Las herramientas informáticas han permitido la detección de diversas manifestaciones de mala conducta en investigación en la literatura científica. Organismos como The Office for Research Integrity (ORI), el Comité de Ética de la Publicación (COPE), el Retraction Watch y las academias de ciencias de los países, organizan cursos, seminarios e investigaciones para promover valores como la honestidad, la imparcialidad, la objetividad, la fiabilidad, la responsabilidad y el escepticismo en la comunicación científica. En este trabajo se analizaron 1.373 artículos registrados en PubMed entre 1959 y 2015, cuyo texto y nota de retractación eran de libre acceso. Se observó que los artículos retractados entre 2010 y 2015 casi duplicaron el acumulado de los 44 años anteriores. El error admitido, el plagio o autoplagio y la falsificación o fabricación de datos, se presentaron en 32,8 %, 23,7 % y 19,7 % de las ocasiones, respectivamente. En los primeros cuatro meses del 2015, se retractaron 37 artículos por revisoría falsa o influencia de los autores sobre los revisores, una modalidad de mala conducta en la investigación no detectada en estudios anteriores. Los porcentajes de artículos retractados de libre acceso en relación con los artículos de libre acceso publicados por año variaron de 0,0072 % (1/13.861) en 1966 a 0,0472 % (213/45.1021) en el 2013. El porcentaje de artículos retractados en relación con los artículos publicados provenientes de 54 países en el mismo periodo (1959 a 2015), varió entre 0,0042 % (1/23.761) y 0,2732 % (1/366). El número de artículos retractados con más de 10 autores fue menor que aquellos con 6 a10 o 1 a 5 autores. La retractación de 794 (57,8 %) artículos se presentó antes de los dos primeros años y 579 (42.2 %) después de dos años de su publicación. La retractación de 714 (52 %) artículos fue solicitada por los autores, de 485 (35,3 %) por los editores y de 70 (5,1 %) de común acuerdo por ambas partes. El 80,8% (1.110/1.373) de los artículos retractados habían sido citados. En el artículo se discute la importancia de promover la educación sobre la retractación y la corrección de la literatura científica para contribuir a la integridad de la ciencia y a la confianza de la sociedad en la comunidad científica.

Informatics tools have enabled the detection of various types of misconduct regarding research studies in scientific literature. The Office of Research Integrity (ORI) (ORI), the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Retraction Watch and countries' academies of science sponsor courses, seminars and research to promote values such as honesty, impartiality, objectivity, reliability, responsibility and skepticism in scientific communication. We analyzed here 1,373 articles recorded in PubMed from 1959 to 2015 with open access to their text and retraction notes. We observed that articles retracted from 2010 to 2015 almost duplicated those accumulated during the previous 44 years; in 32.8% of them retraction was due to admitted error; 23.7% to plagiarism or self-plagiarism, and 19.7% to data falsification or fabrication. Thirty-seven articles were retracted during the first four months of 2015 due to false review or author influence on reviewers, which represents a research misconduct not detected in previous studies. The percentages of open access retracted articles published per year varied from 0.0072% (1/13,861) in 1966 to 0.0472% (213/451,021) in 2013. The percentage of articles retracted compared to articles published from 54 countries throughout the world during the same period (1959-2015) varied from 0.0042% (1/23,761) to 0.2732% (1/366). The amount of articles retracted signed by more than 10 authors was lower than that for 6 to10 or 1 to 5 authors. We found that 794 (57.8%) articles were retracted before the first two years and 579 (42.2%) more than two years after their publication. The retraction of 714 (52%) of the articles was requested by the authors, of 485 (35.3%), by the editors, and of 70 (5.1%) by mutual agreement; 80.8% (1,110/1,373) of the retracted articles had been cited. We discuss here the importance of promotion, education, retraction and correction of scientific literature as a contribution to scientific integrity and society's confidence in the scientific community.

Relata-se o caso clínico de uma criança de 5 meses de idade, do sexo feminino, com achados característicos da síndrome de Aicardi: agenesia do corpo caloso, espasmos infantis, anormalidades oculares ("chorioretinal lacunae" e microftalmia), atraso do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor e malformações vertebrais com cifoescoliose. Os exames complementares confirmaram o diagnóstico e as imagens neurorradiológicas evidenciaram, além da agenesia do corpo caloso, massa localizada em região atrioventricular esquerda (papiloma do plexo coróide). A síndrome de Aicardi associada a papiloma do plexo coróide é rara, sendo este o sétimo caso relatado na literatura. Os autores sugerem que o papiloma do plexo coróide seja considerado tumor característico da síndrome de Aicardi, pois a sua freqüência é mais do que coincidental.

The authors report a case of a 5 months old female child with clinical features of Aicardi syndrome: agenesis of the corpus callosum, occular abnormalities ("chorioretinal lacunae" and microphthalmus), infantile spasms, mental retardation, vertebral malformations and thoracic deformity. The pacient was submitted to complementary examinations that confirmed the diagnosis. The neuroradiologic images (MRI) showed besides corpus callosum agenesis a tumor located at the left ventricular atrium (choroid plexus papilloma). This association is a rare occurrence and the present case is the seventh described in literature. Furthermore, we suggest that the choroid plexus pappilloma could be a characteristic tumor of the Aicardi syndrome.

Trata-se do sétimo relato da literatura mundial de casos de miastenia gravis em gêmeos homozigóticos em que ambos são acometidos. O homozigotismo foi provado com certeza por estudo de HLA e a forma adquirida da doença foi provada por determinação de níveis elevados de anticorpos anti-receptor de acetilcolina, havendo também níveis elevados de anticorpos antimúsculo estriado, sem outras evidências de timoma.

To the best of our knowledge this is the seventh case report of monozygotic twins both affected by myasthenia gravis (MG). The monozygotism was proven by sex identity, blood group and HLA determinations ('O' Rh +, A2, A19.2, B40, CW3). One paternal aunt was also affected and the three cases have high titles of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies and anti-striated muscle antibodies, which indicate an acquired form of MG. After several myasthenic crises the twins are now doing well with corticosteroid therapy. The paternal aunt has a more benign form of MG, with ocular and limb involvement (grade IIa of Osserman) and was submitted to thymectomy. The authors discuss the use of corticosteroid for the infantile form of MG instead of thymectomy, based on the immaturity of the immune system in the young age. The use of other immunosupressive drugs is not advisable because of potential hazardous development of neoplasms.