OBJECTIVES: Hyperinfection or disseminated strongyloidiasis has been frequently reported after transplants and is related to high mortality. This study aimed to screen for strongyloidiasis using serological diagnoses in transplant candidates. METHODS: An ELISA test was performed with filariform larvae of Strongyloides venezuelensis as a source of antigen. RESULTS: In the serum from transplant candidates, anti-Strongyloides IgG antibodies were detected in 35/150 (23.3%) samples by soluble fractions in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 31/150 (20.7%) samples by soluble fractions in Tris-HCl, 27/150 (18.0%) samples by membrane fractions in PBS and 22/150 (14.7%) samples by membrane fractions in Tris-HCl. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest the ELISA test, ideally using soluble fractions of filariform larvae S. venezuelensis in PBS, as an additional strategy for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis in transplant candidates.

Toxocara canis é um nematódeo parasita habitual do intestino delgado de cães. Um dos mecanismos conhecidos de transmissão para cães é representado pela predação de pequenos roedores que, como hospedeiros paratênicos albergam larvas de Toxocara canis em seus tecidos. Para avaliar a ocorrência de alterações de comportamento em roedores infectados por Toxocara canis 50 exemplares de Rattus norvegicus foram utilizados no experimento. Os animais foram divididos em três grupos: G1 - 20 ratos infectados com 300 ovos de Toxocara canis; G2 - 20 ratos infectados com 2.000 ovos de Toxocara canis e G3 - 10 ratos sem infecção. Trinta e 60 dias após a infecção avaliou-se a ocorrência de alterações comportamentais nos três grupos submetendo os animais, primeiramente, a uma arena de campo aberto durante cinco minutos e, a seguir, a labirinto em cruz elevado por mais cinco minutos. Os resultados obtidos indicaram aumento significativo da mobilidade (tempo total de movimentação e número de vezes em que os animais se levantaram nas patas traseiras) e comportamento exploratório nos ratos infectados, principalmente nos pertencentes ao G2, sugerindo a ocorrência de alterações comportamentais que favoreceriam a transmissão de Toxocara canis para canídeos por meio de relação presa-predador.

Toxocara canis is a common canine nematode parasite and one of its possible transmission mechanisms is the predation of infected rodents by canids. Fifty Rattus norvegicus were used to study behavioral alterations in rodents infected by T. canis larvae. The rats were divided into three groups: G1, 20 rats infected with 300 T. canis eggs; G2, 20 rats infected with 2,000 T. canis eggs; and G3, 10 non-infected rats. Thirty and 60 days post-infection, rats from all the groups were submitted to an open-field apparatus for five min and subsequently, to an elevated plus-maze apparatus, again for five min. The data obtained indicated improvement in mobility (total locomotion time and rearing frequency) and exploratory behavior in infected rats, principally in G2, which provides some support for the hypothesis that behavioral alterations in rodents infected by Toxocara canis larvae enhance the transmission rate of this ascarid to dogs.

Toxocara cati is a common feline parasite transmitted by the ingestion of embryonated eggs, by the transmammary route or by predation of paratenic hosts harbouring third-stage larvae in their bodies. In the present study, the larval distribution of T. cati in tissues and organs of Rattus norvegicus experimentally infected with 300 embryonated eggs was analysed. Third-stage larvae were recovered from livers, lungs, kidneys, eyes, brains and carcasses of infected rats, following tissue digestion with HCl 0.5% for 24 h at 37°C. Some differences from the known larval distribution of Toxocara canisin the same rodent species were found.

Roedores são reconhecidos como hospedeiros paratênicos de Toxocara canis. Um dos mecanismos de transmissão desse ascarídeo para cães, seus hospedeiros habituais, consiste na predação de hospedeiros paratênicos, que albergam larvas de terceiro estágio em seus órgãos e tecidos, entre os quais músculos estriados. No presente trabalho estudou-se se a infecção por larvas de Toxocara canis provoca alterações na força muscular de exemplares de Rattus norvegicus experimentalmente infectados. Cinqüenta Rattus norvegicus foram divididos em três grupos: G1, com 20 ratos infectados com 300 ovos de Toxocara canis; G2, com 20 ratos infectados com 2.000 ovos do ascarídeo e G3, com 10 ratos sem infecção. Dez e 30 dias após a infecção determinou-se a força muscular nas patas dianteiras dos roedores; ao mesmo tempo, avaliou-se seu peso corporal. Não foram observadas diferenças no peso dos animais dos três grupos; contudo, verificou-se decréscimo na força muscular dos ratos infectados com 2.000 ovos após o 30º dia de infecção.

The muscular strength of experimental infected Rattus norvegicus with 3rd. stage Toxocara canis larvae was investigated. Fifty Wistar rats, divided in three groups (G1 - 20 rats infected by 300 eggs of T. canis; G2 - 20 rats infected by 2,000 eggs of T. canis and G3 - 10 rats without infection) had been used. Ten and 30 days after infection the muscular strength in the fore-feet of the rats was checked; at the same time, the body weight was determined. No significative differences in the body weight were noted among the infected and control rats in both occasions. Otherwise, an impairment on the muscular strength was observed in rats infected with T. canis 30 days after inoculation.

Foi avaliada a eficácia da administração prolongada de azitromicina e pirimetamina em camundongos infectados com cepa cistogênica de Toxoplasma gondii. Os animais foram inoculados intraperitonealmente com um cisto de T. gondii e, após 20 dias, divididos em quatro grupos: GI infectados não tratados, GII infectados e tratados concomitantemente com pirimetamina (12,5mg/kg/dia) e azitromicina (100mg/kg/dia), GIII infectados e tratados com a mesma dose de pirimetamina e GIV infectados e tratados da mesma forma com azitromicina. O tratamento, via oral, estendeu-se por 120 dias; após este período os animais foram sacrificados e foi feita a contagem dos cistos no cérebro. A associação de ambos os medicamentos proporcionou melhores resultados, diminuindo a contagem de cistos no cérebro dos animais tratados de forma concomitante.

The efficacy of prolonged administration of azithromycin and pyrimethamine was evaluated in mice experimentally infected with cystogenic strain of Toxoplasma gondii. The animals were intraperitoneally inoculated with one cyst of T. gondii and after 20 days were allocated into four groups: GI, infected without treatment; GII, infected and treated with the association of pyrimethamine (12.5mg/kg/day) and azithromycin (100mg/kg/day); GIII, infected and treated with the same dose of pyrimethamine; and GIV, infected and treated in the same way with azithromycin. The oral treatment lasted 120 days, after this period all the animals were sacrificed and the count of cysts in the brain was done. The association of both drugs provided the best results, by diminishing the cyst count in the brain of the animals treated in this way.

The aim of this note was to record for the first time the recovery of Toxocara canis larvae from tissues and organs of Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769), Wistar strain, until the 60th day after experimental infection. Rats were orally infected with embryonated T. canis eggs, killed on days 3, 5, 8, 10, 15, 30, and 60 after inoculation and larvae were recovered from liver, lungs, kidneys, brain, and carcass after acid digestion, showing a pattern of migration similar of that previously observed in mice.

Visceral larva migrans syndrome by Toxocara affects mainly children between 2 and 5 years of age, it is generally asymptomatic, and the seroprevalence varies from 3 to 86% in different countries. A total of 399 schoolchildren from 14 public schools of the Butantã region, São Paulo city, Brazil, were evaluated by Toxocara serology (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Epidemiological data to the Toxocara infection obtained from a protocol were submitted to multiple logistic regression analysis for a risk profile definition. Blood was collected on filter paper by finger puncture, with all samples tested in duplicate. Considering titers > 1/160 as positive, the seroprevalence obtained was 38.8%. Among infected children, the mean age was 9.4 years, with a similar distribution between genders. A significant association was observed with the presence of onychophagia, residence with a dirty backyard, living in a slum, previous wheezing episodes, school attended, and family income (p < 0.05). All data, except "living in a slum", were considered to be determinant of a risk profile for the acquisition of Toxocara infection. A monthly income > 5 minimum salaries represented a protective factor, although of low relevance. Toxocara eggs were found in at least one of the soil samples obtained from five schools, with high prevalence of Toxocara infections, indicating the frequent soil contamination by this agent.

The frequency of coinfection with Strongyloides stercoralis and human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (HTML-1) was determined in 91 blood donors examined at the blood bank of a large hospital in São Paulo city, Brazil. As control group 61 individuals, not infected by HTLV-1, were submitted to the same techniques for the diagnosis of S. stercoralis infection. In HTLV-1 infected patients the frequency of S. stercoralis infection was 12.1%; on the other hand, the control group showed a frequency significantly lower of S. stercoralis infection (1.6%), suggesting that HTLV-1 patients shoud be considered as a high risk group for strongyloidiasis in São Paulo city.

Em amostra aleatória E estratificada da população do subdistrito de Cavacos, no município de Alterosa (Minas Gerais, Brasil) estudaram-se os aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos da infecção por Ascaris lumbricoides. Avaliou-se, também, na mesma amostra, seis meses mais tarde, o efeito do tratamento em massa com albendazol sobre a prevalência e intensidade de infecção por esse nematóide. Na primeira fase do estudo, realizou-se inquérito em 248 indivíduos, utilizando questionário que investigava aspectos relativos a condições socioeconômicas, sanitárias e clínicas. Foram, também, examinadas 230 amostras de fezes pela técnica de Kato-Katz, visando determinação da prevalência e intensidade de infecção por A. lumbricoides. Ao mesmo tempo, 202 indivíduos foram submetidos a micro-hematócrito e em 70 crianças com idade menor ou igual a 12 anos efetuou-se avaliação do estado nutricional. Determinou-se, ainda, a presença de ovos de A. lumbricoides e outros helmintos em 22 amostras de solo colhidas na zona urbana de Cavacos. Os resultados mostraram ocorrência de infecção por helmintos enteroparasitas em 29,1% da amostra examinada, com predomínio de A. lumbricoides (23,9%). Observou-se relação significativa do parasitismo e/ou intensidade de infecção por A. lumbricoides com faixa etária (idade menor ou igual a 15 anos), classe social, condições sanitárias e de habitação (água, esgoto e área domiciliar por pessoa) e presença de dor abdominal. Não se notou, entretanto, associação desses parâmetros com o estado nutricional e níveis de hematócrito. Na segunda fase do estudo, encontrou-se discreta diminuição na prevalência de infecção por A. lumbricoides, sem significância do ponto de vista estatístico, seis meses após tratamento em massa com albendazol. Notou-se, entretanto, importante e significativa redução na quantidade de ovos de A. lumbricoides eliminados pelas fezes, indicando que mesmo seis meses após administração do anti-helmíntico é menor a intensidade de infecção por A. lumbricoides em todas as faixas etárias da população de Cavacos, especialmente entre os mais jovens.

The clinical and epidemiologic aspects of infection with Ascaris lumbricoides were studied in a random stratified sample of the population of the subdistrict of Cavacos, municipality of Alterosa (Minas Gerais, Brazil). The effect of mass treatment with a single dose of albendazole on the prevalence and intensity of infection was also studied six months later in the same population. During the first phase of the study, a questionnaire was applied to 248 individuals to obtain information about the socioeconomic, sanitary and clinical conditions of the population surveyed. A total of 230 fecal samples were also examined by the Kato-Katz technique in order to determine the intensity of A. lumbricoides infection. Two hundred and two individuals were simultaneously submitted to blood counts and 70 children aged 12 years or less were evaluated for nutritional status. The presence of A. lumbricoides and other helminth eggs was also determined in 22 soil samples collected in the urban zone of Cavacos. Infection with enteroparasitic helminths was detected in 29.1% of the sample, with a predominance of A. lumbricoides (23.9%). Parasitism and/or intensity of A. lumbricoides infection were significantly correlated with age range (15 years or less), social class, sanitary and living conditions (water, sewage and domiciliary area per person), and presence of abdominal pain. However, these parameters were not correlated with nutritional status or hematocrit levels. During the second phase of the study, a slight but not statistically significant decrease in the prevalence of A. lumbricoides infection was detected after treatment with albendazole. However, an important and significant reduction in the amount of A. lumbricoides eggs eliminated through the feces was detected, indicating that the intensity of A. lumbricoides infection was lower in all the age ranges of the Cavacos population, especially among younger individuals, even six months after administration of the anthelminthic agent.

De um total de 158 cães examinados, através de exame parasitológico de fezes ou necropsia, 70 (44,30%) mostraram-se infectados por Toxocara canis, predominando a infecção nos animais com até 6 meses de idade. Através do exame de amostras de terra de localidades públicas utilizadas por crianças para diversão, demonstrou-se a presença de ovos de Toxocara sp. em 60% das amostras, evidenciando a possibilidade de ocorrer infecção humana, ingestão de ovos larvados do helminto.

Out of 158 dogs submitted to coprological examination or necropsy, 70 (44.30%) were found to be infected by Toxocara canis, the prevalence being higher among puppies with and up to 6 months of age. Out of 15 soil samples taken from public places atended by children, ova of Toxocara species were found in 60% indicating the possibility of transmission of toxocaral infection to humans through ova containing larvae.

De um total de 158 cães examinados, através de exame parasitológico de fezes ou necropsia, 70 (44,30%) mostraram-se infectados por Toxocara canis, predominando a infecção nos animais com até 6 meses de idade. Através do exame de amostras de terra de localidades públicas utilizadas por crianças para diversão, demonstrou-se a presença de ovos de Toxocara sp. em 60% das amostras, evidenciando a possibilidade de ocorrer infecção humana, ingestão de ovos larvados do helminto.

Out of 158 dogs submitted to coprological examination or necropsy, 70 (44.30%) were found to be infected by Toxocara canis, the prevalence being higher among puppies with and up to 6 months of age. Out of 15 soil samples taken from public places atended by children, ova of Toxocara species were found in 60% indicating the possibility of transmission of toxocaral infection to humans through ova containing larvae.

Exemplares de Biomphalaria tenagophila, originários de Londrina, mostraram-se resistentes à infecção por cepa simpátrica de Schistosoma mansoni e por cepa originária de Belo Horizonte (MG). Variando-se o diâmetro e a idade dos caramujos submetidos à infecção e aumentando-se o número de miracidios a que cada caramujo foi exposto, não se conseguiu obter cercárias de S. mansoni, 70 dias após a tentativa de infecção.

Strains of Biomphalaria tenagophila from Londrina showed complete resistence to infection with Schistosoma mansoni, when the snails were exposed to the sympatric strain of the trematode or to the strain from Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State. The resistence has been retained even when the diameter of the shell of the snails and the number of miracidia used to infect each snail, were altered.

Para estabelecer os mecanismos de transmissão de enteroparasitas entre a população de um orfanato, os autores pesquisaram a presença de ovos de helmintos e cistos de protozoários nas mãos, unhas e roupas das internas; nos objetos e peças de banheiros coletivos e poeira de dormitórios. Realizaram também exame bacteriológico da água que abastece a instituição. Os resultados são apresentados e discutidos.

In the present paper the authons present some studies on the epidemiology of enteroparasites in an orphanage, in Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.

Empregando 5 métodos de diagnóstico coprológico, os autores estudam a prevalência de enteroparasitas em um orfanato do município de Londrina, Paraná, discutindo os resultados.

Using 5 different coprological examination methods, the authors studied the prevalence of enteroparasites in an orphanage, in Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. The results are presented and the importance of the use of "anal swab" method for the diagnosis of enterobiosis and teniasis was emphasized