ABSTRACT Background: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a potentially severe disease that can present with refractoriness, recurrence, and evolution to death. In Brazil, the epidemiology of CDI seems to differ from that of the United States and most European countries, with only one ribotype (RT) 027-related case and a high prevalence of RT106. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of CDI and its possible association with ribotypes at a university hospital in Brazil. Methods: A total of 65 patients with CDI were included and stool samples were submitted to A/B toxin detection and toxigenic culture, and toxigenic isolates (n=44) were also PCR ribotyped. Results: Patients’ median age was 59 (20-87) years and there were 16 (24.6%) deaths. The median Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) was 4 (0-15) and 16.9% of the patients had CCI ≥8. The ATLAS score and non-improvement of diarrhea were related to higher mortality. A longer length of hospitalization was related to the enteral nutrition and use of multiple antibiotics. The period between CDI diagnosis and hospital discharge was longer in those who received new antibiotics after diagnosis, multiple antibiotics, and required intensive care treatment. Recurrence was associated with CCI >7. Twenty ribotypes were identified and RT106 was the most frequently detected strain (43.2%). No relationship was observed between the ribotypes and outcomes. CDI was present in patients with more comorbidities. Conclusion: Risk factors for higher mortality, longer hospital stay and recurrence were identified. A diversity of ribotypes was observed and C. difficile strains were not related to the outcomes.

RESUMO Contexto: A infecção pelo Clostridioides difficile (ICD) é uma doença potencialmente grave que pode se apresentar com refratariedade, recidiva e evoluir para óbito. No Brasil, a epidemiologia da ICD parece diferir da dos Estados Unidos e da maioria dos países europeus, com apenas um caso relacionado ao ribotipo (RT) 027 e alta prevalência do RT106. Objetivo: Avaliar os desfechos da ICD e sua possível associação com ribotipos em um hospital universitário do Brasil. Métodos: Um total de 65 pacientes com ICD foram incluídos e amostras de fezes foram submetidas à detecção de toxina A/B e cultura toxigênica e as cepas toxigênicas isoladas (n=44) também foram ribotipadas por PCR. Resultados: A idade mediana dos pacientes foi de 59 (20-87) anos e houve 16 (24,6%) óbitos. A mediana do índice de comorbidade de Charlson (ICC) foi de 4 (0-15) e 16,9% dos pacientes apresentaram ICC ≥8. O escore ATLAS e a não melhora da diarreia foram relacionados a maior mortalidade. Maior tempo de internação esteve relacionado à nutrição enteral e ao uso de múltiplos antibióticos. O período entre o diagnóstico de ICD e a alta hospitalar foi maior naqueles que receberam novos antibióticos após o diagnóstico, múltiplos antibióticos e necessitaram de tratamento intensivo. A recorrência foi associada com ICC >7. Vinte ribotipos foram identificados e o RT106 foi a cepa mais frequentemente detectada (43,2%). Não foi observada relação entre os ribotipos e os desfechos. ICD esteve presente em pacientes com mais comorbidades. Conclusão: Foram identificados fatores de risco para maior mortalidade, maior tempo de internação e recorrência. Uma diversidade de ribotipos foi observada e cepas de C. difficile não foram relacionadas aos desfechos.

RESUMO Esta investigação tem como objetivo analisar as relações entre as capacidades de marketing estáticas (CME), capacidades de marketing dinâmicas (CMD) e desempenho internacional de pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs), bem como a conexão entre CME e CMD. Também analisamos o papel da orientação para o mercado (OM) como um antecedente das capacidades de marketing. Foi desenvolvido um estudo quantitativo, utilizando-se um inquérito como método de pesquisa. Foram coletadas 335 respostas válidas das PMEs portuguesas internacionalizadas por meios do modelo B2B. Para testar as hipóteses propostas, utilizou-se o modelo de equações estruturais. Os resultados mostram uma relação direta e positiva entre o CME e o desempenho internacional. A CMD foi positivamente ligada à CME, exercendo, assim, sua influência indireta no desempenho internacional. Além disso, observou-se uma relação positiva entre a OM e ambas as capacidades de marketing, revelando sua natureza antecedente sobre as capacidades analisadas. Este estudo contribui para a área da pesquisa relacionada às capacidades de marketing na medida em que as inter-relações entre diferentes tipos de capacidades de marketing nunca foram estudadas antes. Além disso, chama a atenção dos gestores para a importância de desenvolver recursos básicos de marketing mix, uma vez que aparecem como elemento com influência direta no desempenho internacional.

ABSTRACT This investigation analyzes the relationships between static marketing capabilities (SMC), dynamic marketing capabilities (DMC), and business-to-business (B2B) small and medium-sized enterprises’ (SME) international performance, and the interconnection between SMC and DMC. We also analyze the role of market orientation (MO) as an antecedent of marketing capabilities. A quantitative study was developed using a survey-based method. We collected 335 valid responses from internationalized Portuguese B2B SMEs. Structural equation modeling was used to test the proposed hypotheses. Results show a direct and positive relationship between SMC and international performance. DMC was positively linked with SMC, thus indirectly exerting its influence on international performance. Also, a positive relationship between MO and both marketing capabilities was observed, revealing its antecedent nature over marketing capabilities. This study contributes to marketing capabilities research, given that interrelationships between different types of marketing capabilities were never studied before. Furthermore, it draws managers’ attention to the importance of developing basic marketing-mix capabilities since they appear as the direct link to international performance.

RESUMEN La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar las relaciones entre las capacidades de marketing estáticas (SMC), las capacidades de marketing dinámicas (DMC) y el desempeño internacional de las pymes, B2B, así como la interconexión entre SMC y DMC. También se analiza el papel de la orientación al mercado (MO) como antecedente de las capacidades de marketing. Se desarrolló un estudio cuantitativo, utilizando un método basado en encuestas. Se recopilaron 335 respuestas válidas de pymes B2B portuguesas internacionalizadas. Para probar las hipótesis propuestas, se utilizó el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados muestran una relación directa y positiva entre las SMC y el desempeño internacional. Las DMC se vincularon positivamente con las SMC, ejerciendo así su influencia en el desempeño internacional de manera indirecta. Además, se observó una relación positiva entre la MO y ambas capacidades de marketing, revelando su carácter antecedente sobre las capacidades de marketing. Este estudio contribuye a la investigación de las capacidades de marketing dado que nunca se habían estudiado las interrelaciones entre los diferentes tipos de capacidades de marketing. Además, llama la atención de los gerentes sobre la importancia de desarrollar capacidades básicas de marketing mix, ya que aparecen como el vínculo directo con el desempeño internacional.

Resumo Este trabalho tem como objetivo resolver uma das questões em aberto acerca da reconstrução da fonologia do Proto-Tupi-Guarani (PTG): a da existência ou não de um contraste entre uma oclusiva velar simples *k e uma oclusiva velar palatalizada *kʲ. Argumentamos que a evidência que supostamente indicaria a necessidade de reconstruir *kʲ é mais bem explicada por meio de desenvolvimentos secundários de *k em algumas línguas, como o Kayabí, o Kamayurá, o Tenetehára, o Guarayu, o Kagwahiva e o Ka’apor. A análise das correspondências relevantes também estabelece uma série de outros fatos acerca da estrutura do PTG e da fonologia histórica dessas línguas, além de apresentar uma avaliação crítica de algumas das etimologias tradicionalmente tidas como relevantes para a questão do estatuto do contraste *k -*kʲ. Por fim, mostramos que a reconstrução do PTG com *k apenas elimina a necessidade para uma cisão não motivada em nível do Pré-PTG, uma característica problemática de propostas existentes acerca das consoantes do Proto-Tupi. Um apêndice apresenta o conjunto de etimologias utilizadas como dados para a análise apresentada. ProtoTupiGuarani Proto Tupi Guarani (PTG) k kʲ línguas Kayabí Kamayurá Tenetehára Guarayu Kaapor. Kaapor Ka apor. apor Ka’apor -*kʲ fim PréPTG, PréPTG Pré PTG, Pré-PTG ProtoTupi. ProtoTupi Tupi. Proto-Tupi apresentada (PTG

Abstract This paper addresses one of the open issues in the reconstruction of Proto-Tupi-Guarani (PTG) segmental phonology: The status of the *k -*kʲ opposition. We argue that the contrast is artifactual and that the presumed evidence in favor of PTG *kʲ can be considered as secondary developments of PTG *k in Kayabí, Guarayu, Kagwahiva, Tenetehára, Kamayurá, and Ka’apor. We establish additional facts regarding the structure of PTG and the historical phonology of TG languages, also showing that this finding eliminates the need for an unmotivated split in Pre-PTG history, a problematic feature of current reconstructions of the Proto-Tupian consonant system. ProtoTupiGuarani Proto Tupi Guarani (PTG k kʲ opposition Kayabí Guarayu Kagwahiva Tenetehára Kamayurá Kaapor. Kaapor Ka apor. apor Ka’apor languages PrePTG Pre history ProtoTupian Tupian system

ABSTRACT Background: Infection with the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) affects an estimated 10-15 million people worldwide. However, knowledge of the impact of HTLV-1 infection on work ability is lacking. This study aimed to measure the frequency and identify factors associated with poor work ability in patients living with HTLV-1. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 207 individuals infected with HTLV-1 who attended the University Hospital in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. HTLV-1 antibodies were detected in the participants’ blood by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and confirmed by western blotting. Participants answered a questionnaire on sociodemographic data, personal habits, clinical data, health-related quality of life, and work ability, evaluated using the work ability index questionnaire. A Poisson regression model with a robust variance estimate was used to identify the factors associated with the prevalence of poor work ability. Results: Patients mean age was 55.2, ranging from 19 to 84 years, 73.0% were females, 100% had monthly family income less than US$ 394, and 33.8% presented HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). No individual was classified as having excellent work ability. Poor work ability prevalence was strongly associated (prevalence ratio; 95% confidence interval [CI]) with sedentarism (1.30; 1.03-1.65), neurological symptoms (1.25; 1.02-1.52), and low physical (0.95; 0.94-0.96) and mental (0.98; 0.97-0.99) component summaries of health-related quality of life. Conclusions: Poor work ability among people living with HTLV-1 is associated with sedentarism, neurologic symptoms, and low health-related quality of life.

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar fatores associados à qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde de profissionais de enfermagem da Bahia durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Método Estudo transversal, amostragem tipo snowball com 113 enfermeiras(os) e técnicas(os) de enfermagem. De setembro/2020 a maio/2021, num formulário eletrônico, coletaram-se informações sociodemográficas, ocupacionais, epidemiológicas e de qualidade de vida, avaliada pelo questionário WHOQOL-BREF nos seus domínios Físico, Psicológico, Relações sociais e Meio ambiente. Utilizou-se regressão linear múltipla para identificar fatores associados à variação dos domínios do WHOQOL-BREF. Resultados Baixos escores de qualidade de vida associaram-se significantemente a várias características dos profissionais: ser caso suspeito de COVID-19, no domínio Físico; ficar sem exercer a profissão por causa da COVID-19, nos domínios Físico e Psicológico; trabalhar exclusivamente em instituições privadas, no domínio Relações sociais; ter mais idade, no domínio Relações sociais; e não receber apoio social de outras pessoas, nos domínios Físico, Psicológico, Relações sociais e Meio Ambiente. Conclusão e implicações para a prática Ter mais idade, vínculo exclusivo com instituição privada, ser caso suspeito de COVID-19, ficar sem exercer a profissão por causa da COVID-19 e não receber apoio social associaram-se à baixa qualidade de vida de profissionais de enfermagem durante a pandemia.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify factors associated with the health-related quality of life of nursing professionals in Bahia, Brazil, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method Cross-sectional study with snowball sampling including 113 nurses and nursing technicians. From September 2020 to May 2021, sociodemographic, occupational, epidemiological, and quality of life information was collected in an electronic form and evaluated with the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire, according to its Physical, Psychological, Social relations, and Environmental domains. Multiple linear regression was used to identify factors associated with variation in the four quality of life domains of the WHOQOL-BREF. Results Low mean quality of life scores were significantly associated with being a suspected case of COVID-19 (in the Physical domain), withdrawing from professional practice due to COVID-19 (Physical and Psychological domains), working exclusively in private institutions (Social relations), older age (Social relations), and lack of social support (in the Physical, Psychological, Social Relations, and Environmental domains). Conclusion and implications for the practice Older age, exclusive work in private institutions, being a suspected case of COVID-19, withdrawing from professional practice due to COVID-19, and lack of social support were associated with lower quality of life of nursing professionals during the pandemic.

RESUMEN Objetivo Identificar factores asociados a la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de los profesionales de enfermería de Bahía, Brasil, durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Método Estudio transversal, muestreo bola de nieve, con 113 enfermeros y técnicos de enfermería. De septiembre 2020 a mayo 2021, en formulario electrónico, fueron recolectadas informaciones sociodemográficas, ocupacionales, epidemiológicas y de calidad de vida, evaluadas por el cuestionario WHOQOL-BREF en sus dominios Físico, Psicológico, Relaciones Sociales y Medio Ambiente. Se utilizó la regresión lineal múltiple para identificar factores asociados con los dominios del WHOQOL-BREF. Resultados Los puntajes bajos de calidad de vida se asociaron significativamente con ser un caso sospechoso de COVID-19 (en el dominio Físico); no ejercer la profesión a causa del COVID-19 (dominios Físico y Psicológico); trabajar exclusivamente en instituciones privadas (Relaciones Sociales); mayor edad (Relaciones Sociales); y no recibir apoyo social (en los dominios Físico, Psicológico, Relaciones Sociales y Medio Ambiente). Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica Mayor edad, tener vinculación exclusiva con una institución privada, ser caso sospechoso de COVID-19, no ejercer la profesión a causa del COVID-19 y no recibir apoyo social se asociaron con la baja calidad de vida de los profesionales de enfermería durante la pandemia.

Abstract Mixed flocks are associations of two or more species that are formed and maintained through mutual behavioral responses, with advantages such as maximizing foraging and protecting against predation. This study aimed to evaluate the composition, temporal dynamics, and presence of core species in mixed flocks of birds in a remnant of the Submontane Atlantic Rain Forest in the Parque Nacional Aparados da Serra, southern Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Data collection took place from October 2016 to September 2017 through monthly campaigns, consisting of three consecutive observation days, with sampling sessions of six hours per day, resulting in a total effort of 216 h of observations. For each contact with the flocks, we recorded the species and number of individuals, stratum of occurrence, substrates of search, and agonistic interactions. We recorded 152 mixed flocks, with a total of 76 species belonging to 24 families, and five orders, with Thraupidae, Tyrannidae, Furnariidae, and Rhynchocyclidae being the richest. The flocks had an average of 4.5 ± 2.7 species and 8.7 ± 5.8 individuals, with richness and the number of individuals being positively correlated (R² = 0.8). Mixed flocks occurred throughout the year. There was a great variation in the number of contacts from October to February (from 5 to 20 contacts). Meanwhile from March to September, the coldest period of the year in the region, the number of contacts did not vary (from 9 to 14 contacts). However, there was no difference in the number of contacts between these months (z = 0.37; p = 0.691). Basileuterus culicivorus and Habia rubica were the core species because, in addition to their high participation (46.7 and 32.9%, respectively), they showed frequent and conspicuous movement and vocalization. Thus, a high capacity to enlist a greater number of individuals from different species for the flocks was demonstrated.

Abstract Globally, bats are of interest in many studies, beyond their ecological or epidemiological relevance or even the ecomorphological diversity of species. In Brazil, most of the indexed studies on chiropterans date from 1954, with a slow and heterogeneous progress in the publication increasing. The aim of this study was to analyze the literature on bats in Brazil, identifying patterns, tendencies and knowledge gaps in the Brazilian federal states. We carried out a sistematyzed search on the online databases Clarivate Analytics Web of Science (WoS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), PubMed and Scopus. We used the descriptive terms “Chiroptera” and “Brazil”. Besides these bases, we included data from the manuscripts published in Chiroptera Neotropical. We obtained a total of 1,115 articles, which were analyzed and classified in 22 thematic categories based on the articles’ approach. We observed that each Brazilian region and state had particularities in their knowledge panoramas of bats, not being possible to generalize conditions for each federal region. Even though the increasing in the number of articles by categories, we encourage that every approach keep being developded, once no thematic could had been considered enough explored till the moment.

Resumo O foco do presente trabalho é a reconstrução do sistema vocálico do Proto-Tupi, a língua ancestral da família linguística Tupi. A investigação baseia-se em uma aplicação bottom-up do método comparativo e busca oferecer uma reconstrução mais equilibrada, evitando uma influência desproporcional do ramo Tupi-Guarani. Mostraremos primeiro que a diferença de altura tradicionalmente reconstruída para a série de vogais arredondadas (*o vs. *u) pode ser melhor compreendida como uma oposição entre uma vogal não arredondada e uma vogal arredondada (*ə vs. *o). Argumentamos também que múltiplas instâncias de *e na reconstrução tradicional devem ser atribuídas a *ə. Por fim, duas vogais (simbolizadas *ɨ e *ɯ) devem ser reconstruídas em lugar do segmento *ɨ da reconstrução tradicional. Estas propostas têm implicação para a classificação interna da família Tupi.

Abstract This contribution is concerned with the reconstruction of the vowel qualities of Proto-Tupian, the ancestral language of the Tupian language family. The study is grounded in a bottom-up application of the comparative method and seeks to offer a more balanced reconstruction that avoids an overreliance on the Tupí-Guaraní branch. It is first shown that the height opposition traditionally reconstructed for the rounded vowel series (*o vs. *u) is best interpreted as an opposition between an unrounded vowel and a rounded one (*ə vs. *o). It is also argued that multiple instances of *e in the traditional reconstruction should be rather attributed to *ə. Finally, it is shown that two vowels (symbolized as *ɨ and *ɯ) must be reconstructed in lieu of the traditional *ɨ. The resulting proposal has consequences for the subgrouping of the Tupian family.

Objective: To analyze the ecological association between socioeconomic, occupational, and sanitation characteristics and scorpionism in Brazil. Methods: Ecological study with data on scorpion accidents reported in the Notifiable Diseases Information System (2007-2019). Negative binomial regression was used to estimate ratios of incidence rates (RTI) and confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: In the period, 1,079,333 scorpion accidents occurred, with accumulated incidence 41.5/100,000 in habitants. In the adjusted analysis, there was an association with the municipal percentage of: women (IRR=1.65 – 95%CI 1.18;2.30) and men (IRR=0.90 – 95%CI 0.88;0.91) in civil construction, women (IRR=1.21 – 95%CI 1.18;1.25) and men(IRR=0.73 – 95%CI 0.69;0.77) in domestic service, women (IRR=1.03 – 95%CI 1.02;1.04) and men (IRR=0.93 – 95%CI 0.92;0.93) in agriculture, households with garbage collection (IRR=0.99 – 95%CI 0.98;0.99) and garbage in surroundings(IRR=1.02 – 95%CI 1.01;1.02), expectation of years of study (IRR=0.88 – 95%CI 0.83;0.92), and unemployment rate (IRR=1.07 – 95%CI 1.05;1.09). Conclusion: Scorpionism was associated with precarious infrastructure/sanitation, job offer, education and female occupation.

Objetivo: Analisar associação ecológica entre características socioeconômicas, ocupacionais e de infraestrutura/saneamento com escorpionismo no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo ecológico, com dados dos acidentes escorpiônicos notificados no Sistema deInformação de Agravos de Notificação (2007-2019). Empregou-se regressão binomial negativa para estimar razões de taxas de incidência (RTI) e intervalos de confiança(IC95%). Resultados: No período, ocorreram 1.079.333 acidentes, com incidênciaacumulada de 41,5/100 mil habitantes. Na análise ajustada, houve associação com percentual municipal de mulheres (RTI=1,65 – IC95% 1,18;2,30) e homens (RTI=0,90 –IC95% 0,88;0,91) na construção civil, mulheres (RTI=1,21 – IC95% 1,18;1,25) e homens(RTI=0,73 – IC95% 0,69;0,77) no serviço doméstico, mulheres (RTI=1,03 – IC95% 1,02;1,04) e homens (RTI=0,93 – IC95% 0,92;0,93) na agropecuária, domicílios com lixo coletado (RTI=0,99 – IC95% 0,98;0,99) e lixo no entorno (RTI=1,02 – IC95% 1,01;1,02),2 expectativa de anos de estudo (RTI=0,88 – IC95% 0,83;0,92) e taxa de desocupação (RTI=1,07 – IC95% 1,05;1,09). Conclusão: O escorpionismo associou-se a precária infraestrutura/saneamento, oferta de emprego, educação e ocupação feminina.

RESUMEN Introducción: Leishmaniasis es una enfermedad causada por protozoos del género Leishmania y se considera endémica en 98 países. El tratamiento con antimoniales pentavalentes tiene una alta toxicidad, lo que motiva la búsqueda de fármacos eficaces y menos tóxico. α- y β-lapachones han mostrado diferentes actividades biológicas, incluido los antiprotozoarios. En estudios recientes, los grupos isonicotinoilhidra-zona y ftalazinilhidrazona se consideraron innovadores en el desarrollo de fármacos antileishmania. La hibridación molecular es una estrategia para el desarrollo racional de nuevos prototipos, donde el compuesto principal se produce a través de la unión apropiada de subunidades farmacofóricas. Objetivos: Sintetizar cuatro híbridos de α- y β-lapachones, junto con los grupos isonicotinoilhidrazona y ftalazinilhidrazona y determinar la actividad antileishmania frente a las formas promastigotas de L. amazonensis, L. infantum y L. major. Resultados: Los derivados de β-lapachone fueron más activos contra todas las especies de leishmania probadas. La βACIL (CI50 0,044μM) y βHDZ (CI50 0,023μM) mostraron actividad 15 veces mayor que la anfotericina B. El alto índice de selectividad que presentan los compuestos indica una mayor seguridad para las células huésped del vertebrado. Conclusión: Los resultados de este trabajo demuestran que los híbridos (ACIL y (HDZ son moléculas prometodoras para el desarrollo de nuevos fármacos antileishmania.

SUMMARY Introduction: Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and is considered endemic in 98 countries. Treatment with pentavalent antimonials has a high toxicity, which motivates the search for effective and less toxic drugs. α- and β-lapachones have shown different biological activities, including antiprotozoa. In recent studies, the isonicotinoylhydrazone and phthalazinylhydrazone groups were considered innovative in the development of antileishmania drugs. Molecular hybridization is a strategy for the rational development of new prototypes, where the main compound is produced through the appropriate binding of pharmacophoric subunits. Aims: To synthesize four hybrids of α- and β-lapachones, together with the isonicotinoylhydrazone and phthalazinylhydrazone groups and to determine the antileishmania activity against the promastigotic forms of L. amazonensis, L. infantum and L. major. Results: β-lapachone derivatives were more active against all tested leishmania species. βACIL (IC50 0.044μM) and βHDZ (IC50 0.023μM) showed 15-fold higher activity than amphotericin B. The high selectivity index exhibited by the compounds indicates greater safety for vertebrate host cells. Conclusion: The results of this work show that the hybrids βACIL and (3HDZ are promising molecules for the development of new antileishmania drugs.

RESUMO Introdução: A leishmaniose é uma doença causada por protozoários do género Leishmania e é considerada endémica em 98 países. O tratamento com antimoniais pentavalentes apresenta alta toxicidade, o que motiva a pesquisa por medicamentos eficazes e menos tóxicos. α- e β-lapachones tém mostrado diferentes atividades biológicas, incluindo antiprotozoários. Em estudos recentes, os grupos isonicotinoilhi-drazona e ftalazinilhidrazona foram considerados inovadores no desenvolvimento de drogas antileishmania. A hibridização molecular é uma estratégia para o desenvolvimento racional de novos protótipos, onde o composto principal é produzido através da ligação apropriada de subunidades farmacofóricas. Objetivos: Sintetizar quatro híbridos de α- e β-lapachones, juntamente com os grupos isonicotinoil-hidra-zona e ftalazinilhidrazona e determinar a atividade antileishmania contra as formas promastigóticas de L. amazonensis, L. infantum e L. major. Resultados: Os derivados de β-lapachona foram mais ativos contra todas as espécies de leishmania testadas. BACIL (IC50 0,044 μM) e βHDZ (IC50 0,023 μM) apresentaram atividade 15 vezes maior do que a anfotericina B. O alto índice de seletividade dos compostos indica maior segurança para células hospedeiras de vertebrados. Conclusaõ: Os resultados deste trabalho mostram que os híbridos βACIL e βHDZ são moléculas promissoras para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos antileishmania.

Abstract During focal observations carried out in the Olho d’Água River, upper Paraguay River basin, Brazil, we registered the defensive behaviour of one pair of Crenicichla lepidota attempting to protect their offspring from conspecific and non-specific predators. Adults exhibited substrate-guarding behaviour and displayed primary and secondary anti-predation mechanisms. The primary mechanisms (e.g., fin flicking and flaring, gill extending) were ineffective against conspecific predators or against other species. Secondary mechanisms included charging would-be predators of the offspring, and this tactic was successful against non-specifics. This record confirms, in the wild, agonistic behaviour as an effective secondary defence mechanism used in parental care in Crenicichla lepidota.

Abstract Phyllostomid bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) are key elements for the maintenance of New World forests, but little information on their distribution is available in some regions of Brazil. Here we use occurrence records and bioclimatic variables to model the distribution of phyllostomid bats in Santa Catarina, a subtropical Brazilian state. Estimates of geographic variation in species richness were then obtained by stacking the generated maps. Lastly, we tested how associated species richness is to ecoregions and Protected Areas. Our results suggest that the phyllostomid bats species richness is closely linked to the region’s climate gradient. Most species are restricted to the Serra do Mar ecoregion, where the temperature is high and varies less throughout the year. In contrast, the colder areas seem to house extremely simple communities, composed of a subset of the species present in the warmer areas. We found significant evidence that Protected Areas in Santa Catarina play an important role in the conservation of species, although there are still several places where species richness is high, but no Protected Area is available. The creation of new Protected Areas in these places can boost the species conservation, and, consequently, the ecological services provided by phyllostomid bats.

Abstract Cinclodes pabsti is an endemic passerine restricted to the highland areas in southern Brazil. The aim of this study was to provide information on its breeding biology. The nesting cavities along road cuts were monitored from May 2008 to March 2011. The survey was carried out monthly from May to July 2008, February to July 2009, 2010 (non-breeding season), weekly from August 2008 to January 2009, 2010 (breeding season), and on a 2 to 4-days basis from August 2010 to January 2011. The geographic location, physical characteristics, and soil/substrate type in which the nesting cavities were situated were recorded. The total number of cavities used in the three breeding seasons was 136, resulting in 295 nests. The distance of a nest to its nearest neighbor ranged from 24-2,368 m, with a higher number of nests (n = 34; 59.7%) in the distance interval of 24-500 m. There was a greater usage of cavities located in Inceptisols, and the distances of nesting cavity entrances to the ground and to the top of road cuts were 1.6 ± 0.9 m and 0.8 ± 0.62 m, respectively. The breeding season lasted 148 days from mid-August to early January. Clutch size (n = 256) varied from 2 to 3 eggs, and the eggs (n = 155) had a total length of 27.2 ± 1.3 mm, breadth of 20.9 ± 0.8 mm, and mass of 6.2 ± 0.7 g. The incubation phase lasted 17.3 ± 0.8 days and the nestling phase for 18.3 ± 1.5 days. The body mass of the chicks was 6.0 ± 1.0 g just after hatching and reached a maximum of 59.6 ± 2.4 g at 16 days of age. Our results can contribute to filling the gaps in knowledge of C. pabsti ecology, because its habitat is under high anthropic pressures and the information on its life history is yet limited.

Resumo: Alterações ambientais antropogênicas são a principal causa de extinção das espécies no Holoceno. As espécies têm sido expostas à diferentes fontes de ameaças principais, tais como a perda e fragmentação de habitat, poluição, introdução de espécies e coleta de organismos, muitas das quais são decorrentes de atividades antropogênicas específicas, tais como urbanização, agricultura e represamento (i.e. ameaças de escala fina). Entretanto, a importância dessas ameaças no estado de conservação das espécies em uma dada região depende do tipo de ameaça que as espécies são expostas e da susceptibilidade das espécies a esses impactos. Neste estudo, utilizamos a base de dados de espécies de peixes dulcícolas do Brasil ameaçadas de extinção para testar se as principais ameaças e os impactos específicos às espécies variam entre as regiões hidrográficas e grupos taxonômicos. Nossos resultados mostraram que a perda de habitat é uma ameaça principal ubíqua, prejudicando o estado de conservação das espécies de peixes do Brasil. Entretanto, diferentes ameaças de escala mais fina mediam este processo entre a regiões hidrográficas e grupos taxonômicos. A combinação de impactos provenientes da agricultura, desmatamento e urbanização afeta a maior parte das espécies ameaçadas nas bacias do Nordeste, Sul e Sudeste, incluindo as espécies da ordem mais ameaçada, os Cyprinodontiformes. O represamento dos rios é a principal atividade humana afetando as espécies ameaçadas de Siluriformes, Characiformes, Gymnotiformes e Cichliformes, especialmente nas bacias do norte (Amazônica e Tocantins-Araguaia). Portanto, as ameaças em escala fina que afetam as espécies ameaçadas variam entre as regiões hidrográficas e grupos taxonômicos, provavelmente devido à variabilidade geográfica na incidência das atividades de impacto humano e em função das diferenças nos requerimentos de nicho e vulnerabilidade das espécies a essas atividades.

Abstract: Anthropogenic environmental changes are the main cause of species extinction during the Holocene. Species have been exposed to major source of threats, such as habitat loss and fragmentation, pollution, introduced species, and harvesting, many of which are derived from specific anthropogenic activities, such as urbanization, agriculture, and damming (i.e. fine-scale threats). However, the importance of these threats on the species conservation status in a given region depends on the type of impacts they are exposed to and the susceptibility of species to these impacts. In this study, we used a database of threatened Brazilian freshwater fish species to test whether the major source of threats and the specific anthropogenic impacts to species vary across hydrographic regions and taxonomic groups. Our results showed that habitat loss is a ubiquitous major threat jeopardizing the conservation status of the Brazilian fish species. However, different fine-scale threats mediate this process across hydrographic regions and taxonomic groups. The combination of impacts from agriculture, deforestation, and urbanization affects most of the threatened species in the basins of the Northeast, South, and Southeast, including the species of the most threatened order, the Cyprinodontiformes. Damming is the main human activity affecting threatened species of Siluriformes, Characiformes, Gymnotiformes, and Cichliformes, especially in northern basins (Amazon and Tocantins-Araguaia). Therefore, we found that specific fine-scale threats influencing threatened species vary across hydrographic regions and taxonomic groups, probably due to geographic variability in the incidence of human activities and differential niche requirements and vulnerability of species to these activities.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Identificar fatores associados a transtorno depressivo maior (TDM) em agentes penitenciários. MÉTODOS Este estudo de corte transversal incluiu todos os agentes penitenciários do maior complexo prisional do estado da Bahia (Brasil). Num questionário autoaplicado, coletaram-se informações sociodemográficas, ocupacionais e de saúde. A variável de desfecho – TDM – foi avaliada pelo Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) e classificada pelo método do ponto de corte ≥ 10 e pelo método de algoritmo. A razão de prevalência (RP) foi a medida de associação utilizada. Conforme regressão multivariada de Cox, as variáveis foram inseridas em dois blocos: características sociodemográficas e aspectos do trabalho, nessa ordem. Apenas as variáveis com RP ajustada (RPaj) ≥ 1,30 foram selecionadas para compor os modelos finais. RESULTADOS Nos 401 agentes investigados, a prevalência de TDM pelo ponto de corte ≥ 10 (simples) e pelo método de algoritmo foi de 18,8% e 9,3%, respectivamente. A prevalência de TDM pelo ponto de corte ≥ 10 foi maior em agentes do sexo feminino (RPaj = 2,77), que sofreram ameaça de facções (RPaj = 2,05), que não referiram treinamento institucional para o cargo (RPaj = 1,38), que afirmaram que o ambiente e as condições de trabalho interferiam na sua saúde física (RPaj = 3,51) e que exerciam atividades geradoras de tensão (RPaj em gradiente crescente). A prevalência de TDM pelo método de algoritmo foi mais elevada em agentes do sexo feminino (RPaj = 3,45), com escolaridade superior (RPaj = 1,71), que afirmaram que o ambiente e as condições de trabalho interferiam na sua saúde física (RPaj = 6,33), que sofreram ameaça de facções (RPaj = 2,14), que não referiram treinamento institucional (RPaj = 1,50) e que têm contato frequente com internos no trabalho (RPaj = 1,48). CONCLUSÃO A alta prevalência de TDM nesses agentes penitenciários associou-se a aspectos sociodemográficos e, principalmente, a aspectos do seu trabalho.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To identify factors associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) in detention officers. METHODS This cross-sectional study included all detention officers from the largest prison complex in the state of Bahia, Brazil. A self-reported questionnaire collected sociodemographic, occupational and health data. The outcome variable – MDD – was evaluated by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and classified by the cut-off point ≥ 10 method and the algorithm method. The association measure used was the prevalence ratio (PR). Following Cox multivariate regression, the variables were divided into two blocks: sociodemographic characteristics and work, in that order. Only variables with adjusted PR (PRadj) ≥ 1.30 were selected to compose the final models. RESULTS The MDD prevalence by the cut-off point ≥ 10 (simple) and algorithm method in the 401 officers investigated was 18.8% and 9.3%, respectively. MDD prevalence by cut-off point ≥ 10 was higher in female officers (PRadj = 2.77), who suffered threat from factions (PRadj = 2.05), did not report institutional training for the position (PRadj = 1.38), stated that the environment and working conditions interfered in their physical health (PRadj = 3.51) and performed stress-generating activities (PRadj in increasing gradient). MDD prevalence by the algorithm method was higher in female agents (PRadj = 3.45), with tertiary education (PRadj = 1.71), who stated that the environment and working conditions interfered in their physical health (PRadj = 6.33), suffered threat from factions (PRadj = 2.14), did not report institutional training (PRadj = 1.50) and have frequent contact with inmates at work (PRadj = 1.48). CONCLUSION The high MDD prevalence in these detention officers was associated with sociodemographic factors and, especially, aspects of their work.