ABSTRACT The present study evaluated the effect of two thermal concentration systems on bioactive compounds, the sugar content of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) pulp, and the carotenoid bioaccessibility of pulp concentrate. The closed processing system ensured a higher retention of phenolic and carotenoid compounds. The bioaccessibility of lycopene in tomato pulp concentrate was relatively low (0.54 %) but higher than in raw tomato pulp (0.15 %), corroborating other results that have reported the low availability of the compound in these matrices. Carotenoid extraction from tomato residue was also evaluated through both conventional (CE) and ultrasound (UAE) extractions together with the stability of extracts over 30 days. UAE promoted a superior release of lycopene and lutein than conventional extraction. Lycopene showed less stability with a reduction of 18 % in 30 days.

Resumo Importantes compostos funcionais presentes nas frutas são frequentemente perdidos nos processos tecnológicos e durante o armazenamento. Com a técnica de microencapsulamento, é possível manter os compostos de interesse e agregar valor ao produto usando materiais de encapsulamento funcionais. Este trabalho tem como objetivo produzir polpa de goiaba microencapsulada através da técnica de secagem por pulverização, utilizando material encapsulante funcional, uma mistura de inulina e maltodextrina. A polpa de goiaba foi analisada quanto à composição centesimal, ao teor de carotenoides e à atividade antioxidante. As microcápsulas foram analisadas quanto a retenção de carotenoides, atividade antioxidante ao longo do tempo e sua morfologia por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e difração de raios-X. Ambas as proporções utilizadas no material de revestimento foram capazes de manter a atividade antioxidante da polpa de goiaba. O microencapsulamento com maior porcentagem de inulina mostrou-se como a melhor opção, devido aos bons resultados de retenção e estabilidade da atividade antioxidante ao longo do tempo, maior retenção do conteúdo de carotenoides e microestrutura mais estável, além de a inulina poder agregar valor aos pós devido às suas propriedades funcionais inerentes. O produto obtido no estudo representa um uso inovador, interessante e de possível utilização dos materiais como agentes encapsulantes, além de poder ser considerado como um potencial ingrediente funcional.

Abstract Important functional compounds present in fruits are often lost in technological processes and during storage. Microencapsulation technique allows maintaining the compounds of interest and adding value to the product using functional encapsulating materials. This work aimed to produce microencapsulated guava pulp using the spray-drying technique and a functional encapsulant material, i.e., a mix of inulin and maltodextrin. The guava pulp was analyzed for centesimal composition, carotenoid content, and antioxidant activity. The microspheres were analyzed for retention of carotenoids, antioxidant activity over time, and morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction. Two proportions of coating material could maintain the antioxidant activity of guava pulp. The microencapsulation with a higher percentage of inulin is a preferred option due to the good results of retention and stability regarding antioxidant activity over time, relevant retention of the carotenoid content, and a more stable microstructure. In addition, inulin can add value to powders owing to its inherent functional properties. The product obtained in the study is innovative and interesting, as well as may provide a capable use of these materials as encapsulated agents. In fact, it can be considered a potential functional ingredient.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma bebida mista do tipo smoothie utilizando o albúmen sólido do coco verde na sua composição. As formulações do smoothie foram elaboradas seguindo um planejamento experimental, fixando-se a concentração do albúmen sólido em 20% e variando-se os teores das polpas de acerola, abacaxi e água de coco, que totalizaram 80% da massa total do produto. Os parâmetros de resposta avaliados foram o teor de vitamina C, a capacidade antioxidante e a aceitação sensorial global. Foi observado que das dez formulações avaliadas, as que continham maiores concentrações de polpa de acerola, apresentaram valores superiores de compostos bioativos, porém não foram as mais aceitas sensorialmente. Por meio da função desejabilidade chegou-se a uma formulação final que consistiu de 52,8% de abacaxi, 27,2% de acerola e 20,0% de albúmen sólido de coco verde. Esta nova formulação teve boa aceitação, com nota igual a 7 (“bom”) e representa um bom aporte nutricional, sendo fonte de vitamina C, podendo contribuir para agregar valor a um coproduto da indústria de bebidas.

ABSTRACT: The present study aimed to develop a mixed smoothie drink using the solid albumen of the green coconut in its composition. Smoothie formulations were prepared following an experimental design, setting the solid albumen concentration at 20% and varying the contents of the acerola (Barbados Cherry), pineapple, and coconut water pulps, which corresponded to 80% of the total mass of the product. Response parameters evaluated were vitamin C content, antioxidant capacity, and overall sensory acceptance. Ten formulations were evaluated. The ones that contained higher concentrations of acerola pulp had higher values of bioactive compounds but were not the most sensorially accepted. By means of the desirability function, a final formulation consisted of 52.8% of pineapple, 27.2% of acerola, and 20.0% of solid albumen of green coconut. This new formulation was well accepted, with a grade (score) 7 (“good”). It represents a good nutritional contribution and a source of vitamin C which can contribute to add value to a co-product of the beverage industry.

Abstract Whey is well-known for the functional and bioactive properties of its proteins and peptides, which are of great interest to food and nutraceutical industries. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of four different commercial proteases (Novo ProD® (NPD), Alcalase® (ALC), Pancreas Trypsin® (TRY), and Flavourzyme® (FLA)) in the generation of hydrolysates with emulsifying and antioxidant activities. Hydrolysis processes were carried out for 5 h, reaching maximum degrees of 18.5, 15.5, 9.2, and 8.7% for NPD, ALC, TRY, and FLA, respectively. All tested enzymes generated very diverse, but conservative peptide profiles when comparing the treatments along the time, with the main enzymatic actions up to 120 min-reaction. An increase in the in vitro antioxidant activity was found for all treatments, achieving 46%, 40%, 40% and 22% for ALC, TRY, NDP and FLA, respectively. TRY hydrolysate maintained or slightly increased its emulsifying capacity along the time, however, a decrease in emulsifying capacity was found for ALC and NPD hydrolysates when compared to the non-hydrolyzed whey protein concentrate (WPC). All tested enzymes generated hydrolysates with enhanced antioxidant and/or emulsifying activities, which may be used as food ingredients and the choice of the enzyme will depend on the need.

This study aimed to evaluate the freeze-drying process for obtaining grape juice powder by reverse osmosis using 50% grape juice pre-concentrated (28.5 °Brix) and 50% hydrocolloids (37.5% maltodextrin and 12.5% arabic gum). The morphology of the glassy food showed the absence of crystalline structure, which was the amorphous wall that protected the contents of the powder. The samples were stored in clear and dark containers at room temperature, evaluated for their physical (X-ray diffraction) for 65 days and chemical (polyphenol content) stability for 120 days. During the storage time in plastic vessels, samples remained physically stable (amorphous) and the phenolic concentration was constant, indicating the potentiality of this technique to obtain a stable product with a high concentration of phenolic compounds. Therefore, the freeze-drying process promoted the encapsulation of concentrated grape juice increasing its stability and shelf life, as well as proving to be an applicable process to food industry

As indústrias de frutas destacam-se pelo volume de resíduo gerado e, principalmente, pela composição dos mesmos. O Brasil vem-se consolidando como um importante produtor mundial de suco de uva, gerando grande quantidade de resíduos diversos, como o bagaço, que corresponde a aproximadamente 20% da fruta processada. O bagaço constitui-se de casca e semente, e apresenta uma composição rica e heterogênea em compostos fenólicos (flavonoides e não flavonoides), razão pela qual foi empregado como matéria-prima no presente trabalho para a obtenção de um extrato bioativo. As extrações enzimática e etanólica foram avaliadas para a recuperação destes compostos para fins alimentícios. Dentre as condições avaliadas nos dois planejamentos experimentais, a extração hidroetanólica foi mais eficiente na recuperação dos compostos bioativos (p< 0,01), cujo extrato apresentou uma capacidade antioxidante de 1.965 µmol Trolox por 100 g de bagaço, 25% superior à do extrato obtido com a melhor condição enzimática (1.580 µmol Trolox por 100 g de bagaço).

Fruit industries are highlighted by the residue amount and especially, for its composition. Brazil thereby is consolidating as an important grape juice producer, generating a large amount of diverse residues like grape pomace, which corresponds around 20% of total fruit processed. Grape pomace is constituted by seeds and peel and presents rich and heterogeneous composition in phenolic compounds (flavonoids and non flavonoids), reason why it was employed as raw material to obtain a bioactive extract in this study. Enzymatic and ethanolic extractions were evaluated to recover these compounds as they are able for application in food products. Between the evaluated conditions in both experimental design, ethanolic extraction was more efficient for the recovery of bioactive compounds (p<0,01), which extract presented an antioxidant activity of 1.965 µmol Trolox per 100 g of grape pomace, 25% higher than the extract obtained in the better enzymatic extraction (1.580 µmol Trolox per 100 g of grape pomace).