Abstract The mixed wheat and bocaiuva (Acrocomia totai) flour allow the development of new products to meet the consumer demand for foods with a healthy and functional appeal. Our study aimed to evaluate the physical-chemical and rheological quality of mixed flours during storage. Mixed flours with 10 and 20% replacement of wheat flour with bocaiuva flour were conditioned in impermeable films to water vapor, oxygen and light and stored at ambient temperature for up to 120 days. Flours were submitted to periodical physical-chemical and rheological analyses. Moisture stayed within the legal limit, and water activity was considered adequate to inhibit microbial growth. Titrable acidity increased in the first 30 days of storage. Adding 20% of bocaiuva to the wheat flour enriched the mixture with twice the carotenoids and higher total phenol content. The bioactive compounds showed a slight reduction during storage. The mixed flour can be indicated for elaborating bread, loaf, pasta, cakes and biscuits. The falling numbers point to the need for correcting the flour by adding enzymes to produce fermented foods.

Resumo A partir da análise de três contos - "Aurora sem dia" (1873), "O programa" (1882) e "Vênus! Divina Vênus!" (1893) -, este artigo discute a figuração do poeta vulgar em Machado de Assis. Por meio dela, procuro demonstrar que o autor atualizou o modelo poético do "Poeta sem Arte", construindo uma figura de poeta vulgar como modo de problematizar o que via como efeitos negativos do triunfo do Romantismo. Essa crítica associou-se, no entanto, a modificações na poética machadiana; a postura normativa e pedagógica, empenhada em evidenciar o ideal do bom poeta, deu lugar progressivamente a uma abordagem mais historicizada daquela figura: de um charlatão oportunista a ser combatido e denunciado, ele passou a poeta de ocasião, objeto de simples registro irônico. Desse modo, Machado de Assis abandonava, igualmente, a perspectiva normativa própria do regime retórico-poético.

Abstract From the analysis of three short stories - "Aurora sem dia" (1873), "O programa" (1882) and "Vênus! Divina Vênus!" (1893) - this article discusses the representation of the vulgar poet in Machado de Assis. Through it, I try to demonstrate that the author defeated the poetic model of the "Poet without Art", building a figure of a vulgar poet as a way of problematizing what he saw as the negative effects of the triumph of Romanticism. This criticism remains associated, however, with changes in Machado's poetics; the normative and pedagogical posture, which endeavored to highlight the ideal of the good poet, gave way to a more historicized approach to that figure: from an opportunistic charlatan to be fought and denounced, he became an occasional poet, the object of a simple ironic record. Thus, Machado de Assis also abandoned the normative perspective proper to the rhetorical-poetic regime.

Abstract The acute lymphoid leukemia is the most common type of cancer in children. Evidence suggests the presence of adverse effects of the disease and treatment for cognitive, behavioral, and learning domains among survivors, although the etiology of these changes is not fully understood. Given this, it became relevant to investigate the behavioral profiles and school reintegration of 36 children aged 7 to 13 years. These were divided into two groups, one of survivors of acute lymphoid leukemia and the other of healthy children and adolescents. Behavioral and reintegration profiles were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist and the Deasy-Spinetta Behavioral Questionnaire. The data of the instruments were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. It was recorded a high prevalence of internalized complaints and learning disabilities, especially among girls and those diagnosed above five years. The results highlight the need for monitoring of surviving children, promoting interventions that ensure their development.

Resumo A Leucemia Linfoide Aguda é o tipo mais comum de câncer na faixa pediátrica. Evidências sugerem a presença de efeitos adversos da doença e do tratamento para os domínios cognitivo, comportamental e de aprendizagem entre os sobreviventes, embora a etiologia dessas alterações não seja completamente compreendida. Diante disso, tornou-se relevante investigar os perfis de comportamento e reinserção escolar de 36 crianças com idades entre sete e 13 anos. Estas foram divididas em dois grupos, sendo um de sobreviventes de Leucemia Linfoide Aguda e outro de crianças e adolescentes saudáveis. Os perfis de comportamento e de reinserção escolar foram avaliados através do Child Behavior Checklist e do Questionário Comportamental Deasy-Spinetta, aplicados aos pais e professores. Realizou-se análise dos dados através de estatística descritiva e inferencial. Constatou-se alta prevalência de queixas internalizantes, além de dificuldades de aprendizagem no grupo de sobreviventes, notadamente entre as meninas e aqueles que tiveram o diagnóstico em idade superior a cinco anos. Os resultados ressaltam a necessidade de monitoramento das crianças sobreviventes, promovendo intervenções que auxiliem no seu desenvolvimento.

Resumo Fundamento A ação do peptídeo natriurético atrial (ANP) na natriurese, diurese e vasodilatação, resistência à insulina, fígado, rim e tecido adiposo pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento metabólico e cardiovascular saudável. Embora o nível circulante de ANP seja reduzido em pacientes com obesidade, sua resposta à perda de peso ainda é pouco explorada em populações pediátricas. Objetivo Avaliar os efeitos das variações do ANP em resposta à intervenção interdisciplinar para perda de peso na Síndrome Metabólica (SMet) e nos riscos cardiometabólicos em adolescentes com obesidade. Métodos 73 adolescentes com obesidade participaram de uma terapia interdisciplinar para perda de peso de 20 semanas, incluindo uma abordagem clínica, nutricional, psicológica e de exercícios físicos. A composição corporal, análises bioquímicas e pressão sanguínea foram avaliadas. A SMet foi classificada de acordo com a Federação Internacional de Diabetes (IDF) (2007). Após o tratamento, os voluntários foram divididos de acordo com os níveis de plasma do ANP aumento (n=31) ou ANP redução (n=19). Resultados Ambos os grupos apresentaram redução significativa de peso corporal, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunferências de cintura, pescoço e quadril (CC, CP e CQ, respectivamente), e aumento da massa livre de gordura (MLG). É interessante observar que houve uma redução significativa na gordura corporal, na razão de TG/HDL-c e na prevalência de SMet (de 23% para 6%) somente no grupo com ANP aumento. Conclusão Este estudo sugere que o aumento nos níveis séricos de ANP após a terapia para perda de peso pode estar associado a melhorias nos riscos cardiometabólicos e na prevalência reduzida de SMet em adolescentes com obesidade.

Abstract Background The action of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on natriuresis, diuresis and vasodilatation, insulin resistance, liver, kidney, and adipose tissue may contribute to the healthy metabolic and cardiovascular development. Even though the circulating level of ANP is reduced in patients with obesity, its response to weight loss remains poorly explored in pediatric populations. Objective To evaluate the effects of ANP variations in response to interdisciplinary weight loss intervention on metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiometabolic risks in adolescents with obesity. Methods 73 adolescents with obesity attended a 20-week clinical interdisciplinary weight loss therapy including clinical, nutritional, psychological and exercise training approach. Body composition, biochemical analyses and blood pressure were evaluated. MetS was classified according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) (2007). After the treatment, volunteers were divided according to Increasing (n=31) or Decreasing (n=19) ANP plasma levels. Results Both groups present significant reduction of body weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist, neck and hip circumferences (WC, NC and HC, respectively) and increasing fat-free mass (FFM). Interestingly, a significant reduction in body fat, TG/HDL-c ratio and MetS prevalence (from 23% to 6%) was observed in the Increased ANP group only. Conclusion This study suggests that an increase in ANP serum levels after weight loss therapy could be associated with improvements in cardiometabolic risks and the reduced prevalence of MetS in adolescents with obesity.

Resumo: Introdução: Da população brasileira, 5% vivem com algum nível de deficiência auditiva. Apesar desse número, poucas pessoas têm acesso à educação superior. A legislação nacional defende a integração e, principalmente, a inclusão dessas pessoas no ambiente acadêmico brasileiro. Poucos são os dados sobre o acesso dos deficientes auditivos ao curso de Medicina no Brasil. Relato de experiência: Este artigo apresenta relatos de experiências de uma estudante com deficiência auditiva que cursou a disciplina de Introdução à Semiologia Médica e de seus professores e da estudante-monitora que acompanhou a disciplina. Para discutir os temas, foram selecionados 12 artigos das bases de dados MEDLINE, SciELO e LILACS, publicados entre julho de 2019 e outubro de 2021. Também se utilizaram informações publicadas pelo IBGE e Portal MEC. Discussão: A estudante relata sua dificuldade em compreender termos semiológicos, bem como suas alternativas para adquirir habilidades referentes ao exame físico. O relato do professor aborda como a inclusão é possível porém desafiadora ao se ensinar semiologia médica a uma pessoa com deficiência auditiva. Conclusão: Estudantes deficientes auditivos se beneficiam de adequação acadêmica visando à integração e inclusão para obter êxito em adquirir e treinar suas habilidades semiotécnicas. Há urgente necessidade de novas pesquisas brasileiras nessa área, principalmente relacionadas à medicina e ao ensino médico.

Abstract: Introduction: Five percent of the Brazilian population lives with some level of hearing impairment. Despite this number, few of these people have access to higher education. National legislation defends the integration and, mainly, the inclusion of these people in the Brazilian academic environment. There are few data on the access of the hearing impaired to the Medicine course in Brazil. Experience report: This article brings reports of experiences of a medicine student with hearing impairment, her monitor and her professors, with the aim of discussing the challenges faced. A contextualization with the current literature was carried out. Discussion: The student reports her difficulty in understanding semiological terms, as well as her alternatives for acquiring skills related to the physical examination. The role of the monitor and the teacher is approached with personal accounts that show how inclusion is possible and challenging. Conclusion: Hearing impaired students benefit from academic adequacy aimed at integration and inclusion to successfully acquire and train their semiotechnical skills. There is an urgent need for new Brazilian research in this area, mainly related to medicine and medical education.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o modo como Machado de Assis se apropriou da tradição retórico-poética, reescreveu e atualizou gêneros poéticos tradicionais – em particular, a tragédia clássica – por meio do emprego da antonomásia. O escritor lançou mão desse procedimento retórico, que produz uma dupla nomeação da personagem, ao longo de toda a carreira, nos mais diversos gêneros que praticou. Analisando sua ocorrência em três contos – “Virginius: narrativa de um advogado” (1864), “O que são as moças” (1866) e “Pílades e Orestes” (1903), pretendo demonstrar as modificações por que passou a relação contraditória entre tradição retórico-poética e modernidade literária em Machado de Assis. Na segunda fase de sua obra, diferentemente do que ocorrera na primeira, os caracteres modernos foram tomados como herdeiros legítimos dos nomes antigos. Servindo-se dos nomes da tragédia para traduzir a história de personagens contemporâneas, Machado de Assis rompeu com a separação dos estilos, própria do regime retórico-poético, e demonstrou sua plena adesão ao conceito moderno de literatura.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to analyze how Machado de Assis appropriated the rhetorical-poetic tradition, rewrote and updated traditional poetic genres – in particular, the classic tragedy – through the use of antonomasia. The writer used this rhetorical procedure, which produces a double naming of the character, throughout his career, in the most diverse genres he practiced. Analyzing this occurrence in three short stories – “Virginius: narrative of a lawyer” (1864), “What are the girls” (1866), and “Pílades e Orestes” (1903), I intend to demonstrate the changes that went through the contradictory relationship between rhetorical-poetic tradition and literary modernity in Machado de Assis. In the second phase of his work, unlike what happened in the first, modern characters were taken as legitimate heirs to the old names. Using the names of the tragedy to translate the history of contemporary characters, Machado de Assis broke with the separation of styles, typical of the rhetorical-poetic regime, and demonstrated his full adherence to the modern concept of literature.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of type of packaging and storage time on the quality of roasted baru almonds by checking lipid and bioactive stability. Almonds submitted to roasting were packaged in three different packages: polypropylene (PP); polypropylene + bioriented polypropylene (PP + BOPP) and polypropylene + polyethylene terephthalate + metallized and polyethylene (PP + PETMET + PE) films. The moisture content was adequate for safe storage. Almonds packed in PP + PETMET + PE film showed lower titratable acidity and oil acidity index values. During storage, acidity increased from 90 days and the acidity index from 120 days. The iodine index was higher in PP + PEMET + PET film, with predominance of unsaturated fatty acids. The content of total phenols did not differ in almonds, regardless of packaging used. The content of tannins showed reduction after 120 days of storage in all packages, while the content of phytic acids howed reduction after 90 days. The antioxidant capacity did not differ among samples. Almonds had shelf life of 120 days when packed in PP + PEMET + PET packaging and 90 days in the other types of packaging.

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the effects of an interdisciplinary intervention on biomarkers of inflammation and their relationship with fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) concentrations in women with overweight and obesity. Subjects and methods: Thirty-one women were enrolled in a 12-week interdisciplinary weight loss program delivered by a team comprising an endocrinologist, nutritionist and exercise physiologist. Body composition; anthropometric measures; metabolic and inflammatory markers including adiponectin, leptin, and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were assessed at baseline and post-therapy. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and the homeostasis model assessment of adiponectin (HOMA-AD) were calculated. The participants were divided into two groups: those with increased FGF21, and those with decreased FGF21. Results: The sample comprised women aged 32 ± 5 years with a body mass index of 33.64 ± 3.49 kg/m2. Body weight, waist circumference and leptin concentration were decreased in the whole sample after therapy. However, only the group with an increase in FGF21 concentration presented significant improvements in adiponectin concentration and adiponectin/leptin ratio. Moreover, although there was a reduction of leptin in both groups, it was greater in the increased FGF21 groups. There was a reduction in ANP in the decreased FGF21 group. Conclusions: Changes in FGF21 concentrations were different among the women participating in the weight loss program, with some having increased levels and some reduced levels. Furthermore, improvements in adiponectin and the adiponectin/leptin ratio were found only in the group with increased FGF21 concentration.

Resumo: No presente artigo, objetivou-se perscrutar as representações de educação difundidas na extensão dos 479 textos e das 1.935 iconografias que integram as 1.093 laudas do Álbum Ilustrado da Comarca de Rio Preto (1927-1929). Para tanto, com base nos princípios da História Cultural e da Análise do Discurso, examinou-se o processo social de produção deste artefato e a materialidade das grafias de cunho educacional que o compõem. Assim, averiguou-se um esforço de exaltação verbo-visual da instrução popular e oficial como indício de progresso, em uma diligência enunciativa que fixou o objeto tipográfico investigado como suporte e, a um só tempo, como a encarnação dos projetos civilizatórios e educativos que seus artífices buscaram participar.

Abstract: The objective of the present paper was to examine the representations of education disseminated in the extension of 479 texts and 1935 iconographies that integrate the 1093 pages of the Álbum Ilustrado da Comarca de Rio Preto (1927-1929). For that, based on the principles of Cultural History and Discourse Analysis, we carried out an examination of the social process of production of this artifact and the materiality of the spellings of educational nature that compose it. Thus, an effort of verbal-visual exaltation of popular and official instruction as sign of progress was verified, in an enunciative diligence that fixed the typographical object investigated as support and, at one time, as the incarnation of the civilizing and educational projects that their artificers sought to participate in.

Resumen: En este artículo, el objetivo era examinar las representaciones de la educación difundidas en la extensión de los 479 textos yde las 1935 iconografías que integran las 1093 páginas del Álbum Ilustrado da Comarca de Rio Preto (1927-1929). Con este fin, basado em los principios de la Historia Cultural y el Análisis del Discurso, se examinó el proceso social de producción de este artefacto y la materialidad de grafías de carácter educativo que lo componen. Tan, se encontró un esfuerzo de exaltación verbo-visual de la instrucción popular y oficial como síntoma de progreso, en una diligencia enunciativa que fijó el objeto tipográfico investigado como soporte y, al mismo tiempo, como la encarnación de los proyectos civilizatorios y educativos que sus autores buscaron participar.

Abstract Background: The knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease characterized by degradation of articular cartilage that leads to chronic inflammation. Exercise programs and photobiomodulation (PBM) are capable of modulating the inflammatory process of minimizing functional disability related to knee OA. However, their association on the concentration of biomarkers related to OA development has not been studied yet. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of PBM (via cluster) with a physical exercise program in functional capacity, serum inflammatory and cartilage degradation biomarkers in patients with knee OA. Methods: Forty-two patients were randomly allocated in 3 groups: ESP: exercise + sham PBM; EAP: exercise + PBM and CG: control group. Six patients were excluded before finished the experimental period. The analyzed outcomes in baseline and 8-week were: the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) and the evaluation of serum biomarkers concentration (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 e TNF-α, and CTX-II). Results: An increase in the functional capacity was observed in the WOMAC total score for both treated groups (p < 0.001) and ESP presents a lower value compared to CG (p < 0.05) the 8-week post-treatment. In addition, there was a significant increase in IL-10 concentration of EAP (p < 0.05) and higher value compared to CG (p < 0.001) the 8-week post-treatment. Moreover, an increase in IL-1β concentration was observed for CG (p < 0.05). No other difference was observed comparing the other groups. Conclusion: Our data suggest that the physical exercise therapy could be a strategy for increasing functional capacity and in association with PBM for increasing IL-10 levels in OA knee individuals. Trial registration: ReBEC (RBR-7t6nzr).

ABSTRACT Objective Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is among the activators that can stimulate thermogenesis in the white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue. People with obesity have elevated blood levels of FGF21, but also develop resistance to its action, impairing its beneficial role. Inversely, clinical treatments to weight loss has been pointed out as an important therapy for increasing and recovering sensitivity to FGF21. The aim was to analyse the effect of long-term weight loss interdisciplinary intervention on FGF21 and body composition. Subjects and methods Eighty-six post-pubertal obese adolescents (14-19 years-old), were submitted to 20 weeks of weight loss therapy (clinical, nutritional, psychological and physical exercise support). Anthropometric measures, body composition and rest metabolic rate (RMR) by bioelectrical impedance, and serum FGF21 sample by ELISA were evaluated. The adolescents were grouped according to FGF21 individual delta variations after therapy: Higher Increase (HI); lower increase (LI); lower decrease (LD); higher decrease (HD). Results All groups present weight loss. Only in FGF21 ≥ 76,5 pg/mL variation the free-fat-mass and rest metabolic rate were preserved and to others group these variables were significantly reduced. Conclusion High increase in FGF21 can contribute to preservation of FFM and RMR after weight loss therapy, could have important implications for energy balance regulation. Future studies are necessary to continue determining the role of magnitude effects of FGF21 levels in obesity to improve clinical practice, especially in paediatrics population.

Abstract Background: obesity is a chronic disease associated with inadequate eating habits and reduced levels of physical activity. Because of obesity, the risk for comorbidities is increased, especially for cardiovascular diseases, insulin resistance, and increased pro-inflammatory factors. The aim of the present investigation was to analyze potential correlations between pro/anti-inflammatory adipokines, glycemic index, and other markers of diet quality using a metabolic profile in women undergoing interdisciplinary weight loss therapy. Methods: thirty-two women with obesity were enrolled in a 12-week program of interdisciplinary therapy combining a clinical, nutritional, and physical exercise approach. Body composition, quality of diet, metabolic profile, and pro/anti-inflammatory adipokines were analyzed. Results: the therapy showed to be effective in reducing body weight (from 93.16 ± 16.96 to 88.36 ± 16.23; p = 0.0000001), body mass index (from 34.01 ± 4.00 to 32.29 ± 3.96; p = 0.0000001), and body fat (from 38.25 ± 5.05 to 36.13 ± 5; p = 0.0000001). There was also an improvement in lipid profile, including total cholesterol (from 196.16 ± 34.78 to 183.53 ± 43.15; p = 0.001), non-HDL-cholesterol (from 142 ± 30.05 to 1333.69 ± 35.41; p = 0.01), VLDL-cholesterol (from 27.13 ± 12.4 to 22.06 ± 8.55; p = 0.002), triglycerides (from 135.88 ± 61.21 to 110.75 ± 43.09; p = 0.002) and glucose metabolism, including glucose (from 97.13 ± 10.43 to 92.6 ± 6.6; p = 0.004), and insulin (from 13.05 ± 5.54 to 11.29 ± 4.85; p = 0.03). As for food intake, there was a decrease in calorie consumption (from 1991.45 ± 677.78 to 1468.88 ± 390.56; p = 0.002), carbohydrates (from 50.37 ± 6 to 47.04 ± 8.67; p = 0.04), lipids (from 31.83 ± 5.53 to 30.37 ± 7.04; p = 0.3), and glycemic load (from 80.53 ± 39.88 to 54.79 ± 23.69; p = 0.02), and an increased consumption of proteins (from 18.3 ± 2.39 to 22.89 ± 4.9; p = 0.002). Positive correlations were demonstrated between insulin concentration and waist circumference (r = 0.82; p = 0.003); leptin and body fat and abdominal circumference (r = 0.74; p = 0.01); and LDL-cholesterol fraction and total cholesterol consumption (r = 0.69; p = 0.027). Negative correlations were demonstrated between leptin and monosaturated fat consumption (r = -0.71; p = 0.02); and adiponectin and liver enzyme GGT levels (r = -0.65; p = 0.04). Conclusions: interdisciplinary therapy had positive effects on inflammatory state, mediated by leptin, adiponectin, and quality of diet. Our findings suggest the effectiveness and clinical relevance of the interdisciplinary clinical therapy applied for obesity.

Resumen Introducción: la obesidad es una enfermedad crónica asociada con hábitos alimentarios inadecuados y niveles reducidos de actividad física. Debido a la obesidad, el riesgo de comorbilidad aumenta, especialmente el de las enfermedades cardiovasculares, la resistencia a la insulina y el aumento de los factores proinflamatorios. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar las posibles correlaciones entre las adipocinas pro/antiinflamatorias, el índice glucémico y otros marcadores de calidad de la dieta con el perfil metabólico en mujeres sometidas a terapia interdisciplinaria para perder peso. Métodos: treinta y dos mujeres con obesidad participaron en 12 semanas de terapia interdisciplinaria en la que se combinaron los enfoques clínico, nutricional y de ejercicio físico. Se analizaron la composición corporal, la calidad de la dieta, el perfil metabólico y las adipocinas pro/antiinflamatorias. Resultados: la terapia demostró ser efectiva para reducir el peso corporal (de 93,16 ± 16,96 a 88,36 ± 16,23; p = 0,0000001), el índice de masa corporal (de 34,01 ± 4,00 a 32,29 ± 3,96; p = 0,0000001) y la grasa corporal (de 38,25 ± 5,05 a 36,13 ± 5,00; p = 0,0000001). También hubo una mejora del perfil lipídico, incluidos el colesterol total (de 196,16 ± 34,78 a 183,53 ± 43,15; p = 0,001), el colesterol no HDL (de 142,00 ± 30,05 a 1333,69 ± 35,41; p = 0,01), el VLDL-colesterol (de 27,13 ± 12,4 a 22,06 ± 8,55; p = 0,002), y el metabolismo de la glucosa, incluyendo la glucosa (de 97,13 ± 10,43 a 92,6 ± 6,6; p = 0,004) y la insulina (de 13,05 ± 5,54 a 11,29 ± 4,85; p = 0,03). En cuanto a la ingesta de alimentos, hubo disminución en el consumo de calorías (de 1991,45 ± 677,78 a 1468,88 ± 390,56; p = 0,002), carbohidratos (de 50,37 ± 6,00 a 47,04 ± 8,67; p = 0,04), lípidos (de 31,83 ± 5,53 a 30,37 ± 7,04; p = 0,3) y carga glucémica (de 80,53 ± 39,88 a 54,79 ± 23,69; p = 0,02), y aumento del consumo de proteínas (de 18,3 ± 2,39 a 22,89 ± 4,90; p = 0,002). Se demostraron correlaciones positivas entre la concentración de insulina y la circunferencia de la cintura (r = 0,82; p = 0,003); la leptina, la grasa corporal y la circunferencia abdominal (r = 0,74; p = 0,01), y la fracción de colesterol LDL y el consumo total de colesterol (r = 0,69; p = 0,027). Se demostraron correlaciones negativas entre la leptina y el consumo de grasa monosaturada (r = -0,71; p = 0,02), y la adiponectina y la enzima hepática GGT (r = -0,65; p = 0,04). Conclusiones: la terapia interdisciplinaria tuvo efectos positivos sobre el estado inflamatorio, mediado por la leptina, la adiponectina, y la calidad de la dieta. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren la efectividad y la relevancia clínica de la terapia clínica interdisciplinaria aplicada a la obesidad.

Bismuth is a critical metal broadly used in cosmetic, medicine and metallurgy. However, its scarcity in Earth’s crust may impair further applications. An alternative is to recover bismuth from secondary sources. In this work, a methodology to extract bismuth from safety valves of discharged gas cylinders is proposed. Extraction and purification of bismuth were carried out using aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) prepared with poly(ethylene oxide) polymer or poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) copolymer (L35) and electrolytes (NaNO3, NH4NO3, sodium citrate or Na2SO4). The influence of iodide extractant concentration, tie-line length, electrolyte nature and polymer hydrophobicity on the bismuth extraction behavior were evaluated. Bismuth was significantly recovered in the absence of extractant, and its extraction depends on the ATPS composition, macromolecule and electrolyte nature. After three consecutive extractions bismuth was obtained with high purity (94.7%), resulting on a recovery of 38.5 g of bismuth per 1.00 kg of fusible plug, using L35 + NH4NO3 + H2O ATPS, without any extractant.

Abstract Fe(II) and Fe(III) have distinct chemical and biological functions. Consequently, it is more important to determine the fraction of both oxidation state that knowing the total iron concentration in a sample. However, green methods for iron speciation are still limited. This work uses aqueous two-phase system, a safe alternative to liquid–liquid extraction, to perform the chemical speciation of iron. This method is based on the reaction of Fe(II) with 1,10-phenanthroline extractant, forming a complex of Fe(II)-phenanthroline that concentrates in the top phase of the system. The Fe(III) specie concentrated in the bottom phase of the system. Iron speciation was affected by the electrolyte nature, macromolecule type, quantity of phenanthroline added, and pH. The system formed by PEO1500 + Na3C6H5O7 + H2O at pH 6.00, containing 5.00 mmol kg-1 of phenanthroline, was successfully used to separate the iron species before determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Under these optimal conditions, a separation factor of 233 was obtained between Fe(II) and Fe(III) with extraction percentages of (95.1 ± 1.0)% and (7.68 ± 0.50)%, respectively The proposed method was successfully applied for iron speciation in water samples, and provided recovery percentages ranging between 90 and 106%.