Abstract The challenge in the production of gluten-free pasta is in obtaining the technological and nutritional quality already achieved for wheat-based pasta. This review covered the main ingredients and processes used to produce gluten-free pasta, and points to future perspectives for this product. It was found that the ingredients used for technological improvement aimed to reproduce a network with polymers, of the protein type (mainly eggs, pseudo-cereals and legumes), starches (flours and/or isolated starches) and hydrocolloids (gums) for structuring gluten-free pastas. The use of regional raw materials stands out as innovative ingredients that add value and health and at the same time, promote sustainability. For nutritional improvement, those with a high content of proteins and fibers stand out, but studies on enrichment with micronutrients are lacking. For processing, studies are using equipment, mixing times and drying processes similar to wheat-based pasta, with few innovations, except those obtained by thermoplastic extrusion. In conclusion, research with gluten-free pasta needs greater investments to move towards the development of differentiated formulations and processing, as with wheat-based pastas, which has evolved over centuries.

Resumo A abóbora é um vegetal de cor amarela ou laranja, de sabor suave, que se destaca como fonte de fibra e nutrientes. Porém, os produtos com abóboras ainda são pouco explorados no Brasil, devido à sua alta perecibilidade in natura e à falta de hábitos alimentares dos produtos de panificação regionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi produzir e caracterizar uma farinha de abóbora para ser utilizada como ingrediente em muffins, além de avaliar as características tecnológicas e sensoriais desses bolos, e selecionar o muffin com maior aceitação sensorial para avaliação de sua composição nutricional. Foram produzidos três muffins: um controle (M0) e dois contendo de 5 (M1) e 10 (M2) g/100 g de substituição parcial da farinha de trigo pela farinha de abóbora, mantendo-se os demais ingredientes comuns aos bolos. Foram avaliadas as características tecnológicas de firmeza, volume e cor. A aceitação sensorial foi avaliada utilizando um teste afetivo em escala hedônica não estruturada de nove pontos. Não houve diferenças significativas na firmeza e na análise de imagem (distribuição, tamanho e área dos poros do miolo) entre os três muffins, porém M1 e M2 apresentaram cor da crosta mais escura, miolo mais laranja e menor volume em relação ao M0. Foi considerada a aceitabilidade sensorial dos muffins como critério de seleção para análise da composição nutricional. A aceitação dos muffins M1 foi melhor do que a aceitação de M0, mas sem diferenças em relação a M2. A opinião dos consumidores também foi considerada e M1 foi selecionado por ter maior aceitação. Nutricionalmente, M0 e M1 apresentaram teores semelhantes de proteínas, carboidratos digestíveis e lipídios, mas M1 apresentou um maior teor de cinzas e fibras totais: 2,01 ± 0,03 e 1,57 g/100 g (base seca), respectivamente. Assim, a farinha de abóbora poderá ser produzida e usada como ingrediente regional, enriquecido e de cor natural para muffins ou outros produtos de panificação e, dessa forma, ter um impacto socialmente positivo para os pequenos agricultores.

Abstract Pumpkin is a yellow or orange-colored vegetable with a mild flavor that stands out as a fiber and nutrient source. However, the products with pumpkins are still little explored in Brazil, due to high perishability in natura and to the lack of eating habits of regional baked goods. This study aimed to produce and characterize a pumpkin flour to be used as an ingredient in muffins, evaluate the technological, and sensory characteristics of these cakes, and select the most sensorially accepted muffin for nutritional composition evaluation. Three muffins were produced as following: one control (M0); and two containing 5 (M1) and 10 (M2) g/100 g of partial substitution of wheat flour by pumpkin flour, thus maintaining the other ingredients common to cakes. The technological characteristics of firmness, volume and color were evaluated. Sensory acceptance was assessed using an affective test on an unstructured 9-point hedonic scale. There were no significant differences in the firmness and image analysis (distribution, size, and pore area of the crumb) among the three muffins, however, M1 and M2 presented darker crust color, more orange crumb, and a lower volume compared to M0. The sensory acceptability of the muffins was considered as a criterion for selection for nutritional composition analysis. The muffins’ acceptance of M1 was better than M0, but without differences to M2. The consumers’ opinions were also considered, and M1 was selected for having greater acceptance. Nutritionally, M0 and M1 presented similar levels of proteins, digestible carbohydrates, and lipids, however, M1 showed a higher content of ash and total dietary fibers: 2.01 ± 0.03 and 1.57 g/100 g (dry basis), respectively. Thus, the pumpkin flour could be produced and used as a regional, enriched, and natural-colored ingredient for muffins or other bakery products, and therefore they had a socially positive impact on family farming.

Resumo A região Norte é grande produtora de mandioca, cuja farinha tem sido consumida como parte diária do hábito alimentar da população, sendo produzida artesanalmente. Devido à escassez de informações técnicas, este trabalho objetivou classificar e caracterizar nutricional e tecnologicamente nove amostras de farinhas de mandioca adquiridas em Belém-PA. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e, quando significativos (p < 0,05), foi feito o teste de diferença de médias Scott Knott. As farinhas estavam dentro dos padrões da legislação brasileira em relação a umidade e cinzas, e foram classificadas como de alta acidez, sendo que quatro das nove farinhas apresentaram teor de cianetos entre 15 e 31 mg HCN/kg. Apesar de serem seguras para o consumo, recomendam-se melhorias em etapas de processo para diminuir o teor de cianetos. Quanto a cor e granulometria, foram consideradas amarelas (67%) e brancas (33%) e grossas (67%) e médias (33%), respectivamente. Nutricionalmente, podem contribuir como fonte de fibra alimentar (7,67% a 11,26%) e amido cru, sendo benéficas para dar saciedade. Tecnologicamente, apresentaram-se como espessantes, por apresentarem amido cru, tanto no consumo direto quanto em produtos cozidos, formando pastas claras, textura longa e não firmes. Estas variações nas características nutricionais e tecnológicas permitiram verificar que são necessárias modificações no processamento para padronização da qualidade das farinhas utilizadas como ingrediente alimentício sem glúten.

Abstract The northern region of Brazil is a large cassava producer, and cassava flour has been handcrafted and consumed daily by the local population. This study aimed to classify and characterize nine different samples of cassava flour marketed in Belém-PA/ Brazil from a nutritional and technological point of view. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and the averages were compared using the Scott Knott test (p < 0.05). The flours were within the legislation in relation to moisture and ash contents, with high acidity, four out of nine flours evaluated had cyanide content between 15 and 31 mg HCN/kg. Regarding color and particle size, samples varied between yellow (67%) and white (33%); from coarse (67%) to medium (33%), respectively. From a nutritional point of view, the cassava flours are a source of dietary fiber (7.67% to 11.26%) and raw starch, which have satiety benefits. From the technological point of view, the flours are used as thickeners, producing pastes that are clear with a long and less firm texture. These variations in nutritional and technological characteristics allowed to verify that changes in processing are necessary to standardize the quality of flours used as a gluten free food ingredient.

Abstract One of the innovation strategies of the bakery industry is the use of new ingredients capable of increasing the health appeal of products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of partial substitution (15%) of wheat flour by young bamboo culm flour (YBCF) in cookies formulations, using a central composite design with two variables (sugar and fat reductions) and three replicates at the central point. Formulations were selected by surface response methodology (p<0.10) and evaluated over 28 days of storage for stability and nutritional composition. Only sugar reduction led to significant differences in the diameter of the cookies. Formulations with 50% of reduction of sugar and fat (F2 and F3, respectively) were selected for the study, in addition to a control formulation (CF). Moisture content and water activity of the cookies remained low throughout the storage, as recommended for the maintenance of the crispness. Cookies F2 and F3 were light-colored, similar to CF, and presented lower energy value (0.83 and 11.73%, respectively), compared with CF. These results indicate that YBCF may be a promising ingredient for the bakery industry, once it contains high fiber levels and allows the reduction of up to 50% sugar and fat in cookies.

This study aimed at comparing both the results of wheat flour quality assessed by the new equipment Wheat Gluten Quality Analyser (WGQA) and those obtained by the extensigraph and farinograph. Fifty-nine wheat samples were evaluated for protein and gluten contents; the rheological properties of gluten and wheat flour were assessed using the WGQA and the extensigraph/farinograph methods, respectively, in addition to the baking test. Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear regression were used to evaluate the results. The parameters of energy and maximum resistance to extension determined by the extensigraph and WGQA showed an acceptable level for the linear correlation within the range from 0.6071 to 0.6511. The PCA results obtained using WGQA and the other rheological apparatus showed values similar to those expected for wheat flours in the baking test. Although all equipment used was effective in assessing the behavior of strong and weak flours, the results of medium strength wheat flour varied. WGQA has shown to use less amount of sample and to be faster and easier to use in relation to the other instruments used.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram o desenvolvimento e a avaliação sensorial e físico-química de biscoitos tipo cookies com farinha desengordurada de gergelim (FDG), que é um subproduto da extração de óleo de gergelim. A partir de uma formulação padrão (F0), foram feitas substituições da farinha de trigo por FDG nos níveis de 10 % (F1), 20 % (F2) e 30 % (F3). Foi realizado o teste de aceitação sensorial (textura, cor, sabor e aparência), bem como o teste de intenção de compra, para selecionar os cookies com maiores médias de aceitação, que foram analisados quanto às suas características tecnológicas e à composição centesimal. Para a avaliação sensorial, foi feita a análise de variância seguida de teste de Tukey (p < 0,05); para as demais análises, foi feito o teste de Student (p < 0,05). F0 e F1 foram selecionados pela avaliação sensorial, pois apresentaram significativamente os maiores valores para o sabor e a intenção de compra, em comparação com F2 e F3. Tecnologicamente, F0 e F1 não apresentaram diferença significativa em relação a densidade de massa, a w, firmeza e atributos de cor L* e b*, porém F0 apresentou os menores valores de volume específico e atributo de cor a*. A composição centesimal mostrou que o cookie F1 apresentou significativamente os maiores valores de cinzas (1,83 %), proteínas (10,88 %) e fibra alimentar (3,07 %), e menor teor de umidade (4,79 %), em comparação com F0. Foi possível obter biscoitos tipo cookies com substituição da farinha de trigo por até 10 % de FDG, o que propiciou o aumento do teor de proteínas e fibra alimentar, com aceitação sensorial e características tecnológicas semelhantes ao cookie usado como controle.

The objective of this work was the development and sensory and physicochemical evaluation of cookies with added defatted sesame flour (FDG), this being a by-product of the extraction of sesame oil. Based on a standard formulation (F0), the wheat flour was substituted with FDG at levels of 10 % (F1), 20 % (F2) and 30 % (F3). The sensory acceptability (colour, texture, flavour and appearance) and purchasing intent were determined in order to select the cookies with greater acceptance means, which were analyzed for their proximate composition and technological characteristics. The results of the sensory evaluation were submitted to the analysis of variance followed by Tukey´s test (p < 0.05), and the other results to the Student test (p < 0.05). F0 and F1 were selected by the sensory evaluation since they presented significantly higher values for taste and purchasing intent as compared to F2 and F3. F0 and F1 showed no significant technological differences in relation to mass density, aw, firmness and the colour attributes L * and b *, but F0 showed lower values for specific volume and the colour attribute a *. In the proximate composition, the F1 cookies showed significantly higher values for ash (1.83 %), protein (10.88 %) and dietary fibre (3.07 %) and lower moisture contents (4.79 %) in comparison to F0. Cookies could be obtained with substitution of the wheat flour by up to 10 % of FDG, leading to an increase in the protein and dietary fibre contents but with sensory acceptance and technological characteristics similar to those of the control cookie.

Este trabalho visou avaliar o Índice Glicêmico (IG) in vitro de cereal matinal extrudado à base de farinha de milho (MI) e farelo de maracujá (MA) orgânicos. As matérias-primas foram caracterizadas (composição centesimal, tamanho de partícula e IG) e foi utilizado um planejamento experimental completo 2³ para a obtenção dos extrudados, nos quais as variáveis independentes foram: teor de umidade da matéria-prima (18 a 28%), temperatura de extrusão (120 a 160 ºC) e adição de farelo de maracujá (0 a 30%), tendo o IG como resposta analisada pela Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta (MSR) e Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP). MI e MA apresentaram 8,5 e 7,63% de proteína, 2,61 e 0,60% de gordura, 0,52 e 6,17% de cinzas, 78,77 e 78,86% de carboidratos (3 e 64% de fibra alimentar total) e 48 e 45 de IG, respectivamente. MI teve distribuição homogênea de partículas; já a de MA foi heterogênea. A MSR não mostrou variação significativa no IG (média = 48,41), mas a ACP indicou que o IG tende a ser menor em extrudados com temperaturas de extrusão abaixo de 128 ºC, e maior acima de 158 ºC. O cereal matinal apresentou redução de até 50% no IG, quando comparado com pão branco (100%), podendo ser benéfico à saúde.

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of process parameters and Passion Fruit Fiber (PFF) addition on the Glycemic Index (GI) of an extruded breakfast cereal. A 2³ Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used, with the following independent variables: raw material moisture content (18-28%), 2nd and 3rd barrel zone temperatures (120-160 ºC), and PFF (0-30%). Raw materials (organic corn flour and organic PFF) were characterized as to their proximate composition, particle size, and in vitro GI. The extrudates were characterized as to their in vitro GI. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used to analyze the results. Corn flour and PFF presented 8.55 and 7.63% protein, 2.61 and 0.60% fat, 0.52 and 6.17% ash, 78.77 and 78.86% carbohydrates (3 and 64% total dietary fiber), respectively. The corn flour particle size distribution was homogeneous, while PFF presented a heterogeneous particle size distribution. Corn flour and PFF presented values of GI of 48 and 45, respectively. When using RSM, no effect of the variables was observed in the GI of the extrudates (average value of 48.41), but PCA showed that the GI tended to be lower when processing at lower temperatures (<128 ºC) and at higher temperatures (>158 ºC). When compared to white bread, the extrudates showed a reduction of the GI of up to 50%, and could be considered an interesting alternative in weight and glycemia control diets.

A farinha de arroz tem sido um ingrediente atrativo para a indústria de extrusados, devido à suas qualidades como sabor suave, cor branca e hipoalergenicidade. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, produzir e analisar farinha de arroz pré-gelatinizada (FPG) por extrusão termoplástica. As FPG foram produzidas num extrusor termoplástico monorosca Brabender, variando-se a umidade (19,2 a 24,8%) e a temperatura de extrusão (108 a 192ºC). As características de torque, índice de expansão, propriedades viscoamilográficas, índice de absorção em água (IAA) e índice de solubilidade em água (ISA) das FPG foram analisadas por metodologia de superfície de resposta (MRS) e análise de componentes principais (ACP). Os resultados analisados por MRS e ACP indicaram que o torque e o índice de expansão dos extrusados apresentaram os maiores valores quando foram usados os menores teores de umidade. As FPG apresentaram, dentro das propriedades viscoamilográficas, a viscosidade inicial de pasta maior em temperaturas mais altas, já a viscosidade a 95ºC e a 50ºC foram maiores quando temperatura e umidade estavam em extremos opostos. O IAA foi menor quando se usaram baixas temperaturas e maiores teores de umidades; no entanto, o ISA, quando analisado pela MRS, não apresentou influência da temperatura e umidade, mas quando analisado pela ACP, foi maior quando as temperaturas estavam entre 120 - 150ºC e os teores de umidade entre 19,2 e 22%. Concluindo, as análises de MRS e de ACP mostraram que a variação das propriedades tecnológicas das FPG foram relacionadas aos extremos de temperatura e/ou umidade utilizados durante o processo de extrusão, e a ACP foi capaz de complementar a análise feita através da MRS.

The rice flour has become an attractive ingredient in the extrusion industry due to its unique attributes such as bland taste, white color and hypoallergenicity. The purpose of this research was to produce and analyze pre-gelatinized rice flour (GRF) for thermoplastic extrusion. The GRF was extruded using a Brabender single screw extruder, varying moisture (19.2 - 24.8%) and extrusion temperature (108 - 192ºC). Torque, expansion index (EI), viscographic properties, water absorption index (WAI), and water solubility index (WSI) characteristics of GRF were analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM) and main component analysis (PCA). The results, analyzed by MRS and PCA, indicated that during the process, the values of torque and EI increased when lower moisture was used. Considering viscographic properties, GRF presented a higher initial viscosity of the starch paste when in higher temperatures, while viscosities at 95ºC and at 50ºC increased when temperature and moisture were at extreme opposites. WAI decreased when lower temperatures and higher moisture were used. WSI was not influenced by temperature and moisture when analyzed using MRS, but with PCA, there was an increase when temperatures ranged between 120 - 150ºC and moisture between 19.2 - 22%. In conclusion, both MRS and PCA analysis showed that a variation in the technological properties of GRF were related to the use of opposite extremes of temperature and/or moisture during the extrusion process, and the PCA was able to complete the analysis done using MRS.