Objective: To investigate whether having a higher number of depressive symptoms is associated with negative self-rated health (SRH) even in the absence of illness. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of baseline data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil), conducted in 2015-2016, using a national sample of 9,412 people aged 50 or over. SRH was dichotomized into poor or very poor and very good or excellent, good, or average. Depressive symptoms were assessed through the eight-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D8). Sociodemographic variables, information about unhealthy behaviors, and the number of chronic conditions were also analyzed. Results: Having depressive symptoms was strongly associated with poor or very poor SRH both in the unadjusted and adjusted analyses. The magnitude of the association was reduced when the number of chronic illnesses was included in the multivariate analysis, along with the other sociodemographic variables and unhealthy behaviors (OR 1.35, 95%CI 1.31-1.39). Conclusion: Having depressive symptoms may contribute towards having a poorer perception of health, even in the absence of health conditions. SRH is a multidimensional construct that can accurately reflect a person’s state of general mental health. Objective selfrated self rated (SRH illness Methods ELSIBrazil, ELSIBrazil ELSI Brazil , (ELSI-Brazil) 20152016, 20152016 2015 2016, 2016 2015-2016 9412 9 412 9,41 5 over excellent average eightitem eight item CESD8. CESD8 CESD CES D8 . D (CES-D8) analyzed Results analyses OR 135 1 35 1.35 95CI CI 95 1.311.39. 131139 1.31 1.39 31 39 1.31-1.39) Conclusion persons person s (ELSI-Brazil 2015201 201 2015-201 941 41 9,4 (CES-D8 13 3 1.3 311 1.311.39 13113 131 139 1.31-1.39 201520 20 2015-20 94 4 9, (CES-D 1. 1.311.3 1311 1.31-1.3 20152 2 2015-2 1.311. 1.31-1. 2015- 1.311 1.31-1 1.31-

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate handgrip strength and dynapenia prevalence among older adults stratified by Brazilian macroregions. Additionally, we aim to evaluate the overlap between dynapenia and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) disability, depression, and executive dysfunction on a national basis and by each Brazilian macroregion. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis was based on data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). A multistage cluster sample design was used, with a representative population-based study of non-institutionalized community-dwelling Brazilians aged ≥ 50 years from 70 municipalities across all five macroregions of the country. The outcome variable was dynapenia. Covariables were IADL disability, depression, and executive dysfunction. The Brazilian macroregions were used for stratification. In addition, the following additional variables were included: age group, gender, education level, macroregions (North, Northeast, Southeast, South, and Midwest), self-reported health, multimorbidity, and falls. RESULTS A total of 8,849 (94%) of the sample provided complete information for the handgrip strength assessment and were included in this analysis. Dynapenia prevalence was higher in North and Northeast regions (28.5% and 35.1%, respectively). We identified statistically significant differences between different macroregions for dynapenia, IADL disability, and verbal fluency, with worse values in the North and Northeast regions. In the North and Northeast macroregions, nearly half of the subjects that presented executive dysfunction and IADL disability also had dynapenia. There was a more significant overlap in the prevalence of all four conditions in the North and Northeast regions (4.8% and 5.5%, respectively), whereas the overlap was smaller in the South (2.3%). There was also a smaller overlap in the prevalence of dynapenia and depression in the South (5.8%) compared with other macroregions. CONCLUSIONS Macroregions in Brazil exhibit marked differences in the prevalence of dynapenia and in its overlap with IADL disability, depression, and executive dysfunction. Additionally (IADL macroregion crosssectional cross sectional ELSIBrazil. ELSIBrazil ELSI . (ELSI-Brazil) populationbased population noninstitutionalized non institutionalized communitydwelling community dwelling 5 7 country stratification addition group gender level North, (North Southeast Midwest, Midwest , Midwest) selfreported self reported health multimorbidity falls 8849 8 849 8,84 94% 94 (94% 28.5% 285 28 (28.5 351 35 1 35.1% respectively. respectively respectively) fluency 4.8% 48 4 (4.8 55 5.5% respectively, 2.3%. 23 2.3% 2 3 (2.3%) 5.8% 58 (5.8% (ELSI-Brazil 884 84 8,8 9 (94 28.5 (28. 35.1 4.8 (4. 5.5 2.3 (2.3% 5.8 (5.8 88 8, (9 28. (28 35. 4. (4 5. 2. (2.3 (5. ( (2 (2. (5

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate handgrip strength and dynapenia prevalence among older adults stratified by Brazilian macroregions. Additionally, we aim to evaluate the overlap between dynapenia and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) disability, depression, and executive dysfunction on a national basis and by each Brazilian macroregion. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis was based on data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). A multistage cluster sample design was used, with a representative population-based study of non-institutionalized community-dwelling Brazilians aged ≥ 50 years from 70 municipalities across all five macroregions of the country. The outcome variable was dynapenia. Covariables were IADL disability, depression, and executive dysfunction. The Brazilian macroregions were used for stratification. In addition, the following additional variables were included: age group, gender, education level, macroregions (North, Northeast, Southeast, South, and Midwest), self-reported health, multimorbidity, and falls. RESULTS A total of 8,849 (94%) of the sample provided complete information for the handgrip strength assessment and were included in this analysis. Dynapenia prevalence was higher in North and Northeast regions (28.5% and 35.1%, respectively). We identified statistically significant differences between different macroregions for dynapenia, IADL disability, and verbal fluency, with worse values in the North and Northeast regions. In the North and Northeast macroregions, nearly half of the subjects that presented executive dysfunction and IADL disability also had dynapenia. There was a more significant overlap in the prevalence of all four conditions in the North and Northeast regions (4.8% and 5.5%, respectively), whereas the overlap was smaller in the South (2.3%). There was also a smaller overlap in the prevalence of dynapenia and depression in the South (5.8%) compared with other macroregions. CONCLUSIONS Macroregions in Brazil exhibit marked differences in the prevalence of dynapenia and in its overlap with IADL disability, depression, and executive dysfunction.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Examinar a prevalência dos sintomas psiquiátricos e seus fatores associados na população adulta de Brumadinho (MG), após o rompimento da barragem. Métodos: Foram incluídos 2.740 participantes com informações coletadas em 2021 sobre os sintomas de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT), depressão, ansiedade, ideias de morte/automutilação e pior qualidade do sono. Estimaram-se as prevalências de todas as condições. Para a comparação das prevalências dos sintomas psiquiátricos e as características sociodemográficas e local de moradia, empregou-se o teste χ2 de Pearson, com correção de Rao-Scott. Regressões logísticas brutas e ajustadas estimaram os odds ratios e intervalos de confiança de 95%, permitindo a avaliação da associação entre os sintomas psiquiátricos e as características dos participantes. Resultados: Os sintomas depressivos foram a condição mais prevalente (29,3%), seguidos pelos sintomas de TEPT (22,9%) e sintomas ansiosos (18,9%). Com relação à investigação da associação entre as características dos participantes na análise ajustada, observou-se que o sexo feminino e os moradores da área de mineração apresentaram relação positiva com os sintomas de TEPT, depressivos, ansiosos, ideia de morte e pior qualidade de sono. Também se encontraram associação positiva entre a escolaridade de nível médio e os sintomas de TEPT e associação negativa entre aqueles com ≥60 anos e os sintomas de TEPT, depressivos e ansiosos. Conclusão: Altas prevalências foram encontradas para todos os sintomas psiquiátricos após a ruptura da barragem em Brumadinho. Sexo feminino, local de moradia na área de mineração, ≥60 anos e escolaridade foram associados aos sintomas psiquiátricos investigados.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To examine the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms and associated factors in the adult population of Brumadinho (MG), after the dam collapse. Methods: We included 2,740 participants with information about symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, thoughts of death/self-harm, and poor sleep quality collected in 2021. Prevalence values of all conditions were estimated to compare the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms with the participants’ sociodemographic characteristics and place of residence. Pearson’s c2 test was used, with Rao Scott’s correction. Crude and adjusted logistic regressions estimated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals to assess the association between psychiatric symptoms and participants’ characteristics. Results: The most common condition was depressive symptoms (29.3%), followed by post-traumatic stress symptoms (22.9%) and anxious symptoms (18.9%). Regarding the association between participants’ characteristics in the adjusted analysis, being a female and living in a mining area was positively associated with symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, thoughts of death/self-harm, and poor sleep quality. A positive association was also found between high school education and post-traumatic stress symptoms. In contrast a negative association was found between being aged ≥60 years and symptoms of PTSD, depression, and anxiety. Conclusion: High prevalence values were found for all psychiatric symptoms after the dam failure in Brumadinho. Being a female, living in the mining area, being ≥60 years old, and having an educational level were all associated with the psychiatric symptoms investigated.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To examine the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms and associated factors in the adult population of Brumadinho (MG), after the dam collapse. Methods: We included 2,740 participants with information about symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, thoughts of death/self-harm, and poor sleep quality collected in 2021. Prevalence values of all conditions were estimated to compare the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms with the participants’ sociodemographic characteristics and place of residence. Pearson’s c2 test was used, with Rao Scott’s correction. Crude and adjusted logistic regressions estimated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals to assess the association between psychiatric symptoms and participants’ characteristics. Results: The most common condition was depressive symptoms (29.3%), followed by post-traumatic stress symptoms (22.9%) and anxious symptoms (18.9%). Regarding the association between participants’ characteristics in the adjusted analysis, being a female and living in a mining area was positively associated with symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, thoughts of death/self-harm, and poor sleep quality. A positive association was also found between high school education and post-traumatic stress symptoms. In contrast a negative association was found between being aged ≥60 years and symptoms of PTSD, depression, and anxiety. Conclusion: High prevalence values were found for all psychiatric symptoms after the dam failure in Brumadinho. Being a female, living in the mining area, being ≥60 years old, and having an educational level were all associated with the psychiatric symptoms investigated. ABSTRACT Objective MG, MG , (MG) collapse Methods 2740 2 740 2,74 posttraumatic post traumatic PTSD (PTSD) depression anxiety death/selfharm, deathselfharm death/self harm, death self harm death/self-harm 2021 residence Pearsons Pearson s c used Scotts Scott correction 95 Results 29.3%, 293 29.3% 29 3 (29.3%) 22.9% 229 22 9 (22.9% 18.9%. 189 18.9% . 18 (18.9%) analysis 60 ≥6 Conclusion old investigated (MG 274 74 2,7 (PTSD selfharm death/selfharm deathself 202 29.3 (29.3% 22.9 (22.9 18.9 1 (18.9% 6 ≥ 27 7 2, 20 29. (29.3 22. (22. 18. (18.9 (29. (22 (18. (29 (2 (18 ( (1

RESUMO: Objetivo: Examinar a prevalência dos sintomas psiquiátricos e seus fatores associados na população adulta de Brumadinho (MG), após o rompimento da barragem. Métodos: Foram incluídos 2.740 participantes com informações coletadas em 2021 sobre os sintomas de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT), depressão, ansiedade, ideias de morte/automutilação e pior qualidade do sono. Estimaram-se as prevalências de todas as condições. Para a comparação das prevalências dos sintomas psiquiátricos e as características sociodemográficas e local de moradia, empregou-se o teste χ2 de Pearson, com correção de Rao-Scott. Regressões logísticas brutas e ajustadas estimaram os odds ratios e intervalos de confiança de 95%, permitindo a avaliação da associação entre os sintomas psiquiátricos e as características dos participantes. Resultados: Os sintomas depressivos foram a condição mais prevalente (29,3%), seguidos pelos sintomas de TEPT (22,9%) e sintomas ansiosos (18,9%). Com relação à investigação da associação entre as características dos participantes na análise ajustada, observou-se que o sexo feminino e os moradores da área de mineração apresentaram relação positiva com os sintomas de TEPT, depressivos, ansiosos, ideia de morte e pior qualidade de sono. Também se encontraram associação positiva entre a escolaridade de nível médio e os sintomas de TEPT e associação negativa entre aqueles com ≥60 anos e os sintomas de TEPT, depressivos e ansiosos. Conclusão: Altas prevalências foram encontradas para todos os sintomas psiquiátricos após a ruptura da barragem em Brumadinho. Sexo feminino, local de moradia na área de mineração, ≥60 anos e escolaridade foram associados aos sintomas psiquiátricos investigados. RESUMO Objetivo MG, MG , (MG) Métodos 2740 2 740 2.74 202 póstraumático pós traumático (TEPT) depressão ansiedade morteautomutilação automutilação sono Estimaramse Estimaram condições empregouse empregou χ Pearson RaoScott. RaoScott Rao Scott. Scott Rao-Scott 95 95% Resultados 29,3%, 293 29,3% 29 3 (29,3%) 22,9% 229 22 9 (22,9% 18,9%. 189 18,9% . 18 (18,9%) ajustada observouse observou 60 ≥6 Conclusão investigados (MG 274 74 2.7 20 (TEPT 29,3 (29,3% 22,9 (22,9 18,9 1 (18,9% 6 ≥ 27 7 2. 29, (29,3 22, (22, 18, (18,9 (29, (22 (18, (29 (2 (18 ( (1

Objective: To compare mortality in older adults with and without mild or moderate cognitive impairment over 15 years of follow-up in a middle-income country, where little information on this subject is available. Methods: A total of 1,281 community-dwelling older adults were followed-up for a median of 13.3 years. We evaluated their cognitive impairment using the Mini-Mental State Examination, categorizing it as none (1.0 SD above cutoff means), mild (1.0 SD below cutoff means) or moderate (2.0 SD below cutoff means). The date of death was determined by reviewing death certificates. Cox’s proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the risk of mortality in participants with cognitive impairment. Results: Participants with mild or moderate cognitive impairment had a higher mortality risk than those without it in the unadjusted model, but these associations did not remain in the final model. After sex stratification, only men with moderate cognitive impairment had a higher mortality risk in the final model. Conclusion: The findings suggest an association between moderate cognitive impairment and all-cause mortality in men in a large Brazilian cohort of older adults.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Investigar as variações macrorregionais da função cognitiva em amostra nacional representativa da população brasileira com 50 anos ou mais. MÉTODOS Foram utilizados dados da linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal dos Idosos Brasileiros (ELSI-Brasil), coletados entre 2015 e 2016. A memória foi aferida por meio de lista de 10 palavras e a função executiva, pela fluência verbal semântica, baseada na nomeação de animais. Como potenciais variáveis de confusão, incluímos: sexo, idade, escolaridade e residência rural ou urbana. RESULTADOS Entre os 9.412 participantes do ELSI-Brasil, 9.085 foram incluídos na análise; 53,9% eram mulheres e a média de idade foi 63,0 (0,42) anos. Após ajustes por potenciais variáveis de confusão, os escores médios para memória e fluência verbal foram menores na região Nordeste e maiores no Centro-Oeste e Sudeste, respectivamente. Na região Sul, foram encontrados maiores escores para memória imediata e combinada. Em todas as regiões, participantes mais velhos e com menor escolaridade apresentaram piores escores para memória e fluência verbal. CONCLUSÕES Existem diferenças na função cognitiva entre adultos mais velhos nas distintas macrorregiões, que são independentes da idade, sexo, escolaridade e residência rural ou urbana.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate macroregional variations in cognitive function in a national sample representative of the Brazilian population aged 50 years and older. METHODS Data from the baseline of the Longitudinal Study of Brazilian Elderly (ELSI-Brazil), collected between 2015 and 2016, were used. Memory was measured by means of a 10-word list and executive function, by semantic verbal fluency, based on the naming of animals. Gender, age, education, and rural or urban residence were potentially confounding RESULTS Among the 9,412 ELSI-Brazil participants, 9,085 were included in the analysis; 53.9% were women and the average age was 63.0 (0.42) years. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, average scores for memory and verbal fluency were lower in the Northeast region and higher in the Midwest and Southeast, respectively. In the South region, higher scores were found for immediate and combined memory. In all regions, older participants and those with lower schooling had worse scores for memory and verbal fluency. CONCLUSIONS There are differences in cognitive function among older adults in the different macroregions, independent of age, gender, schooling, and rural or urban residence.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Investigar as variações macrorregionais da função cognitiva em amostra nacional representativa da população brasileira com 50 anos ou mais. MÉTODOS Foram utilizados dados da linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal dos Idosos Brasileiros (ELSI-Brasil), coletados entre 2015 e 2016. A memória foi aferida por meio de lista de 10 palavras e a função executiva, pela fluência verbal semântica, baseada na nomeação de animais. Como potenciais variáveis de confusão, incluímos: sexo, idade, escolaridade e residência rural ou urbana. RESULTADOS Entre os 9.412 participantes do ELSI-Brasil, 9.085 foram incluídos na análise; 53,9% eram mulheres e a média de idade foi 63,0 (0,42) anos. Após ajustes por potenciais variáveis de confusão, os escores médios para memória e fluência verbal foram menores na região Nordeste e maiores no Centro-Oeste e Sudeste, respectivamente. Na região Sul, foram encontrados maiores escores para memória imediata e combinada. Em todas as regiões, participantes mais velhos e com menor escolaridade apresentaram piores escores para memória e fluência verbal. CONCLUSÕES Existem diferenças na função cognitiva entre adultos mais velhos nas distintas macrorregiões, que são independentes da idade, sexo, escolaridade e residência rural ou urbana.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate macroregional variations in cognitive function in a national sample representative of the Brazilian population aged 50 years and older. METHODS Data from the baseline of the Longitudinal Study of Brazilian Elderly (ELSI-Brazil), collected between 2015 and 2016, were used. Memory was measured by means of a 10-word list and executive function, by semantic verbal fluency, based on the naming of animals. Gender, age, education, and rural or urban residence were potentially confounding RESULTS Among the 9,412 ELSI-Brazil participants, 9,085 were included in the analysis; 53.9% were women and the average age was 63.0 (0.42) years. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, average scores for memory and verbal fluency were lower in the Northeast region and higher in the Midwest and Southeast, respectively. In the South region, higher scores were found for immediate and combined memory. In all regions, older participants and those with lower schooling had worse scores for memory and verbal fluency. CONCLUSIONS There are differences in cognitive function among older adults in the different macroregions, independent of age, gender, schooling, and rural or urban residence.

Fatores psicossociais parecem estar associados a um aumento do risco de incapacidade em idosos. Entretanto, faltam evidências baseadas em dados longitudinais de longo prazo em países ocidentais de renda baixa e média. Investigamos se os fatores psicossociais presentes na linha de base predizem a incapacidade incidente no longo prazo em uma coorte populacional de idosos brasileiros. Usamos dados do seguimento de 15 anos de 1.014 participantes com 60 anos de idade ou mais do Estudo de Coorte de Idosos de Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram medidas anualmente as limitações nas atividades de vida diária (AVD), totalizando 9.252 mensurações. Os fatores psicossociais incluíram sintomas depressivos, apoio emocional e rede social. As variáveis independentes incluíram características sociodemográficas, estilo de vida, função cognitiva e uma escala de saúde física com dez condições clínicas autorrelatadas e medidas objetivas. A análise estatística foi baseada em um modelo de risco competitivo, tendo o óbito como evento de risco competitivo. Os sintomas depressivos na linha de base e o apoio emocional da pessoa mais próxima estiveram associados à incapacidade futura nas AVD, independentemente da grande amplitude das variáveis independentes. Os achados mostraram um claro gradiente de associação, onde o risco aumentou progressivamente desde o baixo apoio emocional isoladamente (sub-hazard ratio - SHR = 1,11; IC95%: 1,01; 1,45) para sintomas depressivos isoladamente (SHR = 1,52; IC95%: 1,13; 2,01) até a combinação de ambos os fatores (SHR = 1,61; IC95%: 1,18; 2,18). O estado civil e o tamanho da rede social não mostraram associação com a mortalidade incidente. Em uma população de idosos brasileiros, o apoio emocional baixo e sintomas depressivos apresentam valores preditivos independentes em relação à incapacidade subsequente no prazo muito longo.

Psychosocial factors appear to be associated with increased risk of disability in later life. However, there is a lack of evidence based on long-term longitudinal data from Western low-middle income countries. We investigated whether psychosocial factors at baseline predict new-onset disability in long term in a population-based cohort of older Brazilians adults. We used 15-year follow-up data from 1,014 participants aged 60 years and older of the Bambuí (Brazil) Cohort Study of Aging. Limitations on activities of daily living (ADL) were measured annually, comprising 9,252 measures. Psychosocial factors included depressive symptoms, social support and social network. Potential covariates included sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, cognitive function and a physical health score based on 10 self-reported and objectively measured medical conditions. Statistical analysis was based on competitive-risk framework, having death as the competing risk event. Baseline depressive symptoms and emotional support from the closest person were both associated with future ADL disability, independently of potential covariates wide range. The findings showed a clear graded association, in that the risk gradually increased from low emotional support alone (sub-hazard ratio - SHR = 1.11; 95%CI: 1.01; 1.45) to depressive symptoms alone (SHR = 1.52; 95%CI: 1.13; 2.01) and then to both factors combined (SHR = 1.61; 95%CI: 1.18; 2.18). Marital status and social network size were not associated with incident disability. In a population of older Brazilian adults, lower emotional support and depressive symptoms have independent predictive value for subsequent disability in very long term.

Los factores psicosociales parecen que estaban asociados con un aumento del riesgo de sufrir discapacidad más adelante a lo largo de la vida. Sin embargo, existe una falta de evidencias en los datos a largo plazo de carácter longitudinal, procedentes de países occidentales con una renta medio-baja. Investigamos si los factores psicosociales como base de referencia predicen un surgimiento de discapacidad a largo plazo en una cohorte de población, basada en adultos ancianos brasileños. Se realizó un seguimiento durante 15 años con datos de 1.014 participantes con 60 años y de mayor edad en el Estudio de Cohorte Envejecimiento de Bambuí (Brasil). Las limitaciones en las actividades de la vida diaria (ADL por sus siglas en inglés) fueron medidas anualmente, comprendiendo 9.252 medidas. Se trabajó con factores psicosociales, incluidos síntomas depresivos, apoyo social y tejido social. Las covariables potenciales incluyeron características sociodemográficas, estilo de vida, función cognitiva y un marcador de salud física, basado en 10 condiciones médicas autoinformadas y medidas objetivamente. El análisis estadístico estaba basado en un marco de riesgo competitivo, considerando la muerte como riesgo competitivo. Las bases de referencia de los síntomas depresivos y el apoyo emocional de la persona más cercana estuvieron asociadas con una futura discapacidad ADL, independientemente del extenso rango de potenciales covariables. Los resultados muestran un clara asociación graduada, en la que el riesgo gradualmente aumentó desde un bajo apoyo emocional solo (sub-hazard ratio - SHR = 1,11; IC95%: 1,01; 1,45) para síntomas depresivos sólo (SHR = 1.52; IC95%: 1,13; 2,01) y luego para ambos factores combinados (SHR = 1,61; IC95%: 1.18; 2.18). El estado marital y el tamaño del tejido social no estuvieron asociados con la incidencia de discapacidad. En una población de adultos mayores brasileños, un apoyo emocional más bajo y síntomas depresivos poseen un valor predictivo independiente para una consecuente discapacidad a muy largo plazo.

Fatores psicossociais parecem estar associados a um aumento do risco de incapacidade em idosos. Entretanto, faltam evidências baseadas em dados longitudinais de longo prazo em países ocidentais de renda baixa e média. Investigamos se os fatores psicossociais presentes na linha de base predizem a incapacidade incidente no longo prazo em uma coorte populacional de idosos brasileiros. Usamos dados do seguimento de 15 anos de 1.014 participantes com 60 anos de idade ou mais do Estudo de Coorte de Idosos de Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram medidas anualmente as limitações nas atividades de vida diária (AVD), totalizando 9.252 mensurações. Os fatores psicossociais incluíram sintomas depressivos, apoio emocional e rede social. As variáveis independentes incluíram características sociodemográficas, estilo de vida, função cognitiva e uma escala de saúde física com dez condições clínicas autorrelatadas e medidas objetivas. A análise estatística foi baseada em um modelo de risco competitivo, tendo o óbito como evento de risco competitivo. Os sintomas depressivos na linha de base e o apoio emocional da pessoa mais próxima estiveram associados à incapacidade futura nas AVD, independentemente da grande amplitude das variáveis independentes. Os achados mostraram um claro gradiente de associação, onde o risco aumentou progressivamente desde o baixo apoio emocional isoladamente (sub-hazard ratio - SHR = 1,11; IC95%: 1,01; 1,45) para sintomas depressivos isoladamente (SHR = 1,52; IC95%: 1,13; 2,01) até a combinação de ambos os fatores (SHR = 1,61; IC95%: 1,18; 2,18). O estado civil e o tamanho da rede social não mostraram associação com a mortalidade incidente. Em uma população de idosos brasileiros, o apoio emocional baixo e sintomas depressivos apresentam valores preditivos independentes em relação à incapacidade subsequente no prazo muito longo.

Psychosocial factors appear to be associated with increased risk of disability in later life. However, there is a lack of evidence based on long-term longitudinal data from Western low-middle income countries. We investigated whether psychosocial factors at baseline predict new-onset disability in long term in a population-based cohort of older Brazilians adults. We used 15-year follow-up data from 1,014 participants aged 60 years and older of the Bambuí (Brazil) Cohort Study of Aging. Limitations on activities of daily living (ADL) were measured annually, comprising 9,252 measures. Psychosocial factors included depressive symptoms, social support and social network. Potential covariates included sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, cognitive function and a physical health score based on 10 self-reported and objectively measured medical conditions. Statistical analysis was based on competitive-risk framework, having death as the competing risk event. Baseline depressive symptoms and emotional support from the closest person were both associated with future ADL disability, independently of potential covariates wide range. The findings showed a clear graded association, in that the risk gradually increased from low emotional support alone (sub-hazard ratio - SHR = 1.11; 95%CI: 1.01; 1.45) to depressive symptoms alone (SHR = 1.52; 95%CI: 1.13; 2.01) and then to both factors combined (SHR = 1.61; 95%CI: 1.18; 2.18). Marital status and social network size were not associated with incident disability. In a population of older Brazilian adults, lower emotional support and depressive symptoms have independent predictive value for subsequent disability in very long term.

Los factores psicosociales parecen que estaban asociados con un aumento del riesgo de sufrir discapacidad más adelante a lo largo de la vida. Sin embargo, existe una falta de evidencias en los datos a largo plazo de carácter longitudinal, procedentes de países occidentales con una renta medio-baja. Investigamos si los factores psicosociales como base de referencia predicen un surgimiento de discapacidad a largo plazo en una cohorte de población, basada en adultos ancianos brasileños. Se realizó un seguimiento durante 15 años con datos de 1.014 participantes con 60 años y de mayor edad en el Estudio de Cohorte Envejecimiento de Bambuí (Brasil). Las limitaciones en las actividades de la vida diaria (ADL por sus siglas en inglés) fueron medidas anualmente, comprendiendo 9.252 medidas. Se trabajó con factores psicosociales, incluidos síntomas depresivos, apoyo social y tejido social. Las covariables potenciales incluyeron características sociodemográficas, estilo de vida, función cognitiva y un marcador de salud física, basado en 10 condiciones médicas autoinformadas y medidas objetivamente. El análisis estadístico estaba basado en un marco de riesgo competitivo, considerando la muerte como riesgo competitivo. Las bases de referencia de los síntomas depresivos y el apoyo emocional de la persona más cercana estuvieron asociadas con una futura discapacidad ADL, independientemente del extenso rango de potenciales covariables. Los resultados muestran un clara asociación graduada, en la que el riesgo gradualmente aumentó desde un bajo apoyo emocional solo (sub-hazard ratio - SHR = 1,11; IC95%: 1,01; 1,45) para síntomas depresivos sólo (SHR = 1.52; IC95%: 1,13; 2,01) y luego para ambos factores combinados (SHR = 1,61; IC95%: 1.18; 2.18). El estado marital y el tamaño del tejido social no estuvieron asociados con la incidencia de discapacidad. En una población de adultos mayores brasileños, un apoyo emocional más bajo y síntomas depresivos poseen un valor predictivo independiente para una consecuente discapacidad a muy largo plazo.

Poucos estudos de base populacional examinaram a trajetória no longo prazo do declínio cognitivo. Os estudos existentes foram conduzidos em países de alta renda. Nós investigamos as associações entre idade, sexo e escolaridade e o declínio cognitivo em uma população idosa bem definida, utilizando dados de 10 anos de seguimento da coorte de Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A cognição foi aferida anualmente por meio do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM). Essa análise foi baseada em 12.206 medidas do MEEM de 1.461 (90%) participantes da linha de base. Foram utilizados modelos de efeitos mistos, considerando-se o escore do MEEM como variável de desfecho. As mulheres e os indivíduos com maior escolaridade apresentaram resultados mais altos no MEEM na linha de base, enquanto que os idosos mais velhos apresentaram pontuações mais baixas. Com relação ao declínio cognitivo, participantes do sexo feminino, com maior escolaridade e mais velhos, apresentam reduções mais rápidas dos escores do MEEM.

Few population-based studies have examined long term cognitive trajectory, and these studies were conducted in high income countries. We investigated the association of age, gender and education with 10-year cognitive trajectory in a well-defined population of elderly using data from the Bambuí Cohort Study of Aging, in Brazil. Cognition was measured using the Mini- Mental State Examination (MMSE). Cohort members underwent annual follow-ups. This analysis was based on 12,206 MMSE measurements from 1,461 (91%) baseline participants. We used mixed effects models to study MMSE as outcome. The key findings from this analysis are that women and people with a higher schooling level at baseline had high scores of MMSE, while older participants started off lower. Regarding cognitive decline, women, older people and those with a higher schooling level declined faster.

Poucos estudos de base populacional examinaram a trajetória no longo prazo do declínio cognitivo. Os estudos existentes foram conduzidos em países de alta renda. Nós investigamos as associações entre idade, sexo e escolaridade e o declínio cognitivo em uma população idosa bem definida, utilizando dados de 10 anos de seguimento da coorte de Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A cognição foi aferida anualmente por meio do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM). Essa análise foi baseada em 12.206 medidas do MEEM de 1.461 (90%) participantes da linha de base. Foram utilizados modelos de efeitos mistos, considerando-se o escore do MEEM como variável de desfecho. As mulheres e os indivíduos com maior escolaridade apresentaram resultados mais altos no MEEM na linha de base, enquanto que os idosos mais velhos apresentaram pontuações mais baixas. Com relação ao declínio cognitivo, participantes do sexo feminino, com maior escolaridade e mais velhos, apresentam reduções mais rápidas dos escores do MEEM.

Few population-based studies have examined long term cognitive trajectory, and these studies were conducted in high income countries. We investigated the association of age, gender and education with 10-year cognitive trajectory in a well-defined population of elderly using data from the Bambuí Cohort Study of Aging, in Brazil. Cognition was measured using the Mini- Mental State Examination (MMSE). Cohort members underwent annual follow-ups. This analysis was based on 12,206 MMSE measurements from 1,461 (91%) baseline participants. We used mixed effects models to study MMSE as outcome. The key findings from this analysis are that women and people with a higher schooling level at baseline had high scores of MMSE, while older participants started off lower. Regarding cognitive decline, women, older people and those with a higher schooling level declined faster.