RESUMO: O aumento no uso do 2,4-D é esperado, uma vez que as culturas tolerantes foram aprovadas para uso no Brasil, o que pode afetar negativamente culturas importantes, como o tabaco. Nosso objetivo foi determinar a distância segura entre aplicações de 2,4-D e lavouras de tabaco, considerando a contaminação do herbicida no produto colhido. Um experimento de campo foi realizado, utilizando aplicação de 2,4-D perpendicularmente à direção do vento, com pulverizador tratorizado. A deriva do herbicida foi coletada plantas de tabaco colocadas em vários pontos (-50 até 400 metros da zona de aplicação), seguindo três esquemas: a) 0 a 0,5 horas após a aplicação (HAT); b) 0 a 24 HAT; e c) 0,5 a 24 HAT. As condições ambientais foram registradas. Foi quantificado o herbicida em folhas de tabaco. A deriva foi detectada até 200 m em 2015 e até 150 m em 2016. A volatilização ocorreu em ambos os anos, pois o 2,4-D foi detectado em plantas transportadas para o campo após a aplicação. As condições ambientais em 2015 favoreceram o movimento fora do alvo (maior velocidade do vento e temperatura do ar e menor umidade). Esses resultados indicam que uma zona de exclusão de 100 metros é suficiente para diminuir significativamente as chances de contaminação do tabaco acima do limite tolerado e, destaca a importância das condições ambientais nos processos de transporte do 2,4-D em condições de campo.

ABSTRACT: An increase in 2,4-D use is expected as tolerant crops have been approved to use in Brazil, which may negatively affect important crops such as tobacco. Our objective was to determine safe distances between 2,4-D applications and tobacco fields considering herbicide contamination to the harvested product. A field experiment was conducted, consisting of a 2,4-D application done perpendicularly to the wind direction, using a tractor sprayer. Drifted herbicide was collected using tobacco plants placed at various points (-50 up to 400 meters from application zone), following three schemes: a) 0 to 0.5 hours after application (HAT); b) 0 to 24 HAT; and c) 0.5 to 24 HAT. Environmental conditions were recorded. Herbicide in tobacco leaves was quantified. Drift was detected up to 200 m in both years. Vapor movement of 2,4-D was detected up to 400 m from the application strip in 2016, on plants taken to the field after herbicide application. Environmental conditions in 2015 favored off-target movement (higher wind speed and air temperature and lower humidity); although, in 2016 the herbicide traveled further due to wet deposition. These results indicated that a 100-meter buffer zone is enough to significantly decrease chances of tobacco contamination above the tolerated threshold, and highlighted the importance of environmental conditions in the transport processes for 2,4-D under field conditions.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the longitudinal distance between a cutting disc and a fertilizer furrow opener on the operational performance of the furrow opener working at different forward speeds during soil mobilization. The soil in the experimental area was classified as Typic Hapludalf with a loam soil texture. The experiment involved 24 treatment combinations in a 2 × 3 × 4 factorial scheme. These combinations were formed by the interaction of the following factors: furrow opening mechanisms, longitudinal distance from the center of the cutting mechanism to center of the furrow opener, and forward speeds. The effects of the tools on the soil mobilization variables were characterized in three phases: analysis of the natural profile and elevation and mobilization of the soil using a microprofilometer. A statistical analysis of variance was performed on the acquired data and the significance of the factors was verified using an F test. The furrow opener factor significantly substantially influenced all variables, whereas the distance significantly modified only the soil swelling and elevated soil area, with a reduction of approximately 30% in this variable when separating the mechanisms by an additional meter. Likewise, for a hoe furrow opener, the speed significantly influenced only the maximum depth of the furrow. Hence, we recommend the installation of fertilizer furrow openers close to the cutting mechanisms to increase the quality of the furrows produced in seeding operations using the direct planting system.

ABSTRACT Cereus hildmannianus K. Schum is a columnar cactus native to South and Southeast Brazil. The cultivation of this species seems justifiable for several reasons: its fruits are spineless and edible; it is not threatened with extinction; it naturally occurs in Pampa and Atlantic Forest under non-xeric conditions that may be unsuitable for the cultivation of other tropical cacti; and the plants are pollinator-dependent and so should benefit from native pollinators. This study aimed to test seed germination of C. hildmannianus with samples collected at three different localities in southern Brazil, as a necessary step preceding any attempts of management and domestication. Seeds were exposed to temperatures of 20° C, 25° C, 30° C and room temperature. The germinability, average germination time and synchronization index were calculated. All samples showed higher germinability at 20° C and 25° C. Seeds from Caçapava do Sul and Santiago showed significant variation in the synchronization index at 25° C and 30° C, respectively. Seeds from Porto Alegre had maximum germinability, indicating greater vigor. Our results show that the seeds of C. hildmannianus germinate well and thrive within a wide range of temperatures and that cultivation of the species from seed-raised plants should not be problematic.

ABSTRACT: In this work, we compared nitrate-supplied plants (non-nodulated) with non-nitrate-supplied plants (nodulated) under oxygen privation of root system (hypoxia) and re-oxygenation (post-hypoxia; recovery) in order to verify whether N sources affect the antioxidant system during oxidative stress caused by hypoxia and post-hypoxia conditions. Antioxidant enzymatic activities, ascorbate redox state, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were analyzed in roots and leaves of two soybean genotypes, Fundacep 53 RR and BRS Macota at reproductive stage R2, during hypoxia and post-hypoxia in an experiment carried out in a hydroponic system. The antioxidant system was strongly induced in roots of nitrate-supplied plants of both genotypes, with high activity of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase and guayacol peroxidase. It also increased reduced ascorbate and ascorbate redox state and decreased ROS production under hypoxia and recovery, while in leaves of nodulated and non-nodulated plants, a slight increase on antioxidant system was observed. Nitrate may benefit soybean plants under hypoxic conditions and subsequent re-oxygenation by inducing the antioxidant system mainly in roots to cope with ROS production and reduce oxidative damage.

Investigamos comunidades de pequenos mamíferos de Cerrado em formações vegetais abertas do Parque Nacional de Emas (PNE), no Brasil Central. Amostramos 10 áreas que representavam as principais variações fisionômicas das áreas abertas do PNE. Avaliamos variações entre áreas na abundância, riqueza de espécies e densidade da espécie de pequeno mamífero mais comum na região (Necromys lasiurus). Amostramos no total 10 áreas usando armadilhas dispostas em linhas de captura. Em uma das áreas utilizamos o método de Linhas de Verificação para estimar a densidade de N. lasiurus. Com um esforço de 1440 armadilhas-noite, capturamos 180 indivíduos, cinco roedores e dois marsupiais. Necromys lasiurus representou 86.7 % do total de indivíduos e foi a única espécie presente em oito das dez áreas amostradas, estando ausente apenas nas áreas úmidas. Clyomys laticeps foi a segunda espécie mais freqüente, ocorrendo em quatro áreas e representando 3.9% do total de indivíduos capturados. Uma Análise de Correspondência não indicou uma separação clara entre as áreas amostradas nas duas épocas e agrupou os campos úmidos, influenciados pela captura do roedor Oxymycterus delator e do marsupial Lutreolina crassicaudata. Não houve diferença significativa entre os sucessos de captura das duas épocas. No entanto, capturamos significativamente mais jovens de N. lasiurus no auge da estação chuvosa do que na época de transição. A densidade estimada dessa espécie no período de transição entre estações, de 19.02 ind/ha, foi alta em comparação com outras áreas de Cerrado. O presente estudo indicou que as áreas abertas do PNE possuem comunidades de pequenos mamíferos semelhantes a formações similares em outras regiões de Cerrado

We investigated small-mammal communities of open Cerrado areas at the National Park of Emas (NPE), Central Brazil. Ten areas were sampled representing the full range of physiognomic forms of open areas at the NPE. Variation among areas in abundance, species richness, and also density of the most common small-mammal species in the region, were evaluated. The sampled areas were 4 in the dry-wet season and 6 in the rainy season, using traps forming lines. In one area we used the method of Assessment Lines to estimate N. lasiurus density. With an effort of 1440 trapping-nights we captured 180 individuals, five rodents and two marsupials. Necromys lasiurus represented 86.7% of total of captured individuals and was the only species captured in eight of 10 areas. Clyomys laticeps was the second most frequent species, occurring in four areas. A Correspondence Analysis did not show clear differences among areas but grouped the wet-grassland areas, which were dominated by the rodent Oxymycterus delator and the marsupial Lutreolina crassicaudata. We also did not detect significance difference in capture rates between seasons. However, we captured young N. lasiurus individuals significantly more in the rainy season than in the dry-wet season. The estimated density of this species by the beginning of wet season was 19.02 ind/ha, which was high in comparison with other Cerrado areas. The present study indicated that open areas of the NPE harbor small-mammal communities similar to open areas of other Cerrado regions.