Resumen La resiliencia es entendida como un proceso que permite a una persona, sistema o comunidad, resistir, adaptarse, transformarse y recuperarse de manera oportuna y eficiente de una situación adversa; desde la educación, la resiliencia permite conocer las amenazas a las que la comunidad educativa está expuesta y las capacidades y recursos con los que cuenta para enfrentarlas. La presente investigación fue de tipo mixta, descriptiva y tuvo como objetivo identificar las competencias, prácticas y estrategias de fortalecimiento en materia de resiliencia escolar desde la perspectiva de docentes y de infantes de entre 7 y 13 años del estado de Tabasco, México. El estudio se llevó a cabo a través de encuestas y grupos focales, donde participaron 230 docentes y 53 infantes del estado de Tabasco. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, se concluye que es necesario fortalecer los procesos de escucha y sistematización del conocimiento de la comunidad educativa con el fin de generar estrategias de intervención que permitan fortalecer la resiliencia escolar.

Abstract Resilience is understood as a process that allows a person, system, or community to resist, adapt, transform and recover in a timely and efficient manner from an adverse situation; from the perspective of education, resilience allows knowing the threats to which the educational community is exposed and the capacities and resources it has to face them. The present research was of a mixed, descriptive type and its objective was to identify the competencies, practices, and strategies for strengthening school resilience from the perspective of teachers and children between 7 and 13 years of age in the state of Tabasco, Mexico. The study was carried out through surveys and focus groups with the participation of 230 teachers and 53 children from the state of Tabasco. According to the results, it is concluded that it is necessary to strengthen the processes of listening and systematization of the knowledge of the educational community in order to generate intervention strategies to reinforce school resilience.

RESUMEN Introducción: El síndrome de Sjögren (SS) es una enfermedad autoinmune que afecta a las glándulas exocrinas condicionando síndrome seco. Los criterios diagnósticos se basan en pruebas serológicas, oftalmológicas, histopatológicas y flujo salival. Se ha propuesto el uso de la ecografía glandular salival como prueba diagnóstica. Escasos estudios se han realizado en Latinoamérica. Objetivo: Describir las alteraciones ecográficas en las glándulas salivales en una población colombiana que asiste al servicio de reumatología con síntomas secos. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal; análisis preliminar de 50 pacientes que asisten por consulta externa (agosto de 2019 a enero de 2020). Evaluación sociodemográfica y clínica a través de cuestionario estructurado, pruebas paraclínicas y oftalmológicas, biopsia de glándula salival menor y valoración ecográfica de las glándulas salivales mayores (puntuación 0-6 basada en De Vita). Análisis univariado y bivariado (Chi-cuadrado y prueba de Fischer). Resultados: El 94% de la población eran mujeres y el 38% tenían SS. El promedio de edad fue de 55,9 ± 9,6 arios. La proporción de pacientes con ecografía positiva para el SS y diagnóstico por criterios del SS es mayor respecto a los pacientes con ecografía negativa (p< 0,0001). Los pacientes con ecografía positiva presentaron mayor proporción de anti-La (p = 0,002), ANA (p = 0,008), anti-Ro (p< 0,0001), linfopenia (p = 0,007), xerostomía objetiva (p = 0,019) y subjetiva (p = 0,041). Conclusiones: La ecografía podría considerarse una herramienta útil en el diagnóstico del SS, dado que los pacientes que presentan alteraciones ecográficas glandulares tienen una mayor proporción de perfil inmunológico positivo (anti-Ro, ANA, anti-La) y su positividad se encuentra asociada al SS por criterios. Se requieren nuevos estudios para evaluar las características operativas de la prueba.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease affecting the exocrine glands causing dry syndrome. The diagnostic criteria are based on serological, ophthalmological, histopathological, and salivary flow tests. The use of salivary gland ultrasound has been proposed as a diagnostic test. Few studies have been carried out in Latin America. Objective: To describe the ultrasound patterns in the salivary glands in the Colombian population seen in the Rheumatology Department due to dry symptoms. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study; a preliminary analysis was performed on 50 patients attending the Outpatient Clinic (August-January 2020). A sociodemographic and clinical evaluation was made using a questionnaire. Paraclinical and ophthalmological tests, minor salivary gland biopsy, and ultrasound assessment of the major salivary glands (De Vita score 0-6) were the main items to evaluate. Univariate and bivariate analyses (Chi-squared, Fischer test) were performed. Results: Most (94%) of the population were women, and 38% had SS. The mean age was 55.9±9.6 years old. The proportion of patients with positive ultrasound for SS and a diagnosis using SS criteria was higher compared to patients with negative ultrasound (p<.0001). Patients with positive ultrasound had a higher proportion of anti-La (p=.002), ANAS (p=.008), anti-Ro (p<.0001), lymphopenia (p=.007), and objective and subjective xerostomia (p=.019 and p=.041, respectively). Conclusions: Ultrasound assessment could be considered a useful tool in the diagnosis of SS, since more patients presenting with glandular ultrasound abnormalities have a higher positive immunological profile (anti-Ro, ANAS, anti-La) and their positivity is associated with SS criteria. New studies are required to evaluate the operational characteristics of the test.

Resumo Aborda o trabalho dos geneticistas Salvador Armendares e Rubén Lisker, entre 1960 e 1980, para analisar como se insere nos estudos biológicos humanos do pós-1945, e demonstra como as populações estudadas por eles, a infantil e a indígena, podem ser consideradas laboratórios de produção de conhecimento. O artigo revela como as populações foram consideradas para diversos propósitos: investigação científica, padronização das práticas médicas e produção ou aplicação de suas medicinas. Por meio da narrativa das diferentes trajetórias e colaborações entre Armendares e Lisker, também procura discutir o contato de suas práticas científicas, que colocaram a citogenética e a genética de populações lado a lado nos níveis local e global a partir de uma perspectiva transnacional.

Abstract This paper focuses on geneticists Salvador Armendares’s and Rubén Lisker’s studies from the 1960s to the 1980s, to explore how their work fits into the post-1945 human biological studies, and also how the populations they studied, child and indigenous, can be considered laboratories of knowledge production. This paper describes how populations were considered for different purposes: scientific inquiry, standardization of medical practices, and production or application of medicines. Through the narrative of the different trajectories and collaborations between Armendares and Lisker, this paper also attempts to show the contact of their scientific practices, which brought cytogenetics and population genetics together at the local and global levels from a transnational perspective.

The transnational approach of the science and technology studies (S&TS) abandons the nation as a unit of analysis in order to understand the development of science history. It also abandons Euro-US-centred narratives in order to explain the role of international collaborative networks and the circulation of knowledge, people, artefacts and scientific practices. It is precisely under this perspective that the development of genetics and radiobiology in Mexico shall be analyzed, together with the pioneering work of the Mexican physician-turned-geneticist Alfonso León de Garay who spent two years in the Galton Laboratory in London under the supervision of Lionel Penrose. Upon his return de Garay funded the Genetics and Radiobiology Program of the National Commission of Nuclear Energy based on local needs and the aim of working beyond geographical limitations to thus facilitate the circulation of knowledge, practices and people. The three main lines of research conducted in the years after its foundation that were in line with international projects while responding to the national context were, first, cytogenetic studies of certain abnormalities, and the cytogenetics and anthropological studies of the Olympic Games held in Mexico in 1968; second, the study of the effects of radiation on hereditary material; and third, the study of population genetics in Drosophila and in Mexican indigenous groups. The program played a key role in reshaping the scientific careers of Mexican geneticists, and in transferring locally sourced research into broader networks. This case shows the importance of international collaborative networks and circulation in the constitution of national scientific elites, and also shows the national and transnational concerns that shaped local practices.

RESUMEN El artículo tiene como propósito fundamental reconstruir los antecedentes históricos de una de las empresas comerciales que tiene la misma antigüedad del departamento de Nariño, en la que participaron desde su origen ciudadanos suizos y colombianos, establecidos en esta comarca del sur de Colombia donde han permanecido hasta el presente. La constancia de su espíritu de servicio a una de las zonas de menor desarrollo del país los integró positivamente y hoy forman parte del patrimonio histórico empresarial. Clasificación JEL: N30, N36, N86

ABSTRACT The main aim of this article is to rebuild the historical journey that Mettler House has developed over the years since its origin based on Swiss and Colombian heritage. The beginning of this enterprise´s commercial activities match with the time Nariño has existed as a Colombian department. Settled in this region of southern Colombia, it has remained until present days. The perseverance regarding its spirit of service, within conditions of one of the less developed areas of Colombia, has been a key factor for achieving a positive social and economic integration. Today Mettler House is part of the regional business’s heritage. JEL Classification: N30, N36, N86

La biodiversidad es un concepto fundamental, complejo y general, que abarca todo el espectro de organización biológica, desde genes hasta comunidades y sus componentes estructurales, funcionales y de composición, así como las escalas de espacio y tiempo. Empero, los múltiples elementos que lo componen y sus variados significados suelen generar confusión limitando la utilidad del mismo. En este artículo se enfatiza la importancia de la biodiversidad y se hace una breve reseña del origen del concepto y de las modificaciones experimentadas al incorporarse nuevas perspectivas y avances en el estudio de la diversidad biológica. El análisis de la pluralidad significante de la biodiversidad, comparando definiciones y acepciones, permite inferir los sentidos provenientes de los distintos contextos en los cuales se origina, así como esclarecer un marco de referencia útil y apropiado a los fines de conservación de la diversidad biológica.

Biodiversity is a fundamental, complex and general concept that embraces the whole spectrum of biological organization, from genes to communities and its structural, functional and compositional components as well as space and time scales. However, the multiple elements that it comprises and their varied meanings usually generate confusion limiting its utility. In this article, the importance of biodiversity is emphasized and a brief review is presented about the origin of the concept and the modifications it underwent upon incorporating new perspectives and advances in the study of the biological diversity. The analysis of the significant plurality of biodiversity through the comparison of definitions and meanings allows to infer the meanings arising from the different contexts in which it originated, and also allows to clarify a useful and appropriate reference frame to the objectives of conservation of biological diversity.

A biodiversidade é um conceito fundamental; complexo e geral, que abrange todo o espectro da organização biológica, desde genes até comunidades e seus componentes estruturais, funcionais e de composição, assim como as escalas de espaço e tempo. Mas, os múltiplos elementos que o compõem e seus variados significados acostumam gerar confusão limitando a utilidade do mesmo. Neste artigo se enfatiza a importância da biodiversidade e se faz uma breve resenha da origem do conceito e das modificações experimentadas ao incorporarem-se novas perspectivas e avances no estudo da diversidade biológica. A análise da pluralidade significante da biodiversidade, comparando definições e acepções, permite inferir os sentidos provenientes dos distintos contextos nos quais se origina, assim como esclarecer um marco de referencia útil e apropriado aos fins de conservação da diversidade biológica.