Adding neologisms to a dictionary in its revision helps keep it abreast of time, which applies to a learner's one like Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (10th edition) (henceforth OALD 10), its latest edition. English Learner's dictionaries like OALD 10 get revised regularly. In this article, the neologisms included in OALD 10 have been approached from different perspectives. In terms of the part of speech, 71.1% of the neologisms are nouns, which could speak for the nouny nature of English. Content words like nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs make up almost 96% of the neologisms. Judging by the word-formation, the top three ways to form the neologisms are compounding, derivation and blending in decreasing order. According to the form the compounds take, which are mostly nouns, the open, hyphenated and tight ones come in decreasing order. 623 compounds make up more than half of the neologisms, which provides strong evidence for compounding to be the most frequently used way of creating neologisms. For neologisms formed by derivation, most of them are also nouns. However, 170 out of 300 neologisms formed by derivation have already appeared as derivatives of headwords in OALD 9. For 34 blends, 75% of them are partial in nature, which means at least one word in making a blend is in its full form. When it comes to the new words with regional labels, nearly 80% are labeled as belonging to British and North American usages, a sign of the hidden Anglo-centrism. The status of some words counted as neologisms is questionable, as they have been in use for a very long time. The impact of science and technology on the inclusion of neologisms in OALD 10 is quite visible. There are still many opportunities for further exploration concerning OALD 10.

Om neologismes by te voeg by 'n woordeboek in die hersiening daarvan, help om die woordeboek bygewerk te hou, wat relevant is vir 'n aanleerderswoordeboek soos Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (10de uitgawe) (voortaan OALD 10), die jongste uitgawe. Engelse aanleerderswoordeboeke soos OALD 10 word gereeld hersien. In hierdie artikel word die neologismes wat in OALD 10 ingesluit is, vanuit verskillende perspektiewe benader. Betreffende die woordsoort is 71.1% van die neologismes selfstandige naamwoorde, wat die naamwoordelike aard van Engels bevestig. Inhoudswoorde soos selfstandige naamwoorde, adjektiewe, bywoorde en werkwoorde beslaan ongeveer 96% van die neologismes. Te oordeel na woordvorming is, in dalende volgorde, die drie belangrikste metodes waarmee neologismes gevorm word samestelling, afleiding en samesmelting. Volgens die vorm wat die samestellings, wat meestal selfstandige naamwoorde is, aanneem, is hulle in dalende volgorde oop, koppelteken- en geslote samestellings. 623 samestellings vorm meer as die helfte van die neologismes wat kragtige bewys bied dat samestelling die mees frekwente metode is wat gebruik word om neologismes te vorm. Betreffende neologismes wat deur afleiding gevorm is, is die meeste ook selfstandige naamwoorde. 170 uit 300 neologismes wat deur afleiding gevorm is, het reeds as afleidings van trefwoorde in OALD 9 verskyn. Rakende 34 samesmeltings is 75% van hulle gedeeltelik van aard, wat daarop dui dat ten minste een woord tydens die skep van 'n samesmelting in sy volledige vorm is. Betreffende die nuwe woorde met streeketikette is byna 80% geëtiketteer as behorende tot Britse en Noord-Amerikaanse gebruike, 'n aanduiding van die verskuilde Anglo-sentrisiteit. Die status van sommige woorde wat as neologismes beskou word, is betwisbaar, aangesien hulle lank reeds gebruik word. Die impak van die wetenskap en tegnologie op die insluiting van neologismes in OALD 10 is taamlik duidelik. Daar is steeds heelwat ruimte vir verdere navorsing rakende OALD 10.

RESUMO Introdução: O futebol é um esporte intensamente competitivo. Com o seu desenvolvimento e elevação no nível das técnicas, são apresentadas exigências mais altas para a aptidão física, estratégia e tática dos atletas. Um bom protocolo de treinamento físico é essencial para atingir essas metas. Objetivo: Estudar como os jogadores de futebol podem melhorar sua função física no treinamento físico. Métodos: Os jogadores de futebol de uma escola foram selecionados como objetos de pesquisa. Intervenções de treinamento físico e testes de acompanhamento foram feitos em jogadores de futebol durante o treinamento. O treinamento físico incluiu um teste de função física e um teste de composição corporal. Finalmente, o software SPSS16.0 foi usado para análise estatística dos dados obtidos. Resultados: Os valores médios de concentração de hemoglobina e células vermelhas sanguíneas no teste final dos atletas aumentaram ligeiramente em comparação com o primeiro, a diferença não foi significativa (P>0,05). Entretanto, o índice do hematócritos melhorou significativamente com efeito significativo (P<0,01). Conclusão: O treinamento físico pode reduzir o conteúdo de gordura corporal na função física dos jogadores de futebol e reduzir o peso dos jogadores de futebol. Esse modo de treinamento físico pode ser usado como um padrão de referência para o treinamento físico de outras equipes de futebol de alto nível. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Soccer is an intensely competitive sport. With its development and elevation in techniques, athletes’ higher demands for physical fitness, strategy, and tactics are presented. An excellent physical training protocol is essential to achieve these goals. Objective: To study how soccer players can improve their physical function in physical training. Methods: Soccer players from a school were selected as research subjects. Physical training interventions and follow-up tests were performed on soccer players during training. Physical training included a physical function test and a body composition test. Finally, SPSS16.0 software was used for statistical analysis of the obtained data. Results: The mean hemoglobin and red blood cell concentration mean values in the athletes’ final test increased slightly compared to the first test; the difference was insignificant (P>0.05). However, the hematocrit index improved significantly (P<0.01). Conclusion: Physical training can reduce the body fat content in the physical function of soccer players and reduce the weight of soccer players. This physical training mode can be used as a reference standard for the physical training of other high-level soccer teams. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.

Resumen Introducción: El fútbol es un deporte intensamente competitivo. Con su desarrollo y elevación en el nivel de las técnicas, se presentan mayores exigencias para la aptitud física, la estrategia y la táctica de los atletas. Un buen protocolo de entrenamiento físico es esencial para alcanzar estos objetivos. Objetivo: Estudiar cómo los jugadores de fútbol pueden mejorar su función física en el entrenamiento físico. Métodos: Se seleccionaron jugadores de fútbol de una escuela como sujetos de la investigación. Se realizaron intervenciones de entrenamiento físico y pruebas de seguimiento a los jugadores de fútbol durante el entrenamiento. El entrenamiento físico incluyó una prueba de función física y una prueba de composición corporal. Finalmente, se utilizó el software SPSS16.0 para el análisis estadístico de los datos obtenidos. Resultados: Los valores medios de concentración de hemoglobina y glóbulos rojos en la prueba final de los atletas aumentaron ligeramente en comparación con la primera prueba, la diferencia no fue significativa (P>0,05). Sin embargo, el índice de hematocrito mejoró significativamente con un efecto importante (P<0,01). Conclusión: El entrenamiento físico puede reducir el contenido de grasa corporal en la función física de los futbolistas y reducir el peso de los mismos. Este modo de entrenamiento físico puede utilizarse como norma de referencia para el entrenamiento físico de otros equipos de fútbol de alto nivel. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Abstract To explore the potential effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSCs) transplantation combined with milrinone on the myocardial cell survival and cardiac function in heart failure. After isolation and culture of rat BMSCs and establishment of rat model of heart failure through intraperitoneal injection of adriamycin, the animals were administered with BMSCs through tail vein injection and/or with milrinone through the jugular vein injection. After that, echocardiography and Doppler images were used to evaluate cardiac function, and ELISA determined the milrinone concentration before and after intervention. The expression of myocardial specific proteins GATA-4, Cx43 and cTnI was determined. Compared with other treatments, administration BMSCs combined with milrinone more significantly improved cardiac function (p < 0.05). The BMSCs treatment had similar effect on the heart as milrinone (p > 0.05). The combined treatment obtained significantly increased expression of BNP levels and the highest expression levels of GATA-4, Cx43 and cTnI, compared to the BMSCs group. Combined treatment with BMSCs and milrinone effectively increase the expressions of GATA-4, Cx43, cTnI, and enhances healing of damaged myocardial cells, reducing lung resistance and plasma volume, and heart afterload. This treatment restores systolic and diastolic functions of the heart.

Abstract LaoXiangHuang (LXH) is a medical pickled fruit made of fresh finger citron (Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis) in Chaozhou, China. Aging is a process to strengthen the efficacy of Laoxianghuang (LXH), which is related to the activity of microorganisms. In this study, the changes of the microbial community of LXH within the three-years aging process were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing (HTS). According to alpha diversity results, bacterial abundance and diversity were higher than those of fungi. A total of 3 phyla and 13 bacterial genera were identified whereas 2 phyla and 4 fungal genera were identified. Meta-taxonomic of the overall bacterial communities in samples revealed that Halomonas spp. was the most abundant genus in all samples, which showed the first decresed, and then increased and decreased finally. The followed by Nitriliuptor spp., Nesterenkonia spp., Weissella spp., Notinibacter spp., Streptococcus spp., Nocardiopsis spp., Acinetobacter spp., Ralstonia spp., Lactobacillus spp. and unassigned genus. The unassigned genera (through the whole three-years fermentation period), Ustilago spp., Malassezia spp., Aspergillus spp. and Schizophyllum spp. were the predominant fungal genera. The result of PCOA and T-test analysis exhibited that the samples with different aging times have significant differences and are mainly reflected in Halomonas, unassigned bacterial genera, Nitriliruptor, Nesterenkonia, Weissella, Intestinibacter, Streptococcus and Nocardiopsis, Lactobacillus, Acinetobacter, Ralstonia, unassigned fungal genera, Ustilago spp. Malassezia spp. Aspergillus spp. and Schizophyllum spp., which may have important potential in promoting the aging process of LXH. This study helps us to understand the dynamic change of microorganisms of LXH during the aging process and provides a research basis for shortening the aging time of LXH in the future.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Este estudo visa investigar o valor da aplicação da hidrografia por ressonância magnética (RM) do ouvido interno no implante coclear. MÉTODOS Cento e quarenta e seis pacientes foram inscritos. Os exames da hidrografia por RM e do CT espiral para o canal auditivo intracraniano foram executados antes da cirurgia, e todos os resultados da imagem foram analisados estatisticamente, a fim de explorar o valor da aplicação da hidrografia por RM do ouvido interno no implante coclear. RESULTADOS Centro e quarenta e seis pacientes (292 ouvidos) foram examinados. Dentre esses pacientes, 13 foram diagnosticados com aquedutos vestibulares anormais (20 ouvidos) pela hidrografia por RM, enquanto cinco pacientes foram diagnosticados com esta doença pelo CT; 15 pacientes foram diagnosticados com malformação do ouvido interno (19 ouvidos) pela hidrografia por RM, enquanto 11 pacientes foram diagnosticados por CT (quatro foram diagnosticados erroneamente); cinco pacientes foram diagnosticados com estenose de canal acústico interno (oito ouvidos) pela hidrografia por RM, enquanto dois pacientes foram diagnosticados por CT (três foram diagnosticados erroneamente); e quatro pacientes foram diagnosticados com fibrose coclear (cinco ouvidos) pela hidrografia por RM, enquanto quatro foram diagnosticados por CT (quatro ouvidos). A taxa correta de diagnóstico foi de 77,40% (113/146) com base no CT, enquanto a taxa foi de 93,84% (137/146) com base na hidrografia por RM. CONCLUSÕES A técnica de imagem da hidrografia por RM pode ser aplicada à avaliação pré-operatória do implante coclear, que pode fornecer informações anatômicas precisas e confiáveis sobre o labirinto membranoso interno e os nervos no canal acústico interno, além de uma base exata para o diagnóstico da fibrose coclear e do desenvolvimento do nervo. Isso tem um significado orientador para a seleção de esquemas de tratamento.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the application value of magnetic resonance (MR) hydrography of the inner ear in cochlear implantation. METHODS 146 patients were enrolled. MR hydrography and spiral CT examinations for the intracranial auditory canal were performed before surgery, and all imaging results were statistically analyzed in order to explore the application value of MR hydrography of the inner ear in cochlear implantation. RESULTS 146 patients (292 ears) were examined. Among these patients, 13 were diagnosed with abnormal vestibular aqueducts (20 ears) by MR hydrography, while five were diagnosed with this disease by CT; 15 patients were diagnosed with inner ear malformation (19 ears) by MR hydrography, while 11 were diagnosed by CT (four were misdiagnosed); five patients were diagnosed with internal acoustic canal stenosis (eight ears) by MR hydrography, while two were diagnosed by CT (three were misdiagnosed); and four patients were diagnosed with cochlear fibrosis (five ears) by MR hydrography, while four were diagnosed by CT (four ears). The correct rate of diagnosis was 77.40% (113/146) based on CT, while the rate was 93.84% (137/146) based on MR hydrography. CONCLUSIONS MR hydrography imaging technique can be applied to the preoperative evaluation of cochlear implantation, providing accurate and reliable anatomic information on the inner membranous labyrinth and nerves in the internal acoustic canal and an accurate basis for the diagnosis of cochlear fibrosis and nerve development. This has a guiding significance for the selection of treatment schemes.

Abstract PELE (the Penetrator with Enhanced Lateral Effect) produces a large number of fragments after penetrating metal target plate, which can damage the high-value targets behind the shield plate in a large area. However, when facing the multi-layer spaced metal shield plates, it is difficult to penetrate them and damage the targets behind them due to the limited penetration ability of the fragments. Radial layered PELE was designed for damaging multi-layer spaced metal plates. The experiment and numerical simulation were carried out to study the deformation and fragmentation of the penetrator after penetrating 2A12 aluminum alloy or Q235 steel target plate at different velocities, as well as the damage to the witness plates after penetrating the main target plates. The results show that the fragmentation of PELE increases with the increase of impact velocity. At the same impact velocity and the same thickness of metal target plate, compared with penetrating the 2A12 aluminum alloy target plate, radial layered PELE is deformed and broken to a greater extent, resulting in heavier damage to the witness plates when penetrating the Q235 steel target plate. In the process of penetrating multi-layer metal target plates, the outer jacket of radial layered PELE is gradually broken to form a large number of flying fragments, but the inner jacket is difficult to deform and break, resulting in the strong penetration ability of the penetrator. Therefore, radial layered PELE has better penetration and damage capacity than non layered PELE.

Abstract The perforation tests of 45 # steel target plate and 2A12 aluminium alloy target plate by PELE (the Penetrator with Lateral Efficiency) were carried out in this paper to study the perforation failure characteristics of metal target plate. The macroscopic morphology of perforation on the target plate and the plug was observed, and the perforation wall was cut and polished to observe the distribution and trend of the cracks in the perforation wall by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and metallographic microscopy. The magnitude and direction of the force produced by PELE on the target during penetration were calculated by numerical simulation. The experimental and numerical results show that, the perforation failure of metal target plate by PELE is different from the ductile perforation by conical-nosed projectile and the punching failure by flat-nosed projectile. The longitudinal cross section of the perforation is funnel-shaped and the shape of the plug is like a circular truncated cone. In the process of penetrating the target plate, the expansion of the filling causes the jacket to exert a force with a certain angle to the direction of projectile movement, which is the main reason for the funnel-shaped perforation and the circular truncated cone shaped plug.

Abstract In order to study the critical ricochet velocity and critical penetration velocity of tungsten alloy rod obliquely penetrating a finite-thickness metal plate, experiment and numerical calculation of tungsten alloy rod impacting on homogeneous armor steel plate with a thickness of 30mm at an angle of 60° were carried out. Compared the experimental and numerical results with the results using models, it is found that, the results of the ricochet models proposed by Tate, Rosenberg and Steven B for semi-infinite thick plate are quite different from those of experiment and numerical calculation, so they can not be applied to the ricochet situation of finite-thickness plate. The critical penetration velocity model proposed by De Marre and Zhao are in good agreement with the numerical and experimental results, which can predict critical penetration velocity of tungsten alloy rod obliquely penetrating a finite-thickness metal plate with large impact angle. The penetration depth of the projectile under the critical ricochet velocity is about 1/3 of the thickness of the target plate, and the angle between the ejection trajectory of the fragments produced by projectile and target plate and projectile penetration trajectory is exactly 90° in the first penetration stage.

Dichlorodimethylsilane is the most important raw material for the preparation of organic silicon materials. Currently, the preparation of dichlorodimethylsilane is mainly based on disproportionation method. This method can turn wastes (by-products) into treasures but the mechanism is still indeterminate. In this study, MP2/6-311++G (3df, 2pd) basis set was used to study the mechanism of the disproportionation for producing dichlorodimethylsilane. Dichlorodimethylsilane is catalyzed by 24T cluster AlCl3/ZSM-5 catalyst and modified by (AlCl2)+, and (BCl2)+. The calculation results show that the rate-determining step is the reaction of the catalyst with trimethylchlorosilane . The activation energy of the rate-determining step of main reaction is: 393.83, 427.73, and 527.61 kJ mol-1, respectively. The structure analysis, activation energy analysis and LOL analysis for different catalysts all show that the catalytic effect of unmodified AlCl3/ZSM-5 is better.

The imbalance between bone formation and osteolysis plays a key role in the pathogenesis of aseptic loosening. Strontium ranelate (SR) can promote bone formation and inhibit osteolysis. The aim of this study was to explore the role and mechanism of SR in aseptic loosening induced by wear particles. Twenty wild-type (WT) female C57BL/6j mice and 20 sclerostin-/- female C57BL/6j mice were used in this study. Mice were randomly divided into four groups: WT control group, WT SR group, knockout (KO) control group, and KO SR group. We found that SR enhanced the secretion of osteocalcin (0.72±0.007 in WT control group, 0.98±0.010 in WT SR group, P=0.000), Runx2 (0.34±0.005 in WT control group, 0.47±0.010 in WT SR group, P=0.000), β-catenin (1.04±0.05 in WT control group, 1.22±0.02 in WT SR group, P=0.000), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) (0.59±0.03 in WT control group, 0.90±0.02 in WT SR group, P=0.000). SR significantly decreased the level of receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) (1.78±0.08 in WT control group, 1.37±0.06 in WT SR group, P=0.000) and improved the protein ratio of OPG/RANKL, but these effects were not observed in sclerostin-/- mice. Our findings demonstrated that SR enhanced bone formation and inhibited bone resorption in a wear particle-mediated osteolysis model in wild-type mice, and this effect relied mainly on the down-regulation of sclerostin levels to ameliorate the inhibition of the canonical Wnt pathway.

This study applies the ecological green equivalent approach to evaluating the land use structure of Mt. Yuelu scenic area in Hunan Province, China. A mathematical model is established based on land use and land cover data, and then ArcGIS used to extract the spatial extent of the ecological green equivalent within each of the relevant elements. Results show that the area has a relatively reasonable land use structure even though the forest coverage rate is slight below the optimum. The overall green equivalent (1.13) was higher than the optimum forest coverage ecological green equivalent (1.00). The distribution of forest was uneven, with most of the forest within the site; the area's land use structure could thus be improved by extending the green area outside of Mt. Yuelu. We conclude by reiterating that landscape and infrastructure development should consider ecological system conditions.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to investigate gyrA and gyrB mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) clinical strains from 93 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Hubei Province, China, and analyze the association between mutation patterns of the genes and ofloxacin resistance level. RESULTS: Among 93 MTB clinical isolates, 61 were ofloxacin-resistant by the proportion method, and 32 were ofloxacin-susceptible MDR-TB. No mutation in the gyrB gene was found in any MTB strains. In the 61 ofloxacin-resistant isolates, 54 mutations were observed in the gyrA gene. Only one mutation in the gyrA gene was found in ofloxacin-susceptible MDR-TB isolates. In this study, the mutation patterns of gyrA involved seven patterns of single codon mutation (A90V, S91P, S91T, D94N, D94Y, D94G or D94A) and two patterns of double codons mutation (S91P & D94H, S91P & D94A). The ofloxacin minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of three patterns of single codon mutations in the gyrA gene (codons 94, 90 and 91) showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The gyrA mutations at codons 90, 91 and 94 constitute the primary mechanism of fluoroquinolone resistance in MTB, and mutations at codon 91 in the gyrA gene may be associated with low-level resistance to ofloxacin.

Two physical methods (centrifugation and ultrasonication) and 3 chemical methods (extraction with EDTA, extraction with formaldehyde, and extraction with formaldehyde plus NaOH) for extraction of EPS from alga-bacteria biofilm were assessed. Pretreatment with ultrasound at low intensity doubled the EPS yield without significant modification of the composition of EPS. Extraction with EDTA or extraction with formaldehyde plus NaOH increased yield by about 1 order of magnitude compared with other methods. However, the protein and polysaccharide content in EPS prepared with EDTA or formaldehyde plus NaOH were low. Two fluorescence peaks belonging to protein-like peaks and 2 fluorescence peaks belonging to humic acid-like substances were found in 3DEEM fluorescence spectra of all the EPS samples prepared using different methods. Fulvic-like fluorescence was detected only in the EPS extracted with formaldehyde plus NaOH. Location of, and fluorescence intensity at, each peak were clearly affected by the extraction methods. Dialysis was also found to be an important factor influencing the yield, composition and fluorescence characteristics of EPS.