ABSTRACT Background: To analyze the temporal evolution of research on Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) published by the Journal of the Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine (JBSTM). Methods: We performed an analysis of the scientific production in JBSTM on NTDs using an advanced search, which included authors’ descriptors, title, and abstract, and by combining specific terms for each NTDs from 1991 to 2021. Data related to authors, countries of origin, institutions, and descriptors, were evaluated and analyzed over time. Bibliographic networks were constructed using VOSviewer 1.6.16. Results: The JBSTM published 4,268 scientific papers during this period. Of these 1,849 (43.3%) were related to NTDs. The number of publications on NTDs increased by approximately 2.4-fold, from 352 (total 724) during 1991-2000 to 841 (total 2,128) during 2011-2021, despite the proportional reduction (48.6% versus 39.5%). The most common singular NTDs subject of publications included Chagas disease (31.4%; 581/1,849), leishmaniasis (25.5%, 411/1,849), dengue (9.4%, 174/1,849), schistosomiasis (9.0%; 166/1,849), and leprosy (6.5%, 120/1,849), with authorship mostly from Brazil’s South and Southeast regions. Conclusions: Despite the proportional reduction in publications, JBSTM remains an important vehicle for disseminating research on NTDs during this period. There is a need to strengthen the research and subsequent publications on specific NTDs. Institutions working and publishing on NTDs in the country were concentrated in the South and Southeast regions, requiring additional investments in institutions in other regions of the country. Background (NTDs JBSTM. . (JBSTM) Methods search authors descriptors title abstract 199 2021 origin time 1616 1 6 16 1.6.16 Results 4268 4 268 4,26 period 1849 849 1,84 43.3% 433 43 3 (43.3% 2.4fold, 24fold fold 2.4 fold, 2 2.4-fold 35 total 724 19912000 2000 1991-200 84 2,128 2128 128 20112021, 20112021 2011 2021, 2011-2021 48.6% 486 48 (48.6 39.5%. 395 39.5% 39 5 39.5%) 31.4% 314 31 (31.4% 581/1,849, 5811849 581/1,849 , 581 581/1,849) 25.5%, 255 25 (25.5% 411/1,849, 4111849 411/1,849 411 411/1,849) 9.4%, 94 9 (9.4% 174/1,849, 1741849 174/1,849 174 174/1,849) 9.0% 90 0 (9.0% 166/1,849, 1661849 166/1,849 166 166/1,849) 6.5%, 65 (6.5% 120/1,849, 1201849 120/1,849 120 120/1,849) Brazils Brazil s Conclusions (JBSTM 19 202 161 1.6.1 426 26 4,2 184 1,8 43.3 (43.3 4fold 2.4fold 24 2. 72 1991200 200 1991-20 8 2,12 212 12 2011202 201 2011-202 48.6 (48. 39.5 31.4 (31.4 581184 581/1,84 58 25.5% (25.5 411184 411/1,84 41 9.4% (9.4 174184 174/1,84 17 9.0 (9.0 166184 166/1,84 6.5% (6.5 120184 120/1,84 20 1.6. 42 4, 18 1, 43. (43. 7 199120 1991-2 2,1 21 201120 2011-20 48. (48 39. 31. (31. 58118 581/1,8 25.5 (25. 41118 411/1,8 9.4 (9. 17418 174/1,8 9. 16618 166/1,8 6.5 (6. 12018 120/1,8 1.6 (43 19912 1991- 2, 20112 2011-2 (4 (31 5811 581/1, 25. (25 4111 411/1, (9 1741 174/1, 1661 166/1, 6. (6 1201 120/1, 1. 2011- ( (3 581/1 (2 411/1 174/1 166/1 120/1 581/ 411/ 174/ 166/ 120/

ABSTRACT Objective. To develop an evidence map on visceral leishmaniasis prevention, control, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Methods. Systematic reviews on visceral leishmaniasis were searched using MEDLINE/PubMed and Virtual Health Library. After selection, each included systematic review was assessed, characterized, and categorized by intervention type and by outcomes, according to the methodology offered by the PAHO/WHO Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information (BIREME). The methodological quality was assessed using the AMSTAR2 tool to determine the confidence level of the evidence obtained. Results. Among the prevention and control interventions, insecticide spraying, bednets, dog collars, and dog culling were the most assessed, emphasizing that insecticidal dog collars can reduce visceral leishmaniasis incidence in dogs. Regarding diagnosis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), rK39 immunochromatographic test (rK39 ICT), and direct agglutination test (DAT) presented high sensitivity and specificity. As for treatment, pentavalent antimonials and amphotericin B were the most analyzed drugs and showed therapeutic success; however, serious adverse events can occur due to their use. The prognostic factors identified were anemia, edema, bleeding, jaundice, age, and HIV coinfection. Conclusions. The evidence map developed shows rK39 ICT and DAT as promising diagnostic alternatives and reinforces the efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B and pentavalent antimonials. Insecticide-impregnated dog collars appear as a promising measure for the control of visceral leishmaniasis, but there is also a need for future studies and reviews with higher methodological quality, especially on prevention and control interventions.

RESUMO Objetivo. Desenvolver um mapa de evidências de prevenção, controle, diagnóstico, tratamento e prognóstico da leishmaniose visceral. Métodos. Foram realizadas buscas por revisões sistemáticas sobre leishmaniose visceral no MEDLINE/PubMed e na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Após a seleção, cada revisão sistemática incluída foi avaliada, caracterizada e classificada por tipo de intervenção e por desfechos, de acordo com a metodologia oferecida pelo Centro Latino-Americano e do Caribe de Informação em Ciências da Saúde (BIREME) da OPAS/OMS. A qualidade metodológica foi avaliada utilizando a ferramenta AMSTAR2 para determinar o nível de confiança das evidências obtidas. Resultados. Entre as intervenções de prevenção e controle, pulverização com inseticida, mosquiteiros, coleiras para cães e abate de cães foram as mais frequentemente avaliadas, com destaque para as coleiras inseticidas na redução da incidência de leishmaniose visceral em cães. Quanto ao diagnóstico, a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), o teste imunocromatográfico rK39 (rK39 ICT) e o teste de aglutinação direta (DAT, sigla em inglês para direct agglutination test) apresentaram alta sensibilidade e especificidade. Em relação ao tratamento, os antimoniais pentavalentes e a anfotericina B foram os medicamentos mais analisados e demonstraram sucesso terapêutico, embora seu uso possa resultar em eventos adversos graves. Os fatores prognósticos identificados foram anemia, edema, sangramento, icterícia, idade e coinfecção com HIV. Conclusões. O mapa de evidências desenvolvido mostra o rK39 ICT e o DAT como alternativas promissoras para o diagnóstico e reforça a eficácia da anfotericina B lipossomal e dos antimoniais pentavalentes. As coleiras impregnadas com inseticida aparecem como medida promissora para o controle da leishmaniose visceral, mas estudos e revisões futuras com mais qualidade metodológica, especialmente sobre intervenções de prevenção e controle, são necessários.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Elaborar un mapa de evidencia sobre la prevención, el control, el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y el pronóstico de la leishmaniasis visceral. Métodos. Se realizaron búsquedas de revisiones sistemáticas sobre la leishmaniasis visceral en MEDLINE/PubMed y la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud. Tras la selección, cada revisión sistemática incluida fue sometida a evaluación, caracterización y categorización según tipo de intervención y resultados, de acuerdo con la metodología ofrecida por el Centro Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Información en Ciencias de la Salud de la OPS/OMS (BIREME). La calidad metodológica se evaluó con la herramienta AMSTAR2 para determinar el nivel de confianza de la información obtenida. Resultados. Entre las intervenciones de prevención y control, las más evaluadas fueron la fumigación con insecticidas, los mosquiteros, los collares para perros y el sacrificio de perros y se hizo hincapié en que los collares insecticidas para perros pueden reducir la incidencia de leishmaniasis visceral en perros. En cuanto al diagnóstico, la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR, por su sigla en inglés), la prueba inmunocromatográfica rK39 (rK39 ICT) y la prueba de aglutinación directa (DAT, por su sigla en inglés) mostraron alta sensibilidad y especificidad. Con respecto al tratamiento, los fármacos más analizados que arrojaron éxito terapéutico fueron los antimoniales pentavalentes y la anfotericina B; sin embargo, su uso puede provocar efectos adversos graves. Los factores pronósticos que se identificaron fueron anemia, edema, sangrado, ictericia, edad y coinfección por el VIH. Conclusiones. El mapa de evidencia elaborado presenta la prueba inmunocromatográfica rK39 y la prueba de aglutinación directa como alternativas diagnósticas prometedoras, y consolida la eficacia de la anfotericina B liposomal y los antimoniales pentavalentes. Los collares de perro impregnados de insecticida parecen ser una medida prometedora para el control de la leishmaniasis visceral, si bien también son necesarios estudios y revisiones adicionales de mayor calidad metodológica, especialmente sobre intervenciones de prevención y control.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Malnutrition and kala-azar (or visceral leishmaniasis) are significant public health problems in different parts of the world. Immunity and susceptibility to infectious and parasitic diseases are directly linked to the host’s nutritional state, but little is known about the interaction between nutrition and kala-azar. This study aimed to evaluate nutritional status with kala-azar and correlate these findings with the clinical and laboratory manifestations of the disease, and zinc and retinol levels. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 139 patients with kala-azar. Nutritional status classification was performed according to international recommendations. Parametric or nonparametric tests were applied whenever indicated in a two-sided test with a 5% significance level. RESULTS: Weight loss and malnutrition were more frequent in adults. Body mass index-for-age, fat area of the arm, and upper arm muscle area were significantly associated with probability of death. The presence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly was correlated with nutritional assessment. Blood leukocyte and lymphocyte, serum creatine, and vitamin A levels were significantly higher in adult men. Vitamin A levels were highly associated with the level of hemoglobin and C-reactive protein (CRP) in multivariate analysis. All patients had reduced plasma zinc levels, but this finding had no association with the outcome variables. CONCLUSIONS: Malnutrition was correlated with severe disease and was more prevalent in older people with kala-azar. Vitamin A deficiency was associated with hemoglobin and CRP. Zinc levels were reduced in patients with kala-azar.

A leishmaniose visceral (LV) ou calazar é uma das principais doenças tropicais negligenciadas, de grande importância devido ao caráter letal desta zoonose causada por protozoários do gênero Leishmania. Objetivou-se analisar a tendência temporal dos casos de LV no Estado do Piauí, Brasil, de 2008 a 2018, inserindo-o dentro do período total de 1971 a 2018. Utilizaram-se dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) e do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Para análise da carga da doença, foram coletados dados do Instituto de Métricas e Avaliação em Saúde através do estudo Carga Global de Doenças, Lesões e Fatores de Risco. Foi empregada a análise de regressão Prais-Winsten. Foram registrados 2.374 casos com provável local de infecção no Piauí e 2.492 casos em residentes do estado. A série histórica analisada, de 1971 a 2018, reafirma o caráter cíclico da doença, pela presença dos picos epidêmicos identificados em 1983 e 1984, 1993 e 1994, 2003 e 2004 e 2013 e 2014. Não foram identificadas alterações significativas na tendência dos coeficientes de incidência, mortalidade e letalidade no estado. No entanto, houve aumento significativo do coeficiente de incidência no Território de Desenvolvimento (TD) Chapada das Mangabeiras (variação percentual anual de 17,5%) e redução no TD Vale do Sambito (-18,3%) e TD Vale do Rio Guaribas (-8,1%). A LV tem a maior carga de doença medida em anos de vida ajustados por deficiência entre as doenças tropicais negligenciadas do estado. Recomenda-se o aprimoramento das medidas de vigilância e controle do agravo.

La leishmaniasis visceral (LV) o kala azar es una de las principales enfermedades tropicales desatendidas de gran importancia, debido al carácter letal de esta zoonosis causada por protozoos del género Leishmania. El objetivo fue analizar la tendencia temporal de los casos de LV en el estado de Piauí, Brasil, de 2008 a 2018, incluyéndola dentro del período total de 1971 a 2018. Se utilizaron datos del Sistema Brasileño de Información de Enfermedades de Notificación (SINAN) y del Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad (SIM). Para el análisis de la carga de la enfermedad, se recogieron datos del Instituto de Métricas y Evaluación en Salud, a través del estudio Carga Global de Enfermedades, Lesiones y Factores de Riesgo (GBD Compare). Se empleó el análisis de regresión Prais-Winsten. Se registraron 2.374 casos con probable lugar de infección en Piauí y 2492 casos en residentes del estado. La serie histórica analizada, de 1971-2018, reafirma el carácter cíclico de la enfermedad por la presencia de los picos epidémicos, identificados en 1983 y 1984, 1993 y 1994, 2003 y 2004 y 2013 y 2014. No se identificaron alteraciones significativas en la tendencia de los coeficientes de incidencia, mortalidad y letalidad en el estado. No obstante, hubo un aumento significativo del coeficiente de incidencia en el Territorio de Desarrollo (TD) Chapada das Mangabeiras (variación del porcentaje anual de 17,5%) y reducción en el TD Vale do Sambito (-18,3%) y TD Vale do Rio Guaribas (-8,1%). La LV tiene una mayor carga de enfermedad medida en años de vida ajustados por deficiencia entre las enfermedades tropicales olvidadas del estado. Se recomienda el perfeccionamiento de las medidas de vigilancia y control de la enfermedad.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala azar is one of the main neglected tropical diseases, of major importance due to the lethal nature of this zoonosis caused by protozoa of genus Leishmania. The study aimed to analyze the time trend in VL cases in the state of Piauí, Brazil, from 2008 to 2018, within the total period from 1971 to 2018. Data were obtained from the Brazilian Information System for Notificable Diseases (SINAN) and the Brazilian Mortality Information System (SIM). For burden of disease analysis, data were collected from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD Compare). Prais-Winsten regression analysis was used. A total of 2,374 cases were recorded with probable infection in the state of Piauí and 2,492 cases in residents of the state. The historical series analyzed, from 1971 to 2018, reaffirms the cyclical nature of the disease, based on the identification of epidemic peaks in 1983-1984, 1993-1994, 2003-2004, and 2013-2014. No significant alterations were identified in the trends in incidence, mortality, and case-fatality coefficients in the state. However, there was a significant increase in the incidence coefficient in the Chapada das Mangabeiras Development Territory, with an annual percent change of 17.5%, and a decrease in the Vale do Sambito Development Territory (-18.3%) and Vale do Rio Guaribas Development Territory (-8,1%). VL has a high burden of disease, measured by disability-adjusted life years, and is among the leading neglected tropical diseases in the state of Piauí. The study concludes by recommending the improvement of surveillance and control measures for this disease.

La leishmaniasis visceral (LV) o kala azar es una de las principales enfermedades tropicales desatendidas de gran importancia, debido al carácter letal de esta zoonosis causada por protozoos del género Leishmania. El objetivo fue analizar la tendencia temporal de los casos de LV en el estado de Piauí, Brasil, de 2008 a 2018, incluyéndola dentro del período total de 1971 a 2018. Se utilizaron datos del Sistema Brasileño de Información de Enfermedades de Notificación (SINAN) y del Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad (SIM). Para el análisis de la carga de la enfermedad, se recogieron datos del Instituto de Métricas y Evaluación en Salud, a través del estudio Carga Global de Enfermedades, Lesiones y Factores de Riesgo (GBD Compare). Se empleó el análisis de regresión Prais-Winsten. Se registraron 2.374 casos con probable lugar de infección en Piauí y 2492 casos en residentes del estado. La serie histórica analizada, de 1971-2018, reafirma el carácter cíclico de la enfermedad por la presencia de los picos epidémicos, identificados en 1983 y 1984, 1993 y 1994, 2003 y 2004 y 2013 y 2014. No se identificaron alteraciones significativas en la tendencia de los coeficientes de incidencia, mortalidad y letalidad en el estado. No obstante, hubo un aumento significativo del coeficiente de incidencia en el Territorio de Desarrollo (TD) Chapada das Mangabeiras (variación del porcentaje anual de 17,5%) y reducción en el TD Vale do Sambito (-18,3%) y TD Vale do Rio Guaribas (-8,1%). La LV tiene una mayor carga de enfermedad medida en años de vida ajustados por deficiencia entre las enfermedades tropicales olvidadas del estado. Se recomienda el perfeccionamiento de las medidas de vigilancia y control de la enfermedad. (LV importancia Leishmania Brasil 200 2018 197 SINAN (SINAN SIM. SIM . (SIM) Salud GBD Compare. Compare Compare) PraisWinsten. PraisWinsten Prais Winsten. Winsten Prais-Winsten 2374 2 374 2.37 249 analizada 19712018, 19712018 1971-2018 epidémicos 198 1984 199 1994 201 2014 obstante (TD variación 17,5% 175 17 5 18,3% 183 18 3 (-18,3% 8,1%. 81 8,1% 8 1 (-8,1%) 20 19 (SIM 237 37 2.3 24 1971201 1971-201 17,5 18,3 (-18,3 8,1 (-8,1% 23 2. 197120 1971-20 17, 18, (-18, 8, (-8,1 19712 1971-2 (-18 (-8, 1971- (-1 (-8 (- (

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala azar is one of the main neglected tropical diseases, of major importance due to the lethal nature of this zoonosis caused by protozoa of genus Leishmania. The study aimed to analyze the time trend in VL cases in the state of Piauí, Brazil, from 2008 to 2018, within the total period from 1971 to 2018. Data were obtained from the Brazilian Information System for Notificable Diseases (SINAN) and the Brazilian Mortality Information System (SIM). For burden of disease analysis, data were collected from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD Compare). Prais-Winsten regression analysis was used. A total of 2,374 cases were recorded with probable infection in the state of Piauí and 2,492 cases in residents of the state. The historical series analyzed, from 1971 to 2018, reaffirms the cyclical nature of the disease, based on the identification of epidemic peaks in 1983-1984, 1993-1994, 2003-2004, and 2013-2014. No significant alterations were identified in the trends in incidence, mortality, and case-fatality coefficients in the state. However, there was a significant increase in the incidence coefficient in the Chapada das Mangabeiras Development Territory, with an annual percent change of 17.5%, and a decrease in the Vale do Sambito Development Territory (-18.3%) and Vale do Rio Guaribas Development Territory (-8,1%). VL has a high burden of disease, measured by disability-adjusted life years, and is among the leading neglected tropical diseases in the state of Piauí. The study concludes by recommending the improvement of surveillance and control measures for this disease. (VL Leishmania Brazil 200 2018 197 SINAN (SINAN SIM. SIM . (SIM) Injuries GBD Compare. Compare Compare) PraisWinsten Prais Winsten used 2374 2 374 2,37 2492 492 2,49 analyzed 19831984, 19831984 1983 1984, 1984 1983-1984 19931994, 19931994 1993 1994, 1994 1993-1994 20032004, 20032004 2003 2004, 2004 2003-2004 20132014. 20132014 2013 2014. 2014 2013-2014 mortality casefatality case fatality However 175 17 5 17.5% 18.3% 183 18 3 (-18.3% 8,1%. 81 8,1% 8 1 (-8,1%) disabilityadjusted disability adjusted years 20 201 19 (SIM 237 37 2,3 249 49 2,4 1983198 198 1983-198 1993199 199 1993-199 2003200 2003-200 2013201 2013-201 17.5 18.3 (-18.3 8,1 (-8,1% 23 2, 24 4 198319 1983-19 199319 1993-19 200320 2003-20 201320 2013-20 17. 18. (-18. 8, (-8,1 19831 1983-1 19931 1993-1 20032 2003-2 20132 2013-2 (-18 (-8, 1983- 1993- 2003- 2013- (-1 (-8 (- (

A leishmaniose visceral (LV) ou calazar é uma das principais doenças tropicais negligenciadas, de grande importância devido ao caráter letal desta zoonose causada por protozoários do gênero Leishmania. Objetivou-se analisar a tendência temporal dos casos de LV no Estado do Piauí, Brasil, de 2008 a 2018, inserindo-o dentro do período total de 1971 a 2018. Utilizaram-se dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) e do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Para análise da carga da doença, foram coletados dados do Instituto de Métricas e Avaliação em Saúde através do estudo Carga Global de Doenças, Lesões e Fatores de Risco. Foi empregada a análise de regressão Prais-Winsten. Foram registrados 2.374 casos com provável local de infecção no Piauí e 2.492 casos em residentes do estado. A série histórica analisada, de 1971 a 2018, reafirma o caráter cíclico da doença, pela presença dos picos epidêmicos identificados em 1983 e 1984, 1993 e 1994, 2003 e 2004 e 2013 e 2014. Não foram identificadas alterações significativas na tendência dos coeficientes de incidência, mortalidade e letalidade no estado. No entanto, houve aumento significativo do coeficiente de incidência no Território de Desenvolvimento (TD) Chapada das Mangabeiras (variação percentual anual de 17,5%) e redução no TD Vale do Sambito (-18,3%) e TD Vale do Rio Guaribas (-8,1%). A LV tem a maior carga de doença medida em anos de vida ajustados por deficiência entre as doenças tropicais negligenciadas do estado. Recomenda-se o aprimoramento das medidas de vigilância e controle do agravo. (LV Leishmania Objetivouse Objetivou se Brasil 200 2018 inserindoo inserindo 197 Utilizaramse Utilizaram SINAN (SINAN SIM. SIM . (SIM) Doenças Risco PraisWinsten. PraisWinsten Prais Winsten. Winsten Prais-Winsten 2374 2 374 2.37 2492 492 2.49 estado analisada 198 1984 199 1994 201 2014 entanto (TD variação 17,5% 175 17 5 18,3% 183 18 3 (-18,3% 8,1%. 81 8,1% 8 1 (-8,1%) Recomendase Recomenda agravo 20 19 (SIM 237 37 2.3 249 49 2.4 17,5 18,3 (-18,3 8,1 (-8,1% 23 2. 24 4 17, 18, (-18, 8, (-8,1 (-18 (-8, (-1 (-8 (- (

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) represents a public health concern in several areas of the world. In the American continent, VL transmission is typically zoonotic, but humans with active VL caused by Leishmania infantum are able to infect sandflies. Thus, individuals with cutaneous parasitic infections may act as reservoirs and allow interhuman transmission. Additionally, the skin may be responsible for reactivation of the disease after therapy. This study’s objective was to evaluate cutaneous parasitism in humans with VL in an American endemic area. METHODS: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted in northeast Brazil from October 2016 to April 2017. Biopsies of healthy skin for histopathology and immunohistochemistry were performed prior to treatment in all study patients. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients between the ages of five months to 78 years were included in the study. Seven patients (31.8%) tested positive for HIV. Only one patient had cutaneous parasitism, as confirmed by immunohistochemistry prior to treatment. Parasitism was not detected after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Cutaneous parasitism in the healthy skin of humans with visceral leishmaniasis, although unusual, may be a source of infection for phlebotomine sandflies.

ABSTRACT In Latin America, the causative agent of kala-azar is the intracellular protozoan Leishmania infantum. Most cases in South America are reported in Brazil. Worldwide, it mainly affects Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, South Sudan and Sudan. Despite the high morbidity and lethality of kala-azar, most infections are asymptomatic. However, a small portion of patients evolves with recurrence of kala-azar becoming symptomatic even after all available drug treatments. Kala-azar is not a formal indication for splenectomy in adults. Splenectomy is recommended as a saving measure, when kala-azar is associated with symptomatic hypersplenism and for drug-resistant cases. In the study, we report two cases of kala-azar with splenomegaly that presented several hospitalizations due to the recurrence of the kala-azar, in addition to hospitalizations for normalizing the blood count. After splenectomy, kala-azar cases and the effects of hypersplenism are cured. Thus, splenectomy should be seen as a surgical treatment option with a curative purpose in patients with recurrent kala-azar, in whom the possibilities of drug therapy have been exhausted and even so they progressed with hypersplenism and clinical repercussions.

Resumo A infecção por Leishmania infantum em gatos tem sido relatada em vários países, incluindo o Brasil. No entanto, a transmissão da leishmaniose visceral (LV) de gatos para outro hospedeiro ainda não foi comprovada. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a possibilidade de transmissão de L. infantum de gatos para cães. Para verificar a possibilidade de transmissão da LV do gato para o cão, foi realizado xenodiagnóstico em um gato com LV, utilizando-se 55 fêmeas de Lutzomyia longipalpis. Cinco dias depois, 40 insetos foram dissecados para verificar a infecção por Leishmania. As 15 fêmeas restantes foram alimentadas em um cão saudável. A possível infecção no cão foi verificada por meio de exames clínicos, sorológicos, parasitológicos e PCR, três, seis e doze meses após a infecção. Todas as 55 fêmeas de L. longipalpis ficaram visivelmente ingurgitadas. Promastigotas de Leishmania foram detectadas em 27,5% dos insetos dissecados. A infecção por Leishmania no cão foi confirmada na primeira avaliação. O sequenciamento do DNA do parasito isolado do gato confirmou a infecção por L. infantum e apresentou 99% de similaridade com sequências de DNA de L. infantum de cães. Através deste estudo, foi possível confirmar a transmissão experimental de L. infantum de um gato doméstico para um cão doméstico através do seu vetor biológico L. longipalpis.

Abstract Leishmania infantum infection in cats has been reported in several countries, including Brazil. However, the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) from cats to another host has not been proven yet. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the possibility of L. infantum transmission from cats to dogs. In order to verify the possibility of VL transmission from the cat to the dog, xenodiagnosis was carried out in a VL-positive cat, using 55 female Lutzomyia longipalpis. Five days later, 40 insects were dissected to verify Leishmania infection. The remaining 15 females were fed in a healthy dog. The potential infection of the dog was verified through clinical, serological, parasitological examinations, and PCR, at three, six, and twelve months post-infection. All 55 L. longipalpis females became visibly engorged. Leishmania promastigotes were detected in 27.5% of the dissected insects. Leishmania infection in the dog was confirmed upon first evaluation. DNA sequencing of the parasite isolated from the cat confirmed L. infantum infection and showed 99% similarity with the L. infantum DNA sequences from the dogs. Through this study, it was possible to confirm the L. infantum experimental transmission from a domestic cat to a domestic dog through its biological vector L. longipalpis.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Pentavalent antimonials remain as the standard drugs in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniosis. The high cost, difficult administration, long treatment time, toxicity and increasing morbidity are factors that limit the use of these drugs. OBJECTIVES: To describe the response to radiofrequency thermotherapy in the treatment of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil, and to evaluate its safety and tolerability. METHODS: We conducted a non-comparative open trial with a total of 15 patients confirmed to have cutaneous leishmaniasis on parasitological examination. A single radiofrequency thermotherapy session at 50ºC for 30 seconds was applied to the lesion and its edges. In patients with more than one lesion, only the largest one was treated initially. If after 30 days there was no evidence of healing, the smaller lesion was also treated with thermotherapy. Clinical cure was defined as visible healing for three months after treatment. The patients were followed-up for six months and there was no follow-up loss. RESULTS: Of all 23 lesions, only two evolved to complete healing without the need of treatment. Of 21 lesions, 18 (85.7%) achieved full healing. The main observed side effects were itching, burning sensation, pain and blisters. STUDY LIMITATIONS: Sample with a small number of patients and short follow-up. CONCLUSION: Thermotherapy can be considered a therapeutic alternative in localized cutaneous leishmaniasis, especially in cases of single cutaneous lesions and with formal contraindications to conventional treatment with pentavalent antimonials.

Resumo Objetivo: descrever um protocolo simplificado para abordagem de casos suspeitos de meningite. Métodos: relato de experiência na abordagem diagnóstica das meningites no serviço de referência em doenças tropicais do estado do Piauí, Brasil, no período de 2007-2016; extraíram-se informações do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan) e do livro de registro do laboratório; utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado para comparar os indicadores da vigilância epidemiológica baseados na classificação final dos casos de meningite; utilizou-se o teste de concordância Phi para verificar a correlação entre os diagnósticos etiológicos presumidos pelo protocolo e aqueles confirmados laboratorialmente. Resultados: considerando-se 4.096 casos de meningite estudados, houve redução na classificação genérica desses casos, de 72 para 47% (p<0,001); a indicação do perfil de investigação laboratorial mostrou concordância com o diagnóstico final dos casos de meningite (rf=0,66; p<0,001). Conclusão: o diagnóstico etiológico específico das meningites foi alcançado em maior proporção durante a utilização do protocolo.

Abstract Objective: to describe a simplified protocol to diagnose suspected cases of meningitis. Methods: this is an experience report on the approach to diagnosing meningitis at the Tropical Diseases Reference Service in the state of Piauí, Brazil, between 2007 and 2016; information was extracted from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) and the laboratory record book; the chi-square test was used to compare epidemiological surveillance indicators based on final meningitis case classification; the Phi coefficient was used to verify the correlation between presumed diagnosis and laboratory-confirmed diagnosis. Results: considering the 4,096 cases of meningitis investigated, there was a reduction in the generic classification of meningitis cases from 72% to 47% (p<0.001); indicated laboratory investigation profile showed agreement with final meningitis case diagnosis. (rf=0.66; p<0.001). Conclusion: a greater proportion of specific etiologic diagnosis of meningitis was achieved while the protocol was in use.

Resumen Objetivo: describir un protocolo para el abordaje de casos sospechosos de meningitis. Métodos: se relata la experiencia del diagnóstico de meningitis en el servicio de referencia para enfermedades tropicales del estado de Piauí, Brasil, entre 2007 y 2016; extrajimos informaciones del Sistema de Información de Notificación (Sinan) y del libro de laboratorio; la prueba de chi-cuadrado verificó la alteración de los indicadores de la vigilancia epidemiológica basados en la clasificación de los casos de meningitis; usamos la prueba de concordancia Phi para correlacionar los diagnósticos etiológicos presumidos por el protocolo y aquellos confirmados laboratorialmente. Resultados: considerando los 4.096 casos de meningitis investigados, se observó reducción en la clasificación genérica de casos del 72 al 47% (p<0,001); la selección del perfil de investigación mostró concordancia con la clasificación final de los casos de meningitis (rf=0,66; p<0,001). Conclusión: el diagnóstico etiológico de las meningitis se alcanzó en mayor proporción durante la utilización del protocolo.

Resumo Objetivo: descrever um protocolo simplificado para abordagem de casos suspeitos de meningite. Métodos: relato de experiência na abordagem diagnóstica das meningites no serviço de referência em doenças tropicais do estado do Piauí, Brasil, no período de 2007-2016; extraíram-se informações do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan) e do livro de registro do laboratório; utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado para comparar os indicadores da vigilância epidemiológica baseados na classificação final dos casos de meningite; utilizou-se o teste de concordância Phi para verificar a correlação entre os diagnósticos etiológicos presumidos pelo protocolo e aqueles confirmados laboratorialmente. Resultados: considerando-se 4.096 casos de meningite estudados, houve redução na classificação genérica desses casos, de 72 para 47% (p<0,001); a indicação do perfil de investigação laboratorial mostrou concordância com o diagnóstico final dos casos de meningite (rf=0,66; p<0,001). Conclusão: o diagnóstico etiológico específico das meningites foi alcançado em maior proporção durante a utilização do protocolo.

Abstract Objective: to describe a simplified protocol to diagnose suspected cases of meningitis. Methods: this is an experience report on the approach to diagnosing meningitis at the Tropical Diseases Reference Service in the state of Piauí, Brazil, between 2007 and 2016; information was extracted from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) and the laboratory record book; the chi-square test was used to compare epidemiological surveillance indicators based on final meningitis case classification; the Phi coefficient was used to verify the correlation between presumed diagnosis and laboratory-confirmed diagnosis. Results: considering the 4,096 cases of meningitis investigated, there was a reduction in the generic classification of meningitis cases from 72% to 47% (p<0.001); indicated laboratory investigation profile showed agreement with final meningitis case diagnosis. (rf=0.66; p<0.001). Conclusion: a greater proportion of specific etiologic diagnosis of meningitis was achieved while the protocol was in use.

Resumen Objetivo: describir un protocolo para el abordaje de casos sospechosos de meningitis. Métodos: se relata la experiencia del diagnóstico de meningitis en el servicio de referencia para enfermedades tropicales del estado de Piauí, Brasil, entre 2007 y 2016; extrajimos informaciones del Sistema de Información de Notificación (Sinan) y del libro de laboratorio; la prueba de chi-cuadrado verificó la alteración de los indicadores de la vigilancia epidemiológica basados en la clasificación de los casos de meningitis; usamos la prueba de concordancia Phi para correlacionar los diagnósticos etiológicos presumidos por el protocolo y aquellos confirmados laboratorialmente. Resultados: considerando los 4.096 casos de meningitis investigados, se observó reducción en la clasificación genérica de casos del 72 al 47% (p<0,001); la selección del perfil de investigación mostró concordancia con la clasificación final de los casos de meningitis (rf=0,66; p<0,001). Conclusión: el diagnóstico etiológico de las meningitis se alcanzó en mayor proporción durante la utilización del protocolo.

This study showed that laboratory markers of recent infection by dengue, Zika or chikungunya arboviruses were detected in the biological samples of approximately one-third of patients with encephalitis, myelitis, encephalomyelitis or Guillain-Barré syndrome, in a surveillance programme in Piauí state, Brazil, between 2015-2016. Fever and myalgia had been associated with these cases. Since in non-tropical countries most infections or parainfectious diseases associated with the nervous system are attributed to herpesviruses, enteroviruses, and Campylobacter jejuni, the present findings indicate that in tropical countries, arboviruses may now play a more important role and reinforce the need for their surveillance and systematic investigation in the tropics.