração, não altera as características de desempenho e de carcaça nem a qualidade da carne dos suínos. A suplementação de ractopamina associada a cromo-metionina não afeta o desempenho nem as características de carcaça e qualidade da carne dos animais.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of ractopamine and chromium-methionine additions and their combinations in diets for growing and finishing swines on performance, carcass traits and meat quality. Sixty-four Topigs line swines at 26.56 ± 3.11 kg initial body weight were distributed in a randomized block experimental design in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme with two levels of ractopamine (0 and 5 ppm) and two levels of chromium-methionine (0 and 400 ppb), totaling four diets with eight replications (blocks) per diet. In each one of the three following phases, growing 1 (from 26.56 kg to 50.51 kg), growing 2 (from 50.51 kg to 70.32 kg) and finishing (from 70.32 kg to 114.80 kg), meal rations and water were given ad libitum to animals.When pigs reached 114.80 ± 4.98 kg body weight, they were slaughtered and carcasses were evaluated regarded to cold carcass yield, carcass length, backfat thickness, loin eye area and fat:meat ratio. Samples of longissimus dorsi muscle were taken to measure colour, final pH and drip loss. Supplementation of ractopamine improved feed conversion, cold carcass yield, loin eye area, fat:meat ratio and drip loss, and it reduced redness and yellowness components of meat. Although chromium-methionine decreased daily feed intake, it does not affect the performance and carcass traits neither meat quality of swines. Supplementation of ractopamine combined to chromium-methionine do not affect carcass traits and meat quality of animals.

Objetivou-se avaliar três níveis de utilização de glicerol (0, 3, 6 e 9%), um subproduto da produção de biodiesel, na dieta de suínos em crescimento e terminação sobre o desempenho, as características de carcaça e a qualidade da carne desses animais. Foram utilizados 64 animais Topigs com peso inicial de 33,27 ± 4,66 kg, distribuídos em 32 baias de acordo com o peso inicial, em um delineamento em blocos casualizados com oito repetições (blocos) por nível de glicerol. Em cada uma das três fases - crescimento 1 (33,27 a 65,00 kg), crescimento 2 (65,00 a 85,00 kg) e terminação (85,00 a 99,97 kg) -, os animais receberam rações isonutritivas e água à vontade. Ao atingirem o peso vivo médio de 99,97 ± 1,92 kg, os animais foram abatidos e as carcaças avaliadas quanto ao rendimento de carcaça quente, ao comprimento de carcaça, à espessura de toucinho, à área de olho-de-lombo e quanto à relação gordura/carne. Amostras do músculo longissimus dorsi foram retiradas para medição do pH, da cor e da perda de água por gotejamento. A adição de glicerol na dieta promoveu redução apenas no ganho diário de peso durante os períodos de crescimento 1 e 2. De modo geral, o glicerol pode ser utilizado como ingrediente energético em rações para suínos em crescimento e terminação, pois em níveis de até 9%, não influencia o desempenho, as características de carcaça e a qualidade da carne.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate three levels of use of glycerol (0, 3, 6 and 9%) a byproduct of biodiesel production, in the diets of growing and finishing swines on performance, on carcass traits and on meat quality. A total of sixty-four Topigs pigs with 33.27 ± 4.66 kg initial body weight were distributed in 32 pens accordingly to the initial weight in a complete random block design with eight replicates (blocks) per level of glycerol. In each of the three phases: growth 1 (33.27 to 65.00 kg), growth 2 (65.00 to 85.00 kg) and finishing (85.00 to 99.97 kg), the animals were fed isonutritional rations and water ad libitum. When the animals reached 99.97 ± 1.92 kg body weight, they were slaughtered and the following carcass traits were evaluated: hot carcass yield, carcass length, backfat thickness, loin eye area and fat/meat ratio. Samples of longissimus dorsi were taken for pH measurement, color and water drip loss. The addition of glycerol into the diet reduced only the daily weight gain during growth periods 1 and 2. Generally, glycerol can be used as energetic ingredient in diets for growing and finishing pigs up to 9% with no effect on performance, carcass quality and meat quality.

Avaliou-se, por meio do desempenho e da morfometria de órgãos, o uso de extratos vegetais como alternativas aos antimicrobianos promotores de crescimento para leitões recém-desmamados. Um experimento em blocos casualizados, com 35 dias de duração, foi realizado para testar cinco tratamentos: ração basal; antimicrobiano - ração basal com colistina + tiamulina (75 ppm de cada); extratos vegetais - ração basal com 420 ppm de cravo (Ec); orégano (Eo) e cravo + orégano (Ec + Eo), respectivamente. Os extratos continham óleo essencial de cravo + eugenol e orégano + carvacrol. Para análise do desempenho, foram utilizados 80 leitões, oito repetições por tratamento e dois animais por unidade experimental. Ao final do período experimental, um animal de cada baia, dos quatro primeiros blocos, foi abatido para avaliação da morfometria de órgãos. Foram testados contrastes específicos de importância prática. No período de 24 a 38 dias de idade, os animais do tratamento antimicrobiano apresentaram melhor conversão alimentar (CA) em comparação àqueles dos tratamentos com extratos. Os animais do tratamento com cravo (Ec) tiveram melhor CA em comparação àqueles do tratamento com orégano (Eo). No período total, os animais do tratamento antimicrobiano apresentaram maior peso aos 59 dias de idade (P59) e ganho diário de peso (GDP) em relação à média dos animais dos tratamentos com extratos. Os animais do tratamento Ec + Eo apresentaram maior P59 e GDP em relação à média dos outros tratamentos com extratos. Para a morfometria de órgãos, os antimicrobianos proporcionaram maior peso relativo dos rins em relação à média dos outros tratamentos com extratos vegetais. De modo geral, os antimicrobianos proporcionaram os melhores desempenhos dos leitões em fase de creche. Quanto aos extratos vegetais, a combinação de Ec+Eo acarretou desempenho muito próximo ao obtido com os antimicrobianos, demonstrando ser uma alternativa promissora como promotor de crescimento de leitões recém-desmamados.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate herbal extracts as alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters for weanling pigs based on growth performance and organ weights. A 35-d randomized complete block design experiment was carried out to compare five treatments: control (C) - basal diet; antimicrobial (A) - basal diet supplemented with colistin + tiamulin (75 ppm of each); herbal extract - basal diet supplemented with 420 ppm of extracts of clove (Ec); oregano (Eo) and clove + oregano (Ec + Eo), respectively. Herbal extracts consisted of essential oils of clove + eugenol and oregano + carvacrol. Eighty pigs sorted in eight replications per treatment, and two animals per experimental unit were used for growth performance evaluation. At the end of experimental period, one animal per pen from the first four blocks was slaughtered for organ morphometry evaluation. Specific contrasts of practical importance were tested. For 1-14 d of experimental period (24 to 38 days of age), pigs fed the antimicrobial supplemented diet showed better feed conversion rate (CA) than the mean of those fed herbal extract treatments, while pigs fed Ec supplemented diet had better CA than those fed Eo. For the total period (24 to 59 days of age), pigs fed antimicrobial showed higher body weight at 59 days of age (P59) and average daily gain (GDP) than the mean of those fed herbal extracts. Pigs fed Ec + Eo had higher P59 and GDP than the mean of those fed other herbal extract treatments. For the organ morphometry data, the antimicrobials provided a higher relative weight of kidneys compared to the mean of treatments with herbal extracts. Overall, antimicrobial agents provided the best growth performance of weanling pigs. Concerning to herbal extracts, the combination of clove and oregano provided growth performance close to that of pigs fed antimicrobials, showing that this combination can be a potential alternative as growth promoter for weanling pigs.