ABSTRACT We aimed to evaluate the effects of storage condition (SC) and storage time (ST) on the fermentative parameters and nutritional value of relocated whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) in plastic bags. A completely randomized design was used in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement, with two SC (in the field without cover and in a barn as covered space) and five ST (10, 30, 60, 90, and 120 d), with four replications. Corn was harvested (321 ± 10.3 g kg−1 dry matter (DM)) and relocated in plastic bags (50 kg) after 210 d of fermentation. The mold count of silage stored in the barn displayed a quadratic adjustment (P = 0.008) and reached its lowest value at 60 d of storage. Yeast count decreased (P = 0.001) linearly as a function of time in the silage stored in the barn. Lactic (P<0.001) and acetic (P<0.001) acid concentrations increased linearly as a function of silage ST in the field. A quadratic relationship was observed between protein concentration (P = 0.039) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD; P<0.001) and ST for silage in the field, with the lowest value observed at 90 (58.3 g kg−1 DM) and 60 (529.3 g kg−1 DM) days, respectively. The concentration of ammonia nitrogen increased linearly by 6.80 g kg−1 TN (P<0.001) as a function of ST in relocated silage in the field. The IVDMD increased linearly (P<0.001) as a function of time in silage stored in the barn. Silage in the field had 1.00 log CFU g−1 more lactic acid bacteria (LAB) than those stored in barns. A quadratic adjustment was observed (P<0.05) as a function of ST on LAB count, aerobic stability, maximum temperature, time to reach maximum temperature, DM, and organic matter. It is recommended that silage be stored in bags in the field for use within 60 d. Silage stored in bags in a barn can be used within 120 d.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar o efeito do tamanho de partículas e da inoculação em silagem milheto comparada à silagem de milho em dietas de vacas mestiças 3/4 Holandês × 1/4 Gir, sob o consumo e digestibilidade das dietas, bem como, a produção e composição do leite. Foram utilizadas cinco vacas, com 100 ± 26 dias em lactação e peso corporal (PC) médio de 509 ± 53 kg, em delineamento experimental em quadrado latino 5 × 5. Foram avaliadas nas dietas, silagem de milheto com 5 ou 20 mm de tamanho de partículas, inoculadas ou não com Propionibacterium acidipropionici e Lacticplantibacillus plantarum, e comparadas com silagem de milho. Vacas alimentadas com silagem de milho apresentaram maiores consumo de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), carboidratos totais (CT) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) do que vacas alimentadas com dietas contendo silagem de milheto. A digestibilidade da MS da dieta contendo silagem de milho foi maior do que das dietas contendo silagem de milheto. Vacas alimentadas com dieta contendo silagem de milho produziram mais leite do que as vacas alimentadas com dietas contendo silagem de milheto. Vacas alimentadas com dietas contendo silagem de milheto com 20 mm de tamanho de partículas comparadas as de 5 mm apresentaram melhor eficiência produtiva, 1,05 e 0,94 kg de leite kg-1 de MS consumida, respectivamente. Vacas alimentadas com dietas contendo silagem de milho produziram mais leite do que vacas alimentadas com dietas contendo silagem de milheto.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the effect of particle size and inoculation in millet silage compared to corn silage in diets of crossbred 3/4 Holstein × 1/4 Gir cows on diet intake and digestibility, as well as milk production and composition. Five cows were used, with 100 ± 26 d in lactation and a mean body weight (BW) of 509 ± 53 kg, in a 5 × 5 Latin square experimental design. Millet silage with 5 or 20 mm particle size, inoculated or not with Propionibacterium acidipropionici and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, was evaluated in the diets, and compared with corn silage. Cows fed with corn silage showed a higher intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), total carbohydrates (TC), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) than cows fed diets containing millet silage. The DM digestibility of the corn silage diet was higher than that of the diets containing millet silage. Cows fed a diet containing corn silage produced more milk than cows fed diets containing millet silage. Cows fed diets containing millet silage with 20 mm particle size compared to 5 mm showed better productive efficiency, 1.05 and 0.94 kg of milk/kg of DM intake, respectively. Cows fed diets containing corn silage produced more milk than cows fed diets containing millet silage.

Abstract Resilience of urban mobility is an emerging topic, with most studies focusing on natural disasters or technical disturbances. However, there is a gap in understanding the resilience and vulnerability of urban mobility in the face of economic threats and inadequate transport policies, particularly in developing countries such as Brazil, characterized by social inequality and urban segregation. This study sheds light on the issue of urban inequalities and segregation, aiming to identify the most vulnerable and resilient areas of Rio de Janeiro in the event of an economic crisis. We assessed the resilience and vulnerability of the public transport system with commonly used accessibility indicators, applying fuzzy logic to data from 160 districts. We considered a scenario without the fare subsidy program. The results indicate that districts with better access to high-capacity transport systems and job opportunities exhibit higher levels of resilience and lower vulnerability. However, the study also uncovers socio-spatial inequalities, with resilience values tending to be higher in coastal areas and central business districts, exacerbating disparities. Addressing urban inequalities and segregation requires not only improving travel times and transportation systems but also considering the economic impact on vulnerable populations and promoting decentralized employment opportunities.

Resumo A resiliência da mobilidade urbana é um tema emergente, com a maioria dos estudos focando em desastres naturais ou distúrbios técnicos. No entanto, há uma lacuna na compreensão da resiliência e da vulnerabilidade da mobilidade urbana diante de ameaças econômicas e políticas de transporte inadequadas, principalmente em países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, caracterizados por desigualdade social e segregação urbana. Este estudo lança luz sobre a questão das desigualdades e da segregação urbana, com o objetivo de identificar as áreas mais vulneráveis e resilientes do Rio de Janeiro, no caso de uma crise econômica. Avaliamos a resiliência e a vulnerabilidade do sistema de transporte público usando indicadores de acessibilidade comumente usados, aplicando lógica difusa a dados de 160 distritos. Consideramos um cenário sem o programa de subsídio tarifário. Os resultados indicam que os distritos com melhor acesso a sistemas de transporte de alta capacidade e oportunidades de emprego apresentam níveis mais elevados de resiliência e menor vulnerabilidade. No entanto, o estudo também revela desigualdades socioespaciais, com valores de resiliência tendendo a ser maiores nas áreas costeiras e nos distritos centrais de negócios, exacerbando as disparidades. É evidente que enfrentar as desigualdades urbanas e a segregação requer não apenas melhorar os tempos de viagem e os sistemas de transporte, mas também considerar o impacto econômico nas populações vulneráveis e promover oportunidades de emprego descentralizadas.

ABSTRACT. We aimed to determine the effect of relocation of whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) with different fermentation profiles on ingestive behavior of lambs. Twenty-four male Santa Inês lambs, were used in a completely randomized block design based on initial body weight (17.5 ± 1.8 kg) for the following treatments: CS: WPCS (not inoculated and not relocated); R-12h: WPCS relocated for 12h; IR-12h: WPCS inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum and relocated for 12h; and R-24h: WPCS not inoculated and relocated for 24h. Ingestive behavior was observed as continuous (feeding, ruminating, and idling) and specific (urination, defecation, and water and salt access frequency) activities for 48h (3h intervals for a total of eight periods in 24h). The behavioral activities were affected only by periods (p = 0.0001). Feeding peaks was high at 8:00-11:00am (54.2%) and 5:00-8:00pm (54.9%) in compare to ruminating and idling at the same period. Rumination time was intense at night, at 63.7% (2:00-5:00am) and 69.7% (5:00-8:00am). Idling time (49.7%) was long after silage supply. The specific activities were intense during the morning periods. Supply of WPCS relocated up to 24h did not alter the ingestive behavior.

Resumo Os indicadores de violência no entorno dos transportes públicos têm alcançado níveis alarmantes na maioria dos estados brasileiros, afetando inclusive sua mobilidade. Este artigo objetiva, utilizando a lógica nebulosa, identificar o nível de vulnerabilidade e de resiliência do transporte público em 21 regiões administrativas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, em face das ocorrências criminais. Foram utilizadas variáveis relacionadas a população, emprego, oportunidades intervenientes, tempo, ocorrências criminais no entorno dos transportes públicos e cobertura policial de cada região avaliada. Os resultados permitem concluir que as cinco áreas mais vulneráveis são: Campo Grande, Méier, Barra da Tijuca, Rio Comprido e Irajá e as áreas mais resilientes são: Lagoa, Copacabana, Botafogo, Vila Isabel e Tijuca. A contribuição deste trabalho pode ser verificada pela proposta de analisar o nível de vulnerabilidade e de resiliência a partir de dados de segurança pública, com destaque para uma relação de dependência espacial das regiões.

Abstract Indicators of violence involving public transportation have reached alarming levels in most Brazilian states, hampering mobility. This article aims to identify the level of vulnerability and resilience of public transportation in 21 administrative regions of the city of Rio de Janeiro, in light of criminal occurrences. Variables related to population, employment, intervening opportunities, travel time, criminal occurrences associated with public transportation and police coverage of each evaluated region were used. The results indicated that the five most vulnerable regions are Campo Grande, Méier, Barra da Tijuca, Rio Comprido and Irajá, and the most resilient are Lagoa, Copacabana, Botafogo, Vila Isabel and Tijuca. The contribution of this work is the proposal to analyze the level of vulnerability and resilience based on public security data, with emphasis on the spatial dependence relation among the regions.

Resumo Neste artigo, apresentamos o material etnográfico e nossas interpretações acerca dos significados que as pessoas em situação de privação de liberdade no Distrito Federal davam a suas experiências cotidianas, com especial foco nas situações, relatos e percepções desses atores sociais relacionados àquilo que classificamos como processos estruturais de exclusão discursiva no âmbito desse contexto. A partir de nossos dados de campo, sustentamos que estes processos são uma dimensão central do puxar pena, não apenas configurando uma forma em si de desconsideração, como também a própria condição necessária para a manutenção de um quadro estrutural de violência e violações a direitos no cárcere. Além disso, os processos de exclusão discursiva são fundamentais para a compreensão do modo como a experiência de desconsideração era interpretada e elaborada pelos/as interlocutores/as. Os dados apresentados são o resultado de uma pesquisa de campo, realizada entre os anos 2014 e 2018, com mulheres e homens que cumpriam pena no Distrito Federal.

Abstract In this paper, we present our ethnographic material and interpretations concerning the meanings that men and women imprisoned in the Federal District, Brazil attributed to their everyday experiences, with a special focus on the situations, statements and perceptions of these social actors related to that which we classify as structural processes of discursive exclusion. Drawing from our field data, we argue that these processes are a central dimension of pulling time, which not only configure a form of disrespect, but also the condition needed to sustain a structural scenario of violence and violation of rights in these prisons. In addition, the processes of discursive exclusion are essential to understand how the experiences of disrespect were interpreted and addressed by the interlocutors. The data presented are the result of ethnographic research carried out between 2014 and 2018 with men and women imprisoned the Federal District, Brazil.

ABSTRACT In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of cutting height (25 or 40 cm above ground) and bacterial inoculation (a combined inoculant of Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium acidipropionici) on the chemical and microbial compositions, fermentative profile, and aerobic stability of whole-plant corn silage and nitrogen balance, intake, and apparent nutrient digestibility by sheep. To evaluate silage characteristics and sheep metabolism, we performed analyses based on a completely randomized block design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement (two cutting heights, with or without bacterial inoculant). We evaluated the chemical and microbial compositions, pH, fermentation end-products, and aerobic stability of silage. To examine nutrient digestibility of silage, we used 24 male sheep over a 21-day period. We found that the aerobic stability did not differ among the silages. Sheep fed silages produced from corn harvested at 40 cm had increased intakes of crude protein, non-fiber carbohydrate, and total digestible nutrients, whereas the non-fiber carbohydrate intake of inoculated corn silages was found to be higher than that of uninoculated silage. Furthermore, the amounts of nitrogen retained by sheep fed silage produced from corn harvested at 40 cm were higher than those of sheep fed silage produced from corn harvested at 25 cm. Collectively, our findings indicate that, despite the observed effects, a difference of 15 cm in cutting height results in relatively small changes in the chemical composition of corn silage and a limited effect on the nutrient intake and nitrogen balance of animals fed this silage. Moreover, although bacterial inoculation promotes an efficient fermentation, it has no marked effects on the aerobic stability of silage.

Resumo Este artigo trata das visões de mundo e práticas das parteiras tradicionais que moram em Santana (AP, Brasil). Tendo como base pesquisa de campo de caráter etnográfico e entrevistas semiestruturadas, apresentamos o entendimento dessas mulheres acerca do seu ofício, destacando a centralidade desempenhada pelas noções nativas de dom e de divino nesse universo. Também apresentamos e interpretamos a dimensão simbólica das relações estabelecidas entre essas mulheres, as parturientes e a entidade nomeada por elas como Deus. Neste contexto, observamos que as obrigações relacionadas aos endividamentos não compulsórios no dar-receber-retribuir, apontado na maioria dos estudos sobre parteiras, não se restringem à relação entre família da parturiente e parteira. Na concepção local, as relações relevantes de obrigação concatenadas ao dom para o ofício se estabelecem entre humanos e Deus. Grosso modo, a contradádiva é efetivada no atendimento às gestantes, mas como uma espécie de obrigação diante de Deus. Assim, o atendimento às mulheres que procuram as parteiras é entendido como o meio adequado de saldar a dívida adquirida com o ser divino.

Abstract This article studies the world conceptions and practices of traditional midwives who live and work in Santana (Amapá, Brazil). Based on an ethnographic fieldwork including semi-structured interviews, we present how these women perceive their craft, highlighting the centrality of the category dom and the notion of divine in this universe. We also discuss the symbolic dimension of the relationships established between the midwives, the pregnant women and the entity known by them as God. In this regard, the obligations associated to the non-compulsory debts in the giving, receiving and returning cycle, pointed out by most studies on traditional midwives, are not restricted to the relation between the patient’s family and the midwife. According to the local conception, the most relevant relations of obligation associated to the dom for their craft are those established between humans and God. The counter-gift is accomplished through patient care, but as a sort of obligation towards God. Assisting the women who seek midwives is, thus, understood as the adequate means to settle the debt with this divine entity.

Resumo Este artigo trata das visões de mundo e práticas das parteiras tradicionais que moram em Santana (AP, Brasil). Tendo como base pesquisa de campo de caráter etnográfico e entrevistas semiestruturadas, apresentamos o entendimento dessas mulheres acerca do seu ofício, destacando a centralidade desempenhada pelas noções nativas de dom e de divino nesse universo. Também apresentamos e interpretamos a dimensão simbólica das relações estabelecidas entre essas mulheres, as parturientes e a entidade nomeada por elas como Deus. Neste contexto, observamos que as obrigações relacionadas aos endividamentos não compulsórios no dar-receber-retribuir, apontado na maioria dos estudos sobre parteiras, não se restringem à relação entre família da parturiente e parteira. Na concepção local, as relações relevantes de obrigação concatenadas ao dom para o ofício se estabelecem entre humanos e Deus. Grosso modo, a contradádiva é efetivada no atendimento às gestantes, mas como uma espécie de obrigação diante de Deus. Assim, o atendimento às mulheres que procuram as parteiras é entendido como o meio adequado de saldar a dívida adquirida com o ser divino.

Abstract This article studies the world conceptions and practices of traditional midwives who live and work in Santana (Amapá, Brazil). Based on an ethnographic fieldwork including semi-structured interviews, we present how these women perceive their craft, highlighting the centrality of the category dom and the notion of divine in this universe. We also discuss the symbolic dimension of the relationships established between the midwives, the pregnant women and the entity known by them as God. In this regard, the obligations associated to the non-compulsory debts in the giving, receiving and returning cycle, pointed out by most studies on traditional midwives, are not restricted to the relation between the patient’s family and the midwife. According to the local conception, the most relevant relations of obligation associated to the dom for their craft are those established between humans and God. The counter-gift is accomplished through patient care, but as a sort of obligation towards God. Assisting the women who seek midwives is, thus, understood as the adequate means to settle the debt with this divine entity.

Resumo Este artigo trata das parteiras tradicionais que vivem e atuam em Santana, segundo maior município amapaense. Apresentam-se e problematizam-se as concepções de mundo das parteiras, destacando que as obrigações relacionadas aos endividamentos não compulsórios no dar-receber-retribuir não se restringem à relação entre família da parturiente e a parteira. Na concepção local, as relações relevantes de obrigação concatenadas ao dom para o ofício se estabelecem entre humanos e Deus. Grosso modo, a contradádiva é efetivada no atendimento às gestantes, mas como uma espécie de obrigação diante de Deus. Logo, o atendimento às mulheres que procuram as parteiras é entendido como o meio adequado de saldar a dívida adquirida com o ser divino.

Abstract This article studies the traditional midwives living and working in Santana, the second largest city of Amapá state, Brazil. We present and discuss the midwives’ worldviews, highlighting how the obligations associated with non-compulsory debts in the cycles of giving, receiving and returning are not limited to the relationship between the patient’s family and the midwife. According to local conceptions, the most important relations of obligation associated with the dom for the craft are those established between humans and God. The counter-gift is accomplished through patient care, but as a form of obligation towards God. Assisting the women who seek out the help of the midwives is thus understood as the adequate means of settling the debt with the divine entity.

The narratives of the inhabitants of two Brazilian favelas on certain practices by the agents of law and order reveal the experience of a moral insult. They allow us to advance in our reflections on how certain categories commonly used by favela-dwellers open up access to a web of meanings which reveals world-views central to understanding of what is in play when they talk about the police. Through analysis of local categories and the contexts in which they arise we are able to glimpse why certain episodes and behaviours are signified as acts of disrespect, an insult to the dignity of a certain «type of person» who lives in these areas.

Las narrativas de los vecinos de dos favelas brasileras sobre ciertas prácticas de agentes de seguridad pública, revelan la experiencia de un insulto moral. Ellas nos permiten avanzar en la reflexión sobre cómo ciertas categorías comúnmente empleadas por los habitantes de las favelas permiten acceder a la trama de significados, que revelan visiones de mundo, centrales para la comprensión de lo que está en juego cuando ellos se refieren a la policía. Tomar las categorías locales y los contextos en los cuales ellas surgen como objeto de análisis, nos permite vislumbrar por qué determinados episodios y comportamientos son significados como gestos de desconsideración, una ofensa a la dignidad de determinado «tipo de persona» que vive en esta región.

Why did a community-policing unit enjoy initial positive reception among the residents of two favelas in the city of Rio de Janeiro? Based on an ethnographic study conducted from 2000 - 2007 I suggest that to respond to this question it is necessary to observe the meaning that the residents attribute to the presence and action of this police squad, and above all to the importance that certain local categories involving conceptions of rights and justice assume when they speak about the police. In this light, it is important to pay attention to the notion of dignity constructed and shared locally and the category respect, which they used repeatedly.