The characterization of genetic variability and an estimate of the genetic relationship among varieties are essential to any breeding program, because artificial crosses among less similar parents allow a larger segregation and the combination of different favorable alleles. Genetic variability can be evaluated in different ways, including the Coefficient of Parentage (COP), which estimates the probability of two alleles in two different individuals being identical by descent. In this study, we evaluated the degree of genetic relationship among 53 wheat genotypes, and identified the ancestor genotypes which contributed the most to the current wheat germplasm, as a prediction of the width of the genetic base of this cereal. The results revealed a mean COP of 0.07 and the formation of 22 similarity groups. The ancestor genotypes Ciano 67 and Mentana were those which contributed the most to the current wheat germplasm. According to the COP analyses, the genetic base of wheat rests on a small number of ancestral genotypes.

As cultivares de aveia-branca (Avena sativa L.) cultivadas no sul do Brasil até princípios da década de 80 eram provenientes do Uruguai e da Argentina, apresentando problemas de adaptação ao ambiente de cultivo. A partir dos anos 70, programas de melhoramento começaram a produzir suas próprias populações segregantes, possibilitando o lançamento em escala comercial de cerca de 35 cultivares. Com o objetivo de estimar o progresso genético nos programas de melhoramento de aveia-branca do sul do Brasil, foi realizado um experimento envolvendo 15 cultivares lançadas em diferentes épocas, em dois locais, com quatro diferentes condições de manejo. Os resultados obtidos indicaram progresso genético linear para os caracteres ciclo vegetativo, rendimento de grãos, peso de grão e peso do hectolitro; a inexistência de efeitos quadráticos significativos sugeriram a possibilidade de ganhos posteriores a partir da seleção de novos genótipos. Os programas de melhoramento genético de aveia-branca do sul do Brasil, embora ainda não tenham atingido o patamar máximo, têm sido eficientes em produzir novas cultivares com maiores rendimento e qualidade de grãos e com caracteres agronômicos superiores.

The oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars cultivated in Southern Brazil up to the beginning of the 80's were introduced from Uruguay and Argentina. They presented adaptation problems to the new environment. Starting from the 70's, oat breeding programs began to produce their own segregant populations. These programs already released 35 cultivars. Aiming to estimate the genetic progress in oat breeding programs from southern Brazil, an experiment with 15 cultivars released in different times was conducted in two locations using four different cultural practices. The results indicated linear genetic progress for days to flowering, grain yield, grain weight and test weight. The non significance of quadratic effects suggested the possibility of additional gains through selection of new genotypes. The oat breeding programs in southern Brazil have been efficient in producing new cultivars with higher grain yield, good grain quality, and with superior agronomic traits. However, a maximum breeding plateau was not reached for this species.