Abstract Candida antarctica Lipase B (CALB) immobilized onto iron magnetic nanoparticles was evaluated as biocatalyst for the synthesis of flavor esters. Methyl and ethyl butyrate were synthesized by esterification of butyric acid with methanol and ethanol, respectively, in a medium containing solvent. The nanoparticles were produced by the co-precipitation method. The process parameters (type of solvent, temperature, substrate concentration, molar ratio, amount of biocatalyst, stirring speed and reaction time) were studied. The optimum conditions for both esters were achieved at 25 °C, 0.5 mol/L (methyl butyrate) and 0.4 mol/L (ethyl butyrate), molar ratio of 1:1, amount of biocatalyst: 10 mg, 150 rpm and 8 h of reaction, using heptane as solvent. Under those conditions, the maximum conversions of methyl butyrate and ethyl butyrate were higher than 90 %. The synthesis of flavor esters was also conducted by using Novozym® 435, a commercial catalyst, for comparison purposes.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de doses e modos de aplicação de P ao solo sobre a absorção e a eficiência de utilização do P foliar e a produtividade de milho (Zea mays ) cultivado em um Argissolo Amarelo, característico dos tabuleiros costeiros. Avaliaram-se as doses de 0, 45, 90, 135 e 180kgha-1 de P2O5, distribuídas no sulco de plantio ou a lanço. O experimento foi realizado na estação chuvosa, de junho a setembro de 1998, no Campo Experimental de Umbaúba (Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros), no município de Umbaúba (SE). A adubação fosfatada a lanço resultou em maiores teores de Pfoliar das plantas de milho, comparativamente à adubação em sulco. Em virtude desta maior capacidade de absorção de P, as plantas adubadas a lanço produziram maior quantidade de grãos e apresentaram menor requerimento de adubos fosfatados para alcançar o máximo de produtividade. A eficiência de utilização do Pfoliar para produção de grãos de milho foi influenciada apenas pela dose de P, não sendo alterada pelo modo de adubação fosfatada. A partir da dose de 114,3kgha-1 de P2O5, os incrementos no teor de P foliar não resultaram em aumento da eficiência de utilização do P foliar para a produtividade de grãos. A avaliação da produtividade e a distribuição de raízes, realizadas apenas nos tratamentos com dose de 90kgha-1 de P2O5, revelaram que a adubação a lanço resultou em maior biomassa radicular e uma tendência em melhor distribuição destas raízes.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of P rates and placement on P uptake, leaf P use efficiency (PUE), and grain yield of corn (Zea mays) grown in a Yellow Argissol soil, typical of the coastal tablelands.Rates of 0, 45, 90, 135 and 180kgha-1 of P2O5 were applied in either the rows or broadcast.The study was carried out during the rainy season, from June to September of 1998, at Umbaúba Experimental Station, at Umbaúba (SE), Brazil.Broadcast P fertilization resulted in higher leaf Pconcentration, compared to the row P fertilization.In response to this higher P uptake, broadcast-fertilized plants yielded more grains and presented a lesser requirement of P fertilizer to reach the highest productivity. PUE was affected by the P rates, but not by Pplacement. Increases of leaf P concentration in response to rates higher than 114.3kgha-1 of P2O5 did not result in increases in PUE.Root evaluation, performed only at the rate of 90kgha-1 of P2O5, showed that broadcast P fertilization resulted in higher root dry weight and in a better root distribution.

The occurence of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis among inhabitants of 10 farms within 10 Km of the hamlet of Corte de Pedra, Bahia, Brazil was studied prospectively from 1984-l989. A mean population of 1,056 inhabitants living in 146 houses were visited every 6 months and the number of sKin ulcers recorded. A leishmanin skin test survey was done people with suggestive skin scars or active disease in l984. The incidence of skin ulcers due to Leishmania (Viannia) brasiliensis (Vlb) reached 83/1,000 inhabitants but declined sharply in the subsequent 2 years. Retrospective data shows that leishamiasis is a sporadic endemic disease. Although the reasons for this epidemic are unclear some possible aetiological factors are discussed.

In vitro cultivation of Lbb is a useful method in the field for primary isolation of this leismanial subspecies. Cultures in biphasic blood agar media (DAB and Evans) and liquid media (Schneiders and AR 103) done in patients with cutaneous leismanias showed, 1. A similar sensibility in DAB and Schneiders medium when needle aspirates were used to seed the cultures; 2. That DAB medium performed well when compared "with Evans medium; 3. A rise in isolation of Lbb if 3 aspirations taken from different sites in the same lesion were cultivated (50% positivity with DAB medium).

El cultivo "in vitro" de Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis constituye un método útil en el trabajo de campo, para el aislamiento primario de ésta subes-pécie de Leishmania. Cultivos en dos medios difásicos de agar sangre (DAB y EVANS) y dos medios líquidos (SCHNEIDER'S y AR-103) realizados en pacientes con lesiones cutáneas de Leishmaniasis Tegumentaria Americana (LTA) demostraron: 1) Similar sensibilidad de los medios DAB y Schneider's cuando utilizamos el procedimiento de aspiración de las muestras con aguja. 2) Rendimiento sensible y reproducible, con el medio DAB, cuando comparado, en repetidas ocasiones, con el medio EVANS. 3) Incremento significativo en el aislamiento primario de Leishmania braziliensis brazilensis mediante la ejecución, en la misma lesión de cada paciente, de tres aspiraciones consecutivas en sitios diferentes de la úlcera activa (50% de positividad, con el medio DAB).