This paper advances our understanding of the Brazilian IR scholarship by exploring the topics addressed and the geographic scope adopted by its authors, tracing their evolution over time. We utilize data from 2417 master’s theses and doctoral dissertations from all IR graduate programs in the country, spanning the years 1987 to 2018. By employing a structural topic model, we identify latent topics present in the abstracts of these documents. This analysis not only allows us to trace a thematic profile of the Brazilian IR scholarship but also provides evidence that the expansion of the Brazilian IR scholarship in the 2000s has led to 01. an increased diversity of topics explored by researchers, and 02. analyses with a broader geographic scope, extending beyond the immediate region. Therefore, as the Brazilian IR scholarship has consolidated, there has been a transition from a policy-oriented approach to a more active involvement in international debates across different subjects and regions. authors time 241 masters master s country 198 2018 model documents 01 researchers 02 region Therefore consolidated policyoriented policy oriented regions 24 19 201 0 2 1 20

Abstract The South American Defense Council (SADC) aimed to coordinate regional defense policies and build confidence among its members. It diffused practices among its members, such as a standard methodology to report defense expenditures. However, we still need a proper understanding of how it happen. In this article, I contribute to understanding defense cooperation in South America by answering which mechanisms allowed the Council to diffuse policies. Using evidence from the Council’s meeting records and process tracing, I show that SADC boosted interactions and set and monitored the implementation of particular practices on defense policies. (SADC members expenditures However happen article Councils s tracing

RESUMO RACIONAL: A doença de von Hippel Lindau é uma síndrome autossômica dominante que se caracteriza por maior incidência de tumores em diferentes órgãos. OBJETIVO: Descrever um caso de pancreatoduodenectomia em paciente do sexo masculino de 30 anos com von Hippel Lindau. MÉTODO: Apresentamos o caso e a revisão da literatura realizada para otimizar o manejo do paciente, que apresentava feocromocitoma, hemangioblastoma capilar na retina periférica e dois tumores neuroendócrinos no pâncreas. RESULTADOS: O maior tumor pancreático localizava-se no processo uncinado medindo 31 mm. A lesão menor estava localizada no corpo proximal do pâncreas e foi detectada apenas na tomografia computadorizada por emissão de pósitrons com DOTATOC-68Ga. A investigação genética revelou uma mutação no locus NM_000551.3 c.482G>A (p.Arg161Gln) do gene supressor humano de Von Hippel-Lindau. O tumor no processo era maior que 30mm e o paciente apresentava mutação no exon 3. Indicamos pancreatoduodenectomia envolvendo o corpo proximal do pâncreas para ressecar em bloco ambos os tumores. No pós-operatório o paciente apresentou coleção líquida peripancreática que foi tratada como fístula pancreática grau B, com resolução clínica da complicação. Ele recebeu alta hospitalar no vigésimo primeiro dia pós-operatório. CONCLUSÕES: o manejo de pacientes com doença de von Hippel Lindau e tumores neuroendócrinos pancreáticos é complexo e deve ser centrado em instituições terciárias com grande volume de cirurgia pancreática. Embora a literatura atual auxilie na tomada de decisão na maioria das situações, cada etapa do tratamento requer análise e discussão entre diferentes especialidades médicas, incluindo cirurgiões, clínicos, radiologistas e anestesiologistas.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The von Hippel-Lindau disease is a highly penetrant autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by tumor predisposition in different organs. AIM: This study aimed to describe a case of a pancreatoduodenectomy for a 30-year-old male patient with von Hippel-Lindau disease. METHODS: We present a case study and the literature review aiming at the state-of-the-art management of a patient with pheochromocytoma, capillary hemangioblastoma in the peripheral retina, and two neuroendocrine tumors in the pancreas. RESULTS: A larger pancreatic lesion was located in the uncinate process, measuring 31 mm. The smaller lesion was located in the proximal pancreas and was detected only on the positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan with DOTATOC-68Ga. Genetic investigation revealed a mutation in the locus NM_000551.3 c.482G>A (p.Arg161Gln) of the Von Hippel-Lindau Human Suppressor gene. The uncinate process tumor was larger than 30 mm and the patient had a mutation on exon 3; therefore, we indicated a pancreatoduodenectomy involving the proximal pancreas to resect both tumors en bloc. During the postoperative period, the patient presented a peripancreatic fluid collection, which was treated as a grade B pancreatic fistula with clinical resolution of the complication. On postoperative day 21, he was discharged home. CONCLUSION: The management of patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors is complex and must be centered on tertiary institutions with a large volume of pancreatic surgery. Although the current literature assists in decision-making in most situations, each step of the treatment requires analysis and discussion between different medical specialties, including surgeons, clinicians, radiologists, and anesthesiologists.

Resumo Este artigo analisa a produção acadêmica de RI no Brasil. O objetivo final é retratar o desenvolvimento metodológico desta disciplina, especialmente investigando se houve a incorporação dos debates mais recentes do campo. Para tanto, comparamos as ferramentas metodológicas empregadas em artigos de pesquisa publicados nas duas principais revistas nacionais (Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional e Contexto Internacional) com um par de revistas internacionais de maior impacto (International Organization e World Politics), de 2009 a 2019. Utilizando uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura, analisamos 955 artigos. Como conclusão, constatamos que a academia brasileira de RI difere do mainstream porque (1) a maior parte dos artigos não menciona os métodos utilizados nas análises, (2) tal literatura apresenta mais métodos não e pós-positivistas e, (3) ao contrário do mainstream, métodos quantitativos são raramente utilizados no país.

Abstract In this article, we assess the methodological approaches employed in articles published in Brazilian and global mainstream IR journals in order to observe the differences between the two. To this end, we compare the methodological tools applied in research articles published in the top two Brazilian journals (Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional and Contexto Internacional) vis-à-vis two other top international influential mainstream publications (International Organization and World Politics), from the year 2009 to 2019. By undertaking a Systematic Literature Review, we surveyed a total of 955 articles. Our research concluded that Brazilian IR scholarship differs from the mainstream literature because (1) most articles do not mention the mobilized methods during their analyses, (2) the field of IR presents more non- and post-positivist approaches, and (3) contrary to the mainstream outlets, quantitative methods are rarely employed in Brazil.

In this article, we rely on the IR academic production at the graduate level in Brazil, aiming to identify the most prevalent issues in theses and dissertations in the field from 1987 to 2018. In order to do that, we used data from the "Caderno de Indicadores CAPES"(1998-2012), which included information on the graduate programs, and combined it with data from "Dados Abertos Capes" (1987-2019). We obtained 2417 theses and dissertations in the selected time framing related to graduate programs in IR and correlated areas. We employed a Structural Topic Model to analyze the data. Analyzing the graduate production allowed us to partially map a thematic profile of the Brazilian IR scholarship, considering that the consolidation of this academic field relates to the qualified knowledge produced inside these graduate programs.

En este artículo, nos enfocamos en la producción académica de los programas de Posgrado en Relaciones Internacionales en Brasil, con el objetivo de identificar los temas más prevalentes (mayor prevalencia) en las tesis de maestría y doctorado del área entre 1987 - 2018. Para este propósito, recopilamos y utilizamos la información disponible en el “Caderno de Indicadores CAPES” (1998-2012) que incluye informaciones sobre los programas de posgrado y las combina con los “Dados Abertos Capes” (1987 - 2018). Así, reunimos 2417 tesis de maestría y doctorado en el rango antes mencionado, vinculadas a programas de posgrado en Relaciones Internacionales y áreas afines. Para analizar estos datos, utilizamos la técnica de Modelos de Temas Estructurales (Strutural Topic Model). El análisis de la producción en los programas de posgrado nos permitió trazar un perfil temático de la academia brasileña de RI, aunque de manera parcial, al considerar que la consolidación de un área de conocimiento en un país implica en gran medida la producción de conocimiento calificado dado al interior de estos programas.

Neste artigo nos debruçamos sobre a produção acadêmica na Pós-Graduação de Relações Internacionais no Brasil tendo por objetivo identificar os temas mais preponderantes (maior prevalência) nas teses e dissertações da área entre 1987 - 2018. Para essa finalidade, coletamos e empregamos as informações disponíveis nos “Caderno de Indicadores CAPES” (1998-2012) as quais incluem informações sobre os programas de pós-graduação e as combinamos com os “Dados Abertos Capes” (1987 - 2018). Deste modo, reunimos 2417 teses e dissertações no intervalo supramencionado, ligadas a programas de pós-graduação em Relações Internacionais e áreas correlatas. Para a análise desses dados, recorremos à técnica do Structural Topic Models. Analisar os trabalhos produzidos no âmbito da pós-graduação, nos permitiu traçar um perfil temático da academia brasileira de RI, mesmo que de modo parcial, na medida em que a consolidação de uma área do conhecimento em um país passa em grande parte pela produção de conhecimento qualificado dada ao interior destes programas.

Abstract Background: The association between Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Infective Endocarditis (IE) is controversial in the literature, since many controversial results have been published. However, when evaluating specifically the evidence on IE and individuals with DM using insulin, we found only two observational studies that considered this variable, with discordant results regarding the prognosis and prevalence of Staphylococcus sp in insulin users compared to non-users. Despite the lack of evidence, in clinical practice the insulin use could be interpreted as minor criteria "injection drug use", using the modified Duke criteria for IE diagnosis. Objectives: To compare the microbiological and valvar profile, as well as the outcome of non-diabetic and diabetic patients with IE who were insulin users or not. Methods: This was an observational, analytical and retrospective study of patients diagnosed with IE between 2003 and 2015 in three tertiary care centers. A total of 211 patients were included, of which 17 were diabetics and 9 were insulin users. Patients were compared using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and Fisher's exact test, with a significance level of 5%. Results: The mortality from IE in diabetic individuals was higher than that of non-diabetic patients, but with no statistical significance (35.29% vs. 21.1%; p = 0.221), even when the groups were divided into insulin-user diabetic, non-insulin user diabetic and non-diabetic patients (33.3% vs. 37.5% vs. 21.1%, p = 0.229). There was a difference regarding the prevalence of IE caused by S. aureus (57.1% vs. 14.3% vs. 17.4%, p = 0.029) and the involvement of the tricuspid valve (33.3% vs. 0.00% vs. 10.0%, p = 0.034) among insulin users. Conclusion: In our sample, insulin use or the presence of DM did not mean higher in-hospital mortality from IE. It is not possible to generalize the microbiological and valvar findings due to the lack of studies evaluating insulin users in IE; however, particularities have been previously reported and may indicate a different behavior of IE in these patients. New studies considering the insulin use variable are required to elucidate the association between DM and IE.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate a novel and adapted low-cost set model for laparoscopic surgery in rats. Methods: Nine Wistar rats underwent two different laparoscopic procedures, splenectomy (n=3) and distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy (n = 6), after assembling a low-cost set replacing the conventional one (monitor, micro camera, image processor, light source, laparoscope and insufflator). The new set included an Android Tablet 10.5 ", a 5mm USB Endoscope and semiautomatic sphygmomanometer monitor. Results: The same surgeon performed the laparoscopic procedures. Total surgical time ranged from 36 to 60 minutes with a mean of 45.8 minutes. Three rats died during the distal pancreatic and splenectomy procedure (33.3%), due to respiratory failure (n = 1), uncontrolled abdominal hemorrhage (n=1) and iatrogenic gastric perforation (n = 1). We followed the other six rats (66.6%) for seven days with no further evidence of complications. Conclusions: The laparoscopic partial pancreatectomy and splenectomy can be performed with the novel low-cost set assembled in the present experimental study. Both specific training and skills development are required to validate more advanced laparoscopic procedures and achieve a desirable outcome.