ABSTRACT Shaded coffee systems may offer a series of benefits, however, studies on shaded cultivation of Conilon coffee crops are still scarce in the literature. This study aimed to evaluate the soil physical, chemical, and biological properties of two Conilon coffee intercropping systems from southeastern Brazil. Two commercial coffee crops – one shaded by macadamia trees and the other by green dwarf coconut trees – were evaluated according to three treatments: coffee plants in the inter-row of the tree species; coffee plants in the same row of the trees; and unshaded coffee. The experimental design was a completely randomized with four replicates. Coffee plants intercropped with macadamia trees, both intra- and inter-row, resulted in less soil compaction than unshaded systems. As for intercropping with green dwarf coconut trees, the unshaded system presented lower soil resistance to penetration. Differences in physical properties between treatments allow no inferences about intercropping systems influence on green coconut trees. Intercropped coffee improves soil chemical properties, resulting in greater soil fertility than unshaded systems, and showed greater soil organisms. These findings indicate that Conilon coffee-macadamia intercropped with tree species represents a promising alternative for sustainable soil management. benefits however literature Brazil interrow inter replicates intra interrow, row, penetration organisms coffeemacadamia management

Abstract: Somatic embryogenesis from explants from hermaphrodite papaya mother plants is an alternative for the production of true-to-type plants without the need for sexing. This study aimed to analyze hormonal and osmotic inducers in different somatic embryogenesis stages in the commercial hermaphrodite hybrid papaya UENF/Caliman 01. Leaf disks from in vitro shoots originated from ex vitro hermaphrodite plants were cultured in induction medium supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-D (6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 μM) and 4-CPA (19, 22, 25, 28, and 31 μM). After 90 days, the formation of somatic embryos was verified. The 2,4-D induced the formation of light brown calli with low frequency (20%) of somatic embryogenesis. However, 4-CPA (25 μM) induced 96% of embryogenic calli, which were transferred to maturation medium (MM) and cultured for 30 days. The MM contained ABA (0.5 μM) and AC (15 g L-1) and produced 36.6 somatic embryos callus-1, mainly on cotyledonary stage. Cotyledonary embryos were transferred to germination medium supplemented with gibberellic acid (GA3) (0.0, 1.44, 2.88, and 4.32 µM), and the conversion into plantlets was enhanced with GA3 at 2.88 µM.

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of osmoregulators and carbohydrates on the maturation and germination of somatic embryos of papaya ‘Golden THB’. Cotyledon explants from papaya seedlings germinated in vitro on basal MS medium were cultured on somatic embryogenesis induction medium (IM) containing MS salts, myo-inositol, sucrose, agar and p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid. After 50 days, embryogenic calli were transferred onto maturation media (MM) for 45 additional days. For experiment 1, a MS-based medium supplemented with abscisic acid, activated charcoal and concentrations of PEG 6000 (0; 40; 50; 60 and 70 g L-1) was used, whereas for experiment 2 malt extract concentrations (0; 0.1; 0.2; 0.3 and 0.4 g L-1) were assessed. The normal cotyledonary somatic embryos produced in experiment 2 were transferred to the germination medium (GM). The GM consisted of full-strength MS medium, sucrose, agar and was supplemented with myo-inositol at varying concentrations (0; 0.275; 0.55 and 0.825 mM). The PEG concentrations tested impaired the maturation of ‘Golden THB’ papaya somatic embryos. The MM, supplemented with malt extract at 0.153 g L-1, promoted the greatest development of normal somatic embryos (18.28 SE calli-1), that is, two cotyledonary leaves produced 36.56 SE calli-1. The supplementation with 0.45 mM myo-inositol provided the highest germination percentage (47.42%) and conversion to emblings.

RESUMO A espécie Passiflora mucronata Lam. é identificada como resistente ao Fusarim oxysporum f. passifloraceae e, portanto, pode ser utilizada como porta-enxerto para a espécie Passiflora edulis Sims. f. flavicarpa Deg., e a obtenção desses porta-enxertos pode dar-se por propagação vegetativa por estaquia. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar diferentes tipos de estacas e diferentes concentrações do ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB), no enraizamento adventício de P. mucronata. Os experimentos foram realizados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, de 16 estacas cada. No primeiro experimento, os tratamentos foram os diferentes tipos de estacas de plantas-matrizes de ambiente protegido: apical; de duas folhas e dois nós; de uma folha e um nó; sem folhas e dois nós; sem folhas e um nó. No segundo experimento, as estacas foram retiradas de campo e os tratamentos foram as concentrações de AIB: 0; 1000 (0,0036456 mol L-1); 1500 (0,0054684 mol L-1) e 2000 mg kg-1 (0,0072912 mol L-1). As características avaliadas no primeiro (1º) e no segundo (2º) experimentos foram: sobrevivência (1º e 2º); brotação (1º e 2º); número (2º), comprimento (2º), número de folhas (2º) e massa seca do broto (2º); calejamento (1º); enraizamento (1º e 2º); número (1º e 2º), comprimento (1º e 2º), volume (1º e 2º) e massa seca de raiz (1º e 2º). Recomenda-se usar estacas sem folhas e com dois nós, e não as apicais, para o processo de enraizamento de P. mucronata. O enraizamento das estacas sem folhas e com dois nós de P. mucronata dispensa o uso de reguladores de crescimento, tanto para as estacas provenientes de casa de vegetação quanto para as de campo.

ABSTRACT Passiflora mucronata Lam. is resistant to Fusarim oxysporum f. passifloraceae and therefore can be used as rootstock for the species Passiflora edulis Sims. f. flavicarpa. The rootstocks in this case can be vegetatively propagated through cuttings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different types of cuttings and different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on the adventitious rooting of P. mucronata. The experiments were arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications of 16 cuttings each. In Experiment 1, the treatments consisted of the different types of cuttings from mother plants grown in protected environment: shoot tips; two leaves and two nodes; one leaf and one node; leafless with two nodes; leafless with one node. In Experiment 2, the cuttings were taken from field plants and treated with the following IBA concentrations: 0; 1000 mg kg-1 (0.0036456 mol L-1); 1500 mg kg-1 (0.0054684 mol L-1) and 2000 mg kg-1 (0.0072912 mol L-1). The characteristics evaluated in the experiments 1 and 2 were: survival (1 and 2); budding (1 and 2); shoot number (2), shoot length (2), number of shoot leaves (2);shoot dry mass (2); callusing (1); rooting (1 and 2); root number (1 and 2), largest root length (1 and 2), root volume (1 and 2), and root dry mass (1 and 2). We found that, instead the shoot tips, the cuttings of the type leafless with two nodes are the best for P. mucronata rooting. Neither the cuttings from greenhouse plants nor the cuttings from field plants require growth regulators for rooting of P. mucronata cuttings of the type leafless with two nodes.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a divergência genética e as características físicas e químicas de frutos de duas populações do maracujazeiro azedo na região Norte do Espírito Santo, como as progênies de meio-irmãos de acesso local de um plantio comercial (genótipos: 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9 e 10) e do híbrido BRS Ouro Vermelho (genótipos: 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19 e 20). A divergência genética foi avaliada por procedimentos multivariados como a distância generalizada de Mahalanobis (D2) e pelos métodos de agrupamento de otimização de Tocher e UPGMA. Encontrou-se divergência genética entre as populações estudadas promovendo a formação de grupos diferentes entre o método de Tocher e do UPGMA. As características, referentes ao tamanho do fruto, diâmetro polar e equatorial, foram as que mais contribuíram na diversidade genética dos genótipos. Nas populações estudadas de maracujazeiro azedo há grande variabilidade genética quanto às características avaliadas, o que possibilita selecionar plantas com elevado potencial para fins de melhoramento genético. O híbrido BRS Ouro Vermelho apresenta boa adaptação às condições locais.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present work was to evaluate genetic divergence and physical and chemical characteristics in fruit of two populations of sour passion fruit in the northern region of the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil, these being half-sibling progenies from local accessions of a commercial crop (genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10) and the hybrid BRS Ouro Vermelho (genotypes: 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20). Genetic divergence was evaluated using such multivariate procedures as the generalised Mahalanobis distance (D2) and the Tocher optimisation and UPGMA clustering methods. Genetic divergence was found between the populations under study, promoting the formation of different groups between the Tocher and UPGMA methods. As characteristics for fruit size, the polar and equatorial diameters had the most impact on the genetic diversity of the genotypes. In the populations of sour passion fruit being studied, great genetic variability is seen in the evaluated characteristics, making it possible to select plants of high potential for breeding purposes. The BRS Ouro Vermelho hybrid is well adapted to the local conditions.

<title>RESUMO</title><p>Objetivou-se, com trabalho, avaliar a pós-colheita de clones de cacaueiros produzidos na região litorânea do norte do Espírito Santo, quanto às características físicas e químicas de seus frutos. As caracterizações físicas e químicas foram realizadas a partir de 10 frutos referentes a sete clones de cacau (CCN 10, CCN 51, CEPEC 2002, PH 15, PH 16, OS 1319 e TSH 1188). Foram avaliados o peso total, diâmetro e comprimento do fruto, peso da casca, espessura do sulco e da região mais espessa da casca, número, peso seco, largura, espessura e comprimento das amêndoas, sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez total titulável (ATT), pH da polpa e relação SST/ATT. As médias obtidas foram agrupadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 0,05 de probabilidade; em seguida, procedeu-se à análise da divergência genética. Foi observada a presença de divergência genética entre as populações estudadas ocorrendo a formação de três grupos pelo método de Tocher e dois grupos quando aplicado o Unweighted Pair-Group Method Average (UPGMA). Os clones CCN 10 e CCN 51 são os mais indicados para a produção de amêndoas e as variáveis, referentes ao tamanho do fruto, comprimento e diâmetro, foram as que mais contribuíram na diversidade genética dos genótipos.</p>

<title>ABSTRACT</title><p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of cocoa clones produced in the northern coastal region of the Espírito Santo, for the physical and chemical characteristics of fruit. The physico-chemical characterizations were carried out on 10 fruits of seven cacao clones (CCN 10, CCN 51, CEPEC 2002, PH 15, PH 16, PS 1319 and TSH 1188). The variables evaluated were: the total weight, diameter, length of the fruit, shell weight, thickness and groove region thicker bark, number, dry weight, width, thickness and length of almonds, total soluble solids, total acidity, pulp pH and TSS/TTA. The means were grouped by the Scott-Knott test at 0.05 of probability and the analysis of genetic diversity was proceeded. The presence of genetic divergence among populations was observed, with the formation of three groups by Tocher and two groups when using the Unweighted Pair-Group Method Average (UPGMA). Clones CCN 10 and CCN 51 are the most suitable for the production of almonds. The characteristics related to fruit size, length and diameter were the most affected in genetic diversity of genotypes.</p>

Passiflora mucronata Lam. apresenta como características ser ornamental, medicinal e resistente à bacteriose nas folhas, além de ser altamente resistente à antracnose nos frutos e ramos. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar a forma de veiculação, líquida ou sólida, e as concentrações do ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB) no enraizamento adventício de estacas de P. mucronata. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2x5 (formas de veiculação do AIB: líquida e sólida x concentrações de AIB: 0; 250; 500; 750 e 1000 mg L-1, se líquido, ou mg Kg-1, se sólido), com quatro repetições, de 16 estacas cada. As características avaliadas foram enraizamento (%), número de raiz, comprimento da maior raiz (cm), volume de raiz (cm³) e massa de matéria seca de raiz (g). Verificou-se que o enraizamento de estacas de P. mucronata Lam. independe da forma como é veiculado o AIB, se sólida ou líquida, porém a qualidade do sistema radicular, avaliada por meio do número, volume e massa de matéria seca de raízes, foi superior à obtida ao se empregar o AIB sólido. O comportamento do enraizamento, do número e do comprimento de raízes foi linear crescente, até a máxima concentração de AIB (1000 mg L-1 ou mg Kg-1).

Passiflora mucronata Lam. is an ornamental, medicinal plant and resistant to bacterial blight on leaves. In addition, it is highly resistant to anthracnose in fruits and branches. The objective of this study was to evaluate the vehicultaion way, liquid or solid, and concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on adventitious rooting of P. mucronatacuttings. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design in a 2x5factorial design (IBA vehiculation ways: liquid and solid x IBA concentrations: 0; 250; 500; 750 and 1000 mg L-1for liquid or mg Kg-1for solid), with four replicates with 16 cuttings each. The characteristics evaluated were rooting (%), root number, longest root length (cm), root volume (cm³) and dry weight of root (g). It was found that the rooting of P. mucronata Lam. does not depend on the way IBA is conveyed, solid or liquid, but the quality of the root system, evaluated by means of the number, volume and dry mass of roots was superior to the one achieved whensolid IBA was used. The behavior of rooting, number and length of roots increased linearly up to the maximum concentration of IBA (1000 mg L-1 or mg Kg-1).

Dentre as novas tecnologias, a fitorremediação é opção para a descontaminação de áreas que receberam intensas aplicações de herbicidas. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de selecionar espécies com potencial para a fitorremediação de solos contaminados com o herbicida sulfentrazone. As espécies testadas foram: Calopogonium mucunoides, híbrido de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense), Crotalaria breviflora, Crotalaria juncea, Canavalia ensiformis, Dolichos lablab, Stizolobium deeringianum e Stizolobium aterrimum, cultivadas em cinco doses do sulfentrazone (0, 200, 400, 800 e 1.600 g ha-1). O experimento foi instalado em casa de vegetação, utilizando-se vasos com capacidade para 6 L, preenchidos com amostras de solo coletadas na profundidade de 0-20 cm. Foram avaliadas a fitotoxicidade do herbicida, a altura de plantas e a massa de matéria seca da parte aérea e de raízes. As espécies que manifestaram os menores sintomas de fitotoxicidade e os maiores índices de altura e matéria fresca e seca foram C. juncea, C. ensiformis e D. lablab, sendo selecionadas como tolerantes ao herbicida sulfentrazone e com potencial para fitorremediação.

Among the new technologies, phytoremediation is considered as an option for the decontamination of areas that thave undergone intense herbicide applications. This work aimed to select species with potential to the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with the herbicide sulfentrazone. The tested species were Calopogonium mucunoides, hybrid Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense), Crotalaria breviflora, Crotalaria juncea, Canavalia ensiformis, Dolichos lablab, Stizolobium deeringianum e Stizolobium aterrimum. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, using 6 dm³ vases filled with soil samples collected at a depth of 20 cm. The experimental design was the randomized blocks in a factorial scheme of 8 x 5, with four repetitions, which were composed by the eight plant species, and five doses of sulfentrazone (0, 200, 400, 800 and 1,600g ha-1). We evaluated the phytotoxicity of the herbicide, plant height and dry weight of shoots and roots. The species showing the least symptoms of phytotoxicity and the highest rates of height and fresh and dry biomass were C. juncea, C. ensiformis and D. lablab, which were selected as tolerant to the herbicide sulfentrazone and with potential for phytoremediation.

Resíduos de sulfentrazone podem permanecer no solo por cerca de dois anos, oferecendo risco de contaminação a lençóis freáticos e impossibilitando o cultivo de espécies susceptíveis. Diante disto, a fitorremediação pode representar uma opção para a descontaminação de áreas que sofreram com intensas aplicações deste herbicida. O presente trabalho avaliou o potencial remediador das espécies Crotalaria juncea, Canavalia ensiformis, Cajanus cajan e Cajanus cajan (anão), com relação ao herbicida sulfentrazone, utilizando-se o milheto (Pennisetum glaucum) como planta bioindicadora. O experimento foi instalado em casa-de-vegetação e os tratamentos compostos pela combinação entre as quatro espécies citadas, além da testemunha, e quatro doses de sulfentrazone (0 g i.a. ha-1, 200 g i.a. ha-1, 400 g i.a. ha-1 e 800 g i.a. ha-1). Foram avaliadas a altura de plantas, fitotoxicidade ao sulfentrazone e biomassa fresca e seca da parte aérea. Quando P. glaucum foi cultivado após C. juncea, apresentou maior ganho em biomassa e maior altura, e os sintomas de fitotoxicidade foram menos acentuados. C. juncea apresentou a maior capacidade de fitorremediar solos contaminados com sulfentrazone.

Residual sulfentrazone may remain in the soil for around two years, being a source of groundwater contamination and preventing the growth of susceptible plants. So, phytoremediation may represent an option for decontaminating areas which were highly affected by applications of this herbicide. This study aimed at evaluating the potential of Crotalaria juncea, Canavalia ensiformis, Cajanus cajan and Cajanus cajan (dwarf) for remediation of soil contaminated with sulfentrazone, using millet (Pennisetum glaucum) as a bioindicator plant. The experiment was installed in a greenhouse and treatments consisted of the four species already mentioned, plus a control, and four sulfentrazone doses (0 g a.i. ha-1, 200 g a.i. ha-1, 400 g a.i. ha-1 and 800 g a.i. ha-1). Plants height, phytotoxicity to sulfentrazone and fresh and dry matter were evaluated. When P. glaucum was grown after C. juncea, the fresh and dry matter, as well as plant height, were higher, while the phytotoxicity symptoms were less evident. C. juncea showed the best results for phytoremediation of soils contaminated with sulfentrazone.