Resumo Os objetivos do trabalho foram descrever a estrutura histológica e histoquímica do tubo gastroesofágico da Iguana iguana e verificar a ocorrência e distribuição de células serotonina (5-HT) e somatostatina (SS) imunorreativas. Fragmentos do trato gastrointestinal (TGI) de cinco iguanas foram submetidos à técnica histológica e imunohistoquímica padrão. As células imunorreativas para 5-HT e SS foram quantificadas usando o STEPanizer. O esôfago apresenta epitélio pseudoestratificado colunar ciliado Alcian blue (AB) positivo, com células caliciformes altamente reativas ao ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS). No esôfago cervical, a densidade numérica de células 5-HT por unidade de área (QA [células 5-HT] / µm2) foi de 4.6x10-2 ± 2.0 e o esôfago celomático apresentou QA = 4.0x10-2 ± 1.0. O epitélio do estômago é colunar simples, PAS e AB positivo. As regiões cranial e média do estômago apresentaram (QA [células 5-HT] / µm2) = 6.18x10-2 ± 3.2 e a região caudal, QA = 0.6x10-2 ± 0.2. As células SS foram observadas apenas no estômago caudal, com densidade numérica (QA [células SS] / µm2) = 1.4x10-2 ± 0.9. Em I. iguana, foi observada variações em termos da distribuição das secreções de muco e padrão de ocorrência das células enteroendócrinas secretoras de serotonina e somatostatina no TGI, o que possivelmente reflete uma resposta adaptativa interespecifica.

Abstract The work aims were to describe the histological and histochemical structure of the gastroesophageal tube of Iguana iguana and verify the occurrence and distribution of immunoreactive serotonin (5-HT) and somatostatin (SS) cells. Fragments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of five iguanas were which underwent standard histological and immunohistochemistry technique. Immunoreactive cells for 5-HT and SS were quantified using the STEPanizer. The oesophagus has ciliated columnar pseudostratified epithelium with staining Alcian blue (AB) + and goblet cells highly reactive to periodic acid Schiff (PAS). In the cervical oesophagus, the numerical density of 5-HT cells per unit area (QA [5-HT cells]/µm2) was 4.6x10-2 ± 2.0 and celomatic oesophagus presented QA = 4.0x10-2 ± 1.0. The epithelium of the stomach is simple columnar, PAS and AB +. The cranial and middle regions of the stomach presented (QA [5-HT cells]/µm2) = 6.18x10-2 ± 3.2 and the caudal region, QA = 0.6x10-2 ± 0.2. The SS cells were only observed in the caudal stomach, with numerical density (QA [SS cells]/µm2) = 1.4x10-2 ± 0.9 In I. iguana, variation was observed in terms of the distribution of mucus secretions and the pattern of occurrence of serotonin and somatostatin-secreting enteroendocrine cells in the TGI, which possibly will result in an interspecific adaptive response.

Abstract Determining the radiation efficiency of an antenna is a difficult task that becomes challenging when it is about electrically small antennas. This work investigates the applicability of the Wheeler cap method to measure the radiation efficiency of a UHF dual-band compact microstrip patch antenna. An overview of Wheeler method is presented. An adaptation to the original method is suggested to measure the efficiency of a small slitted microstrip patch antenna operating at two frequencies (400 MHz and 431 MHz). A third-order equivalent RLC circuit has been proposed. The measurements were performed using three metal shields of different sizes and shapes. Measured results agreed with the theoretical model. However, the metallic shield significantly interferes in the fringing fields, reducing the accuracy of the method. Despite the inaccuracy observed in the measurements, the method proved to be attractive due to its low cost and ease of measurement. The contribution of this work is to apply the method to an antenna under test with a high degree of miniaturization, low efficiency, and very narrow band, in addition to using a thick substrate. No previous work with this focus has been found in the literature, up to date.

ABSTRACT In this study, the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Exercise Imagery Questionnaire (EIQ) were evaluated in a sample of 166 first-year undergraduates of a Bachelor's degree in Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, 127 men, and 39 woman; Mage = 20.57, SD = 2.24. Participants exercised at least 4 times a week. Moreover, the Spanish versions of four mental imagery questionnaires were administered: MIQ-R, VMIQ, VVIQ, and Gordon Test. Two confirmatory factor analyses of the EIQ were performed. First, a three-factor model (technique, energy, and appearance imagery) the same as the original model, failed to obtain the recommended values for a good fit. However, the second model adjusted to two factors (technique and energy imagery) was good (CFI = .97, NNFI = .94, RMSEA = .07, SRMR = .04) with results similar to the original test. Reliability was acceptable as measured by the Cronbach's alpha, but composite reliability was lower than recommended. However, convergent and discriminant validity was inadequate. There was a significant correlation between the EIQ and the Gordon Test. Furthermore, Tables have been included as an aid the elucidation of the results of the sample of undergraduates on the Bachelor's degree in Physical Activity and Sports Sciences. The results are discussed, and substantiated the Spanish version of the EIQ was a valid and useful test for exploring two types of imagery in particular: technique and energy.

RESUMO Neste estudo avaliamos as propriedades psicométricas da versão em espanhol do Exercise Image Questionnaire (EIQ). Participaram 166 (127 homens e 39 mulheres) alunos do primeiro ano de uma licenciatura em Atividade Física e Ciências do Desporto (Midade = 20.57, SD = 2,24). Os participantes exercitaram-se pelo menos 4 vezes por semana. Além disso, administramos a versão em espanhol de quatro questionários de imagem mental: MIQ-R, VMIQ, VVIQ, Gordon Test. Foram realizadas duas análises confirmatórias do EIQ, primeiro um modelo com três fatores (imagem técnica, energia e aparência), exatamente como o original, embora não se atendesse aos valores recomendados para um bom ajuste. No entanto, o ajuste do segundo modelo com dois fatores (técnica e imagem energética) foi bom (CFI = .97, NNFI = .94, RMSEA = .07, SRMR = .04) com resultados semelhantes ao teste original. A confiabilidade medida através do alfa de Cronbach foi aceitável, mas a confiabilidade composta foi menor que o recomendado. A validade convergente e discriminada foi adequada. Houve uma correlação significativa entre o EIQtécnica e o teste de Gordon. Também foi incluída uma tabela de escala do grupo de estudantes de Atividade Física e Ciências do Desporto. Os resultados foram discutidos, e observou-se que o EIQ é um teste válido e útil para explorar, principalmente, dois tipos de imagem: técnica e energia.

RESUMEN En este studio se evaluaron las propiedades psicométricas de la versión en español del Cuestionario de Imágenes de Ejercicio (EIQ) en un grupo de 166 ( 127 hombres y 39 mujeres ) estudiantes de de primer año de grado en Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (Medad = 20.57, SD = 2,24). Los participantes realizaban ejercicio al menos 4 veces por semana. Además administramos la version Española de cuatro cuestionarios de imagen mental: MIQ-R, VMIQ, VVIQ, Gordon Test. Llevamos a cabo dos análisis confirmatorios del EIQ, en primer lugar, un modelo con tres factores (imagen de técnica, energía y apariencia) similar al original, aunque no cumplía los valores recomendados para un buen ajuste. Sin embargo, el ajuste del segundo modelo con dos factores (imagen de técnica y energía) fue bueno (CFI = .97, NNFI = .94, RMSEA = .07, SRMR = .04), con resultados similares a la prueba original. La fiabilidad medida a través del alfa de Cronbach fue acceptable pero la fiabilidad compuesta fue más baja de lo recommendable. La validez convergente y discriminate resultó adecuada. Encontramos una correlación significativa entre el EIQtécnica y el Gordon Test. También se incluyó una tabla de baremación del grupo estudiantes of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences. Los resultados se discutieron, y se observó que la version Española del EIQ es una prueba válida y útil para explorar, especialmente, dos tipos de imagen: técnica y energía.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é viabilizar o uso de escória de forno elétrico (FEA) em substituição ao agregado graúdo convencional na fabricação de concreto permeável (CoPe), atingindo os parâmetros mínimos exigidos pela norma NBR16416/2015. Esta substituição minimizaria a utilização de agregados naturais, além de aproveitar um resíduo que não tem destinação específica. Para alcançar o objetivo foram escolhidos três FEA’s com diferentes distribuições granulométricas: 6-10 mm (A), 10-20 mm (B) e finalmente uma mistura das duas anteriores (C) na proporção 30-70 respectivamente. Para avaliar seu comportamento mecânico foram realizados ensaios de resistência à compressão e tração na flexão, enquanto na avaliação do comportamento hidráulico, índice de vazios e permeabilidade à carga constante foram realizados. Na compressão foram obtidas resistências variando de 19-31MPa e 3-4MPa na tração na flexão. Em termos hidráulicos, o índice de vazios variou de 15%-20% e o coeficiente de permeabilidade de 10-12mm/s. Também se verifica a influência direta dos grãos de tamanho inferior a 4.8 mm (agregado miúdo) na resistência à compressão e na permeabilidade dos CoPes. Ao final, a partir dos resultados obtidos foi possível estabelecer uma correlação entre a resistência à compressão, a permeabilidade e a porcentagem de grãos inferiores a 4.8mm (%areia), sendo esta positiva em relação às variáveis estudadas, ou seja, as propriedades mecânicas e hidráulica. Por tanto foi concluído que é viável a substituição total dos agregados convencionais por FEA na fabricação de CoPe cumprindo com os parâmetros mínimos da NBR 16416/2015.

Abstract The objective of this work is to make feasible the use of FEA slag instead of the conventional bulk aggregate in the pervious concrete (PC) production, reaching the minimum parameters required by NBR16416/2015 and ACI 522R-10. This substitution would minimize the use of natural aggregates, besides taking advantage of a residue that has no specific destination. In order to reach the objective, three FEAs with different grain sizes were chosen: 6-10 mm (A), 10-20 mm (B) and finally a mixture of the two previous ones (C) in the proportion 30-70 respectively. In order to evaluate its mechanical behavior, tests of compressive strength and flexural tensile tests were carried out, while the evaluation of the hydraulic behavior, porosity and constant head permeability test were performed. The compressive strength varies from 19-31MPa and 3-4MPa for flexural tensile strength was obtained. In hydraulic terms, the porosity varied from 15-20% and the permeability coefficient was 10-12mm/s. There is also a direct influence of grains of size less than 4.8 mm (small aggregate) on the compressive strength and permeability of PCs. At the end of the results, it was possible to establish a correlation between the compressive strength, the permeability and the percentage of grains inferior to 4.8mm (sand%), being this positive in relation to the studied variables, that is, the mechanical and hydraulics. Therefore, it has been concluded that the total substitution of conventional aggregates by FEA in CoPe manufacturing will comply with the minimum parameters of NBR 16416/2015.

Abstract: Introduction: Hip fracture is a cause of major morbidity and mortality and is often associated with high blood transfusion rate, non-complication-free therapy. The objective of the study is to evaluate the factors dependent and independent of the transfusional act, as well as to elaborate an algorithm that allows us to make a decision making based on a statistical model rationalizing the use of blood. Material and methods: Prospective study on 100 patients older than 65 years intervened for hip fracture consecutively. We analyzed demographic data, drug taking, comorbidity, pre- and postoperative analytics, type of fracture and those related to surgery valuing uni- and bivariate determinants of the Transfusional Act to control the possible bias of confusion. Results: Following the application of the bivariate logistic regression model only the HB at the admission (p = 0.04, OR = 0.451) and the type of fracture (p = 0.003, OR = 5.479) were considered associated with the transfusion act. The value of initial HB generates a ROC curve with an area under the curve of 0.848, acceptable to assess the probability of transfusion. An initial HB value lower of 12.15 g/dl will predict the transfusion with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 85%. Conclusion: The presence of preoperative anemia and extracapsular hip fractures generate a high risk of transfusion need, while it is unlikely in intracapsular fractures without anemia at admission. In our series there is an analytical value that predicts satisfactorily 80% of blood transfusions.

Resumen: Introducción: La fractura de cadera es una causa de importante morbimortalidad y a menudo se asocia a una elevada tasa de transfusión sanguínea, terapia no exenta de complicaciones. El objetivo del estudio es evaluar los factores dependientes e independientes del acto transfusional, así como elaborar un algoritmo que nos permita realizar una toma de decisiones basada en un modelo estadístico racionalizando el empleo de sangre alogénica. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo sobre 100 pacientes mayores de 65 años intervenidos por fractura de cadera de forma consecutiva. Se analizaron datos demográficos, toma de fármacos, comorbilidad, analítica pre- y postoperatoria, tipo de fractura y los relativos a la cirugía valorando de forma uni- y bivariada los factores determinantes del acto transfusional para controlar el posible sesgo de confusión. Resultados: Tras la aplicación del modelo bivariante de regresión logística sólo la Hb al ingreso (p = 0.04, OR = 0.451) y el tipo de fractura (p = 0.003, OR = 5.479) se consideraron asociadas al acto transfusional. El valor de la Hb al ingreso genera una curva ROC con un área bajo la curva de 0.848, aceptable para valorar la probabilidad de transfusión. Un valor de Hb al ingreso inferior a 12.15 g/dl predeciría de forma correcta la transfusión con una sensibilidad de 80% y una especificidad de 85 %. Conclusiones: La presencia de anemia preoperatoria y la fractura extracapsular de cadera generan un alto riesgo de necesidad transfusional, mientras que es improbable en fracturas intracapsulares sin anemia al ingreso. En nuestra serie existe un valor analítico que predice de forma satisfactoria 80% de las transfusiones sanguíneas.

Abstract Chebyshev microstrip lowpass filters with improved performance, achieved by means of circular complementary split ring resonators (CSRR), are presented. CSRR particles exhibit frequency rejection bandwidths in the vicinity of their resonant frequencies that can be used to meliorate both selectivity and stopband in microstrip lowpass filters. Two configurations have been used: a stepped-impedance model and a configuration using open-circuited stubs. Microstrip filters having 5, 7 and 9 poles were designed and fabricated. Selectivity values up to 86 dB/GHz and suppression levels reaching 60 dB in the stopband were obtained. The filters have cutoff frequency around 2 GHz and rejection band up to 10 GHz. The insertion of the designed CSRR resonators in the ground plane of the filters removes all the transmission spurious observed in the analyzed frequency band. No considerable variation in the passband group delay is observed in the CSRR-based lowpass filters. A comparison is made among the filters designed in this and other referenced works, considering their number of poles and size. The measured results are in good agreement with the simulated ones. The presented filters can be candidates for applications using the VHF, UHF and L bands, being also very effective in the rejection of the S and C bands. Applications that demand the rejection of the first half of the X band can also use the filters detailed in this paper.

ABSTRACT Globally the market and participation in organic agriculture grew between 2011 and 2015. By 2015 the world had an economic turnaround of US $ 81.6 billion, the largest markets for organic products are United States of America, Germany and France. Regarding production, 50.9 million hectares were cultivated and 2.4 million producers worldwide participated in this activity. In Peru for the same date obtained 327,245 hectares cultivated, 97,857 producers and had an economic turn of US $ 16.6 million with a per capita consumption of US $ 0.54. Taking this context of economic and productive growth in organic production in the world and Peru, the objective of this work is to analyze the market and organic production in Peru and to show trends in comparison to the world market. To reach the objective, the methodology used was an analysis of secondary data offered by public and private institutions working directly with this sector. The data collected and used are from the most representative countries in the different topics to be analyzed and are referring to the period from 2011 to 2015. The results of this work show that throughout this period, Peru had a similar behavior of growth that the countries with greater participation in the productive sector is this in the increase of the use of the land and the participation of the producers. However, for not having updated data for this period in the economic and market sector can not be sure what behavior Peru had in these issues.

RESUMEN A nivel mundial el mercado y la participación en la agricultura de productos orgánicos tuvo un crecimiento entre el 2011 y 2015. Para el 2015 el mundo tuvo un giro económico de US$ 81.6 billones, los mayores mercados de productos de orgánicos son Estado Unidos de América, Alemania y Francia. Con respecto a la producción, fue utilizado 50.9 millones de hectáreas cultivadas y participaron en esta actividad 2.4 millones de productores a nivel mundial. En el Perú para la misma fecha obtuvo 327,245 hectáreas cultivadas, 97,857 productores y tuvo un giro económico de US$ 16.6 millones con un consumo per cápita de US$ 0.54. Teniendo este contexto de crecimiento económico y productivo en la producción de orgánicos en el mundo y el Perú, el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el mercado y la producción de orgánicos en el Perú y mostrar las tendencias en comparación con el mercado mundial. Para alcanzar el objetivo, la metodología utilizada fue de un análisis de datos secundarios ofrecidos por las instituciones publicas y privadas que trabajan directamente con este sector. Los datos colectados y utilizados son de los países más representativos en los diferentes tópicos a ser analizados y son referente al periodo del 2011 al 2015. Los resultados de este trabajo nos muestran que lo largo de este periodo, el Perú tuvo un comportamiento semejante de crecimiento que los países con mayor participación en el sector productivo sea esto en el aumento del uso de la tierra y la participación de los productores. Sin embargo por no contar con dados actualizado para este periodo en el sector económico y de mercado no se puede asegurar que comportamiento tuvo el Perú en estas cuestiones

This chapter proposes actions for an adequate implementation of the strategies defined in the Guidelines of Clinical Practice for Tobacco Treatment, Chile 2017. In the public subsystem, significant and progressive efforts have been made to carry out smoking detection and counseling ABC on the various devices in the network. In the private subsystem on the other hand specialized services have been carried out: Intensive Therapy for Smoking Cessation. A deficit of integration of services is detected based on clear and shared goals that allow to reach a relevant population impact. Guidelines are proposed to be followed to achieve success in the interventions for the treatment of smokers.

Resumen Este capítulo propone acciones para una adecuada implementación de las estrategias definidas en las Primeras Guías de Práctica Clínica del Tratamiento del Tabaquismo, Chile 2017. En el subsistema público por una parte se han hecho esfuerzos importantes y progresivos para realizar la detección de fumadores y la consejería breve ABC en los distintos dispositivos de la red. En el subsistema privado por otra parte se han llevado adelante servicios especializados: Terapia Intensiva de Cesación del Tabaquismo. Se detecta un déficit de integración de servicios a partir de metas claras y compartidas que permitan alcanzar un impacto poblacional relevante. Se proponen lineamientos a seguir para lograr éxito en las intervenciones para el tratamiento de los fumadores.

The Chilean National Health Survey 2009-10, evidences that 88.6% of the general population does not engage in sports or physical activity in their free time, and this behavior increases with age, low educational levels, and in women. According to evidence, using physical activity for smoking cessation has a weak. However, there is strong evidence that physical activity reduces withdrawal symptoms, craving, and weight gain during smoking cessation. Adults aged 18-64 need to spend at least 150 minutes a week on moderate intensity aerobic physical activity or 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic physical activity each week or an equivalent combination of moderate and vigorous activities to protect thenrselves against mortality from diverse causes.

Resumen En Chile, según la Encuesta Nacional de salud 2009-10, el 88,6% de la población general no realiza deporte o actividad física en su tiempo libre, y esta conducta de inactividad física aumenta con la edad y es mayor en los niveles educacionales bajos y en las mujeres. La evidencia reporta que utilizar la AF para la cesación del tabaquismo es débil, sin embargo, existe fuerte evidencia de que la actividad física reduce los síntomas de abstinencia, el deseo de fumar y el aumento de peso durante el abandono del tabaco. Los adultos de 18 a 64 años necesitan dedicar al menos 150 min semanales a la actividad física aeróbica, de intensidad moderada, o bien 75 min de actividad física aeróbica vigorosa cada semana, o bien una combinación equivalente de actividades moderadas y vigorosas para protegerse de mortalidad por diversas causas.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to quantify by means of canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) the use of guaje in food and traditional medicine, as well as the level of knowledge of this plant in the communities of Santiago Huajolotitlan and S. Cacaloxtepec in the mixteca baja region of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. Stratified randomsampling was performed and a questionnaire was applied in each community. Subsequently the maximum potential knowledge value of each respondent (MP) was calculated, and data analysis was performed using canonical discriminant analysis (CDA). The MP was (0.87) for the community of S. Huajolotitlan and (0.81) for S. Cacaloxtepec, which showed that the respondents have knowledge about the biology and medicinal use of guaje. The CDA showed significant difference (α = 0.05) in how to prepare guaje in both communities in Huajolotitlan, 55.3% prepare guaje in sauce, 8.3% in guaximole. With regard to diseases related to parasites, the variation percentage was 57%, whereas it was 21% for stomach pain. In Cacaloxtepec, 30% of respondents consume guaje in sauce. The variation percentage for medicinal use was 35% for deworming and 16% for making handicrafts. It is concluded that the main use of guaje in both communities is as food, the seeds being the main edible structure, and as a deworming agent, for which the bark is used.

Resumen: El objetivo de la presente investigación fue cuantificar el uso del guaje en la alimentación y el conocimiento en la medicina tradicional, mediante un análisis canónico discriminante (ACD) en las comunidades de Santiago Cacaloxtepec y S. Huajolotitlán en la mixteca baja de Oaxaca. Se realizó un muestreo aleatorio estratificado y se aplicó un cuestionario etnobotánico en cada comunidad. Posteriormente se calculó el valor potencial máximo de conocimiento de cada informante (PM), el análisis de los datos se realizó mediante un análisis canónico discriminante (ACD). El PM para S. Huajolotitlán (0.87), S. Cacaloxtepec (0.81) lo que mostró que los informantes tienen conocimiento sobre la biología y uso medicinal del guaje. El ACD mostró diferencia significativa (α = 0.05) para la forma de preparación del guaje en Huajolotitlán el 55.3% preparan el guaje en salsa, el 8.3% en guaximole. En lo que respecta a las enfermedades relacionadas con los parásitos el porcentaje de variación fue del 57%, y para el dolor de estómago el 21%. En S. Cacaloxtepec el 30% de entrevistados preparan el guaje en salsa. El porcentaje de variación para el uso medicinal fue del 35% como desparasitante y el 16% elaboran artesanías. Se concluye que el principal uso del guaje en ambas comunidades es el de alimento siendo la principal estructura comestible las semillas y la corteza como desparasitante.

This study assessed significant differences in the types of mental imagery used by participants practicing sports (indoor football and basketball) or undertaking physical activity (pilates and ballroom dancing). The selected sample of 200 women (50 practicing pilates, 50 ballroom, 50 indoor football, and 50 basketball) was administered the Spanish version of the Object-Spatial Imagery and Verbal Questionnaire (OSIVQ). Significant differences in each of the scales of the OSIVQ between participants involved in sports or physical activity were assessed. Women practicing pilates were found to have verbal processing whereas ballroom dancers, indoor football or basketball players used object imagery. An analysis of physical activity (pilates and ballroom dancing) and sports (indoor football and basketball) revealed that all participants used object imagery. We propose new research lines.

Nesta pesquisa, pretendemos saber se existe uma diferença significativa no tipo de imagens utilizadas pelos participantes em diferentes tarefas que envolvem a atividade física (pilates e dança de salão) e tarefas desportivas (futebol de salão e basquete). Para isso, selecionamos um grupo de 200 mulheres (50 de pilates, 50 de salão de festas, 50 de futebol de salão, e 50 de basquete), praticantes de atividade física ou desporto e lhes aplicamos a versão em espanhol do Object-Spatial Imagery and Verbal Questionnaire (OSIVQ). Avaliou-se se existiram diferenças significativas entre a actividade física e do desporto, e entre as diferentes atividades físicas (pilates e dança de salão), e entre os diferentes desportos (futebol de salão e basquete) para cada uma das escalas do OSIVQ. Verificamos que as praticantes de pilates apresentavam um processamento verbal, e as practicantes de dança de salão, de futebol de salão e de basquete utilizavam imagens do objeto. Quando se analisou a atividade física (pilates e dança de salão, juntamente) e desporto (futebol de salão e basquete, juntos), verificou-se que tanto as practicantes atividade física como as practicantes de atividade desportiva preferem usar a imagem do objeto. Propomos novas linhas de pesquisa.

En esta investigación deseábamos saber si existía diferencia significativa entre distintas tareas que implicaban actividad física (pilates y bailes de salón) y tareas deportivas (fútbol sala y baloncesto) en el tipo de imagen que utilizaban las participantes. Para ello, seleccionamos un grupo de 200 mujeres (50 de pilates, 50 de bailes de salón, 50 de fútbol sala, y 50 de baloncesto), practicantes de la actividad física o del deporte, y les aplicamos la versión española del Object-Spatial Imagery and Verbal Questionnaire (OSIVQ). Posteriormente analizamos si existían diferencias significativas entre la actividad física y el deporte, y entre las diferentes actividades físicas (pilates y bailes de salón), y entre diferentes deportes (fútbol y baloncesto), en cada una de las escalas del OSIVQ. Encontramos que las practicantes de pilates tenían un procesamiento verbal, y las practicantes de bailes de salón, las de fútbol sala y las de baloncesto utilizaban imágenes del objeto. Cuando se analizó la actividad física (pilates y bailes de salón, conjuntamente), y la actividad deportiva (fútbol sala y baloncesto, conjuntamente) se encontró que tanto las participantes de la actividad física como las participantes de la actividad deportiva prefieren utilizar la imagen del objeto. Se ofrecen nuevas líneas de investigación.

Objective: To describe the incidence and evolution of sickness absence (SA) for non-occupational and occupational illness/injury in the population of workers in Catalonian Health Centers based on the definition of a set of common indicators. Methods: The study population consisted of 25,964 workers from 30 health centers in Catalonia, during 2009-2012. Information on SA episodes was obtained from records of the Directorate of Human Resources. SA indicators were defined, and SA incidence rates and temporal evolution were calculated, depending on the length and type of episode, and the size and activity of health centers. Results: SA incidence rates for non-occupational illness and injury showed a decreasing trend during 2009-2012. Smaller centers had lower SA rates for non-occupational conditions than larger centers (p<0.001). Social health centers had higher SA rates of non-occupational illness and injury, especially those with a very short duration (p<0.001). Primary care centers had the lowest SA occupational illness and injury rates, with the highest rates occurring in the social health centers, especially long-term centers (p<0.001). Conclusions: The differences in incidence rates of SA detected by type of activity of the health centers could be due to differences in working conditions.

Objetivo: Describir la incidencia y evolución de la incapacidad temporal (IT) por contingencias comunes y profesionales en la población trabajadora de los centros sanitarios de Cataluña. Métodos: La población de estudio estuvo constituida por los 25.964 trabajadores de 30 centros sanitarios de Cataluña, durante el período 2009-2012. La información sobre los episodios de IT se obtuvo de los registros de las Direcciones de Recursos Humanos. Se definieron unos indicadores de IT, y se calcularon las tasas de incidencia de IT y la evolución temporal, según la duración y tipo de episodio, y el tamaño y actividad de los centros sanitarios. Resultados: La evolución temporal de las tasas de incidencia de IT por contingencia común mostró una tendencia a la disminución en el período 2009-2012. Los centros de pequeño tamaño tuvieron tasa de IT por contingencia común inferior que los de mayor tamaño (p<0,001). Los centros sociosanitarios son los que presentaron mayores tasas de IT por contingencia común, especialmente la de muy corta duración (p<0,001). Los centros de atención primaria tuvieron las tasas más bajas de IT por contingencia profesional siendo la más elevada la de los centros sociosanitarios, especialmente la de larga duración (p<0,001). Conclusiones: Las diferencias observadas en las tasas de incidencia de IT según el tipo de actividad del centro sanitario podrían deberse a diferencias en las condiciones de trabajo.

Respiratory rehabilitation improves physical capacity and quality of life in COPD patients as it has been previously reported. In Chile there are few and unpublished experiences on respiratory rehabilitation programs (RRP) implemented in primary health care (PHC). Our aim was to evaluate RRP outcome in COPD patients carried out in a rural PHC center. Methods: A prospective descriptive study of RRP in a PHC center implemented in Talagante (a village located 40 km from Santiago). COPD patients were enrolled in the study from July 2012 to May 2014. Patients having the inclusion criteria were admitted to a 12 weeks-long RPP This program included a 90 minute-long sessions of aerobic training (walking), strength training of upper and lower limbs (dumbbell, ankle support and elastic bands) and respiratory muscle training (threshold valve), twice a week. Quality of life, strength of trained muscles, six-minutes walking test (TM6), BODE index and dyspnea index, were measured before and after completing RRP Results were expressed as mean ± SD. Results: Out of 79 patients initially assessed, 54 were admitted to the RRP and 39 patients completed the program and were included in the analysis. Their mean age was 67.3 ± 8.5 years, 64% were female. In average BMI was 26.97 ± 4.3 kg/m², and FEVi was 1.17 ± 0.57 liters. We demonstrated a statistically significant improvement after RRP in 6-minute walk test (445.9 ± 77.9 m versus 498.2 ± 82.8 m, p < 0.001); Saint George’s Respiratory Questionnaire score (45.1 ± 16.1 versus 18.5 ± 11.5, p < 0.0001), PIMax (48.95 ± 18.8 versus 57.2 ± 19.4 cm H2O, p < 0.0001), BODE index (2.76 ± 1.37 versus 1.53 ± 1.0, p < 0.0001), and mMRC dyspnea scale (2.54 ± 0.75 versus 1.18 ± 0.56, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Our results are consistent with those reported in the literature, demonstrating that COPD patients get beneficial effects with the respiratory rehabilitation program. We also showed that RRP can be implemented in primary health care using simple tools, with reasonable costs.

La rehabilitación respiratoria ha demostrado beneficios en mejorar la capacidad física y calidad de vida en los pacientes con EPOC. Sin embargo, en Chile no existe información de programas de rehabilitación respiratoria (PRR) en la atención primaria de salud. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo fue evaluar los resultados de la implementación de un programa de rehabilitación respiratoria (PRR) en pacientes con EPOC en la atención primaria de salud. Material y Método: Estudio prospectivo descriptivo realizado en un centro de salud familiar de Talagante en pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de EPOC, durante el período julio de 2012 a mayo de 2014. Fueron ingresados al PRR, de 12 semanas de duración, aquellos pacientes que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. Se realizó entrenamiento aeróbico (caminata), entrenamiento de fuerza de extremidades superiores e inferiores (mancuernas, tobilleras y bandas elásticas) y entrenamiento de musculatura respiratoria (válvula umbral), 2 veces por semana y de 90 min de duración cada sesión. Al iniciar y al finalizar el PRR se evaluó: calidad de vida, fuerza muscular, test de marcha de 6 min (TM6); índice BODE y disnea. Resultados: De un total de 79 pacientes con EPOC evaluados, 54 ingresaron al PRR y 39 finalizaron el programa. La edad promedio fue 67,3 ± 8,5 años, 64% de género femenino, índice de masa corporal: 26,97 ± 4,3 kg/m² y VEF1 1,17 ± 0,57 L. Al comparar los valores iniciales y finales del PRR se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en: TM6 (445,9 ± 77,9 vs 498,2 ± 82,8 m, p < 0,001); Puntaje del cuestionario de St. George (45,1 ± 16,1 vs 18,5 ± 11,5, p < 0,0001), PIMáx 48,95 ± 18,8 vs 57,2 ± 19,4 cm H2O, p < 0,0001), índice BODE (2,76 ± 1,37 vs 1,53 ± 1,0, p < 0,0001), y escala de disnea mMRC (2,54 ± 0,75 vs 1,18 ± 0,56, p < 0,0001). Conclusiones: Los resultados de nuestro estudio son concordantes con lo descrito en la literatura y demuestran los beneficios significativos obtenidos con la rehabilitación respiratoria en pacientes con EPOC. También, se demuestra que en Chile se puede implementar un PRR en la atención primaria utilizando implementos simples y con un bajo costo.

Avian cellulitis is an inflammatory process in the subcutaneous tissue, mainly located in the abdomen and thighs. This problem is commonly observed in poultry at slaughter and it is considered one of the major causes of condemnation of carcasses in Brazil. The aim of this study was to perform the microbial isolation of lesions of avian cellulitis from a processing plant located in the State of Goiás in order to analyze antimicrobial resistance by antibiogram test and to detect resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction. A total of 25 samples of avian cellulitis lesions were analyzed, from which 30 bacterial strains were isolated. There were eleven (44%) strains of Escherichia coli, nine (36%) strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis, seven (28%) strains of Proteus mirabilis and three (12%) strains of Manheimiahaemolytica. The antibiogram test showed that all strains were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. The gene of antimicrobial resistance tetB was detected in E. coli, S. epidermidis and P. mirabilis strains, and was the most frequently observed gene. The gene of antimicrobial resistance Sul1 was detected in all bacterial species, while tetA was found in E. coli and S. epidermidis strains, SHV in E. coli strains, S. epidermidis and P. mirabilis,and cat1 in one P. mirabilis strain. The results suggest a potential public health hazard due to the ability of these microorganisms to transmit antimicrobial resistancegenes to other microorganisms present in the intestinal tract of humans and animals, which may affect clinical-medical usage of these drugs.