ABSTRACT: This paper aims to comprehend the Social Cognitive Theory contributions to the context of inclusive education in Brazil through a literature review executed in five databases: Pepsic, Redalyc, Latindex, Scielo, and Lilacs, to acknowledge the state of the art when in the context of a link between the previously mentioned concepts. The criteria for selecting the publications were: theoretical review papers or applied studies about self-regulated learning and self-efficacy through the socio-cognitive perspective published within the last five years. Nine articles resulted from the descriptors: “Self-efficacy and Inclusive Education” and two from “Self-regulation learning and Inclusive Education”. The results reveal the importance of self-regulated learning and self-efficacy for inclusive educational practice, especially regarding teaching work success. However, few publications are approaching these concepts, applying them to the inclusive education context or the student's learning.

RESUMEN: Este artículo busca comprender a partir de una revisión de la literatura realizada en cinco bases de datos: Pepsic, Redalyc, Latindex, Scielo y Lilacs, los aportes de la Teoría Social Cognitiva en el contexto de la educación inclusiva en Brasil. Los criterios de selección de las publicaciones a revisar fueron: que sean artículos científicos de revisión teórica o de estudios aplicados, publicados en los últimos cinco años en Brasil, y que abordan los conceptos Autorregulación de Aprendizaje y/o Autoeficacia en el contexto de la educación inclusiva desde la perspectiva sociocognitiva. Se encontraron nueve artículos para los descriptores “Autoeficacia y Educación Inclusiva” y dos artículos para los descriptores “Autorregulación del Aprendizaje y Educación Inclusiva”. Los resultados encontrados demuestran la importancia de la Autorregulación del Aprendizaje y la Autoeficacia para la práctica educativa inclusiva, sobre todo a lo que se refiere al éxito del trabajo docente. Sin embargo, todavía se consideran escasas las publicaciones que abordan los mencionados conceptos aplicados al contexto de la educación inclusiva relativo al aprendizaje de los estudiantes.

Resumo Este trabalho tem por objetivo discutir a concepção de atingidos e a da reconfiguração do território e das vidas sociais com a observação e análise de duas comunidades não consideradas afetadas pela UHE Jirau: a do pequeno vilarejo Jirau e Vila da Penha. A pesquisa se caracteriza como teórico-descritiva, a partir das questões relacionadas ao território de ocorrência de impactos da construção e da operação das hidrelétricas, e fora realizado trabalho de campo com observação não participante, os dados foram compilados a partir da percepção dos pesquisadores e possibilitam concluir que os danos da construção da UHE, nessas comunidades colocam-nas em condição de atingidos, o impacto acontece no território como resultado da influência e da confluência das redes de vida vivida, compreendendo o rio e o que o relaciona, as estradas de conexão, as redes de moradia, além dos espaços de fuga ou refúgio.

Abstract This work seeks to discuss the conception of affected and the reconfiguration of the territory and social lives with the observation and analysis of two communities not considered affected by the Jirau HPP: that of the small Village Jirau and Village of the Penha. The research is characterized as theoretical-descriptive, based on the issues related to the territory of occurrence of impacts of the construction and operation of hydroelectric plants, and fieldwork was performed with non-participant observation, the data were compiled from the perception of the researchers and allow us to conclude that the damage of the construction of the HPP, in these communities, put them in a condition of being affected , the impact happens in the territory as a result of the influence and confluence of the networks of life lived, comprising the river and what relates it, the connecting roads, the networks of housing.

Resumen Este trabajo tiene como objetivo discutir la concepción de los afectados por hidroeléctricas, y la reconfiguración de su territorio y vida social por medio de la observación y análisis de dos comunidades consideradas no afectadas por el Complejo Hidroeléctrico (CH) de Jirau: la pequeña aldea Jirau y Vila da Penha. Esta investigación se define como teórico-descriptiva y se basa en las cuestiones relacionadas al territorio de ocurrencia de impactos de la construcción y operación de planos hidroeléctricos. El trabajo de campo se realizó con observación no participante. Los datos fueron compilados desde la percepción de los investigadores y nos permiten concluir que el daño de la construcción del CH en estas comunidades de hecho las puso en condición de afectadas. El impacto en el territorio es resultado de la influencia y confluencia de las redes de vida vivida, que comprenden el río y todo lo que se relaciona con él, como los caminos de conexión, las redes de viviendas, bien como los espacios de fuga o refugio.

Resumen Introducción. Los trastornos linfoproliferativos después de un trasplante se caracterizan por la proliferación descontrolada de linfocitos como consecuencia del tratamiento inmunosupresor posterior a este. Objetivo. Caracterizar clínica y patológicamente los casos de trastornos linfoproliferativos después de trasplante (Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders, PTLD) en una cohorte de pacientes adultos con trasplante de hígado atendidos a lo largo de 15 años en el Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio observacional retrospectivo a partir de la revisión de las bases de datos de la Unidad de Trasplante Hepático y del Departamento de Patología del Hospital en busca de los casos de PTLD diagnosticados durante el periodo de estudio. Se recolectó la información epidemiológica, clínica y patológica, y se adelantaron los análisis estadísticos. Resultados. Durante el periodo de estudio, hubo 572 pacientes con trasplante de hígado, la incidencia de trastornos linfoproliferativos fue de 2,44 %, el 79 % en hombres, y la edad promedio en el momento del diagnóstico fue de 62,5 años. El 71 % de los casos se presentó durante los primeros 12 meses después del trasplante y el mismo porcentaje fue seropositivo para el virus de Epstein-Barr (EBV). El fenotipo patológico más frecuente fue el monomorfo y la mayoría de los tumores se detectaron en el hilio hepático. La supervivencia al año fue del 50 %. Conclusiones. Llamó la atención el alto porcentaje de casos de presentación temprana, así como la gran frecuencia de seropositividad para el EBV tanto en los donantes como en los receptores. Deben adelantarse estudios más detallados para una mejor comprensión de esta enfermedad en el país. Este es el primer análisis clínico y patológico de PTLD en pacientes con trasplante de hígado adelantado en Colombia hasta la fecha.

Abstract Introduction: The post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) are characterized by an uncontrolled pathological lymphoid proliferation as a consequence of transplant immunosuppression therapy. Objective: To characterize the clinical and pathological characteristics of PTLD in a cohort of adult patients with liver transplant during a 15 year period at the Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogota. Materials and methods: We conducted an observational retrospective study by searching for the PTLD cases diagnosed during the study period in the databases of the Liver Transplantation Unit and the Pathology Department. We collected the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological information and performed the corresponding statistics analyses. Results: During the research period, 572 patients were transplanted; the incidence of PTDL was 2.44%; 79% of them were man and the average age at the time of diagnosis was 62.5 years; 71% of the cases were diagnosed during the first year after the transplant and the same percentage EBV-seropositive patients. The most frequent pathological phenotype was monomorphic and the majority of tumors was detected in the hepatic hilum. The one-year survival was 50%. Conclusion: The high proportion of early cases and the high frequency of Epstein-Barr virus seropositivity both in donors and receptors drewour attention. More studies are necessary to have a better understanding of this condition in Colombia. This is the first PTLD clinical and pathological analysis in liver-transplant patients from Colombia to date.

Abstract Background To evaluate cardiac autonomic modulation of adolescents with a family history of diabetic parents. Objective This study aims to evaluate the influence of a family history of diabetes on cardiac autonomic modulation. Methods This is an analytical and cross-sectional study on adolescents between 11 and 18 years of age, of both genders, who were divided into group with a family history of diabetes and a control group without a family history of diabetes. The study protocol consisted of the analysis of heart rate variability, blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, and body composition. Also, by using questionnaires, level of physical activity, sexual maturation, and sleep quality were evaluated. Normality of data distribution was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Then, statistical significance was evaluated using the Student's t-test, and the Cohen’s teste was used for calculation of the effect size. The level of significance adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%. Results When the group of individuals with a family history of diabetes was compared with the control group, statistically significant differences were observed in the variables the standard deviation of the NN time series interval (SDNN) (43.9 ± 2.2 vs. 53.5 ± 2.6 ms), the square root of the quadratic differences (RMSSD) (41.9 ± 3.3 vs. 52.4 ± 3.2 ms), standard deviation of beat-to-beat instantaneous variability (SD1) (29.7 ± 2.3 vs. 37.1 ± 2.3 ms), long-term standard deviation of continuous RR intervals (SD2) (. 54.1 ± 2.6 vs. 66.66 ± 3.5 ms), and in low frequency (LF) (496.0 ± 49.5 vs. 728 ± 71.6 ms2) and high frequency (HF) (1050.0 ± 120.4 vs. 737.4 ± 98.5 ms2) in the frequency domain. Conclusions Global autonomic modulation is decreased in adolescents with a family history of diabetes. We also observed a decrease in vagal activity in this group. So, sympathetic autonomic modulation is predominant in this population. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Resumen La hepatitis autoinmune (HAI) es una enfermedad hepática inflamatoria progresiva poco frecuente en niños y adolescentes, la cual es un reto diagnóstico para clínicos y patólogos. Describimos las características clínicas, bioquímicas e histopatológicas de 21 pacientes pediátricos con HAI diagnosticados en los últimos 14 años. Las biopsias hepáticas se reevaluaron para analizar detalladamente los hallazgos histopatológicos. De los 21 casos evaluados, 12 (57,1%) fueron mujeres, la mediana de edad fue 14 años, y 17 (80,9%) tenían HAI tipo 1. Los signos clínicos más frecuentes fueron ictericia (66,7%) y coluria (44,4%); también hubo evidencia de hipertensión portal con várices esofágicas (47,1%) y esplenomegalia (41,2%). El 11,8% de los pacientes tenía antecedentes de otras enfermedades autoinmunes. El 89,5%, 88,9% y 60,0% de los casos tenía elevación de aminotransferasas, hiperbilirrubinemia y bajos niveles de albúmina sérica, respectivamente. Las biopsias reevaluadas mostraron infiltrado linfoplasmocitario portal (94,4%), hepatitis de interfase (77,8%) y formación de rosetas (50,0%). En el 42,9% de las biopsias se hallaron inclusiones hialinas en las células de Kupffer. Cerca del 33,5% de los casos mostró cirrosis en la biopsia inicial. A pesar del tratamiento inmunosupresor, 4 pacientes requirieron trasplante hepático y 2 están en lista de espera. La HAI en niños puede manifestarse con ictericia y coluria, signos de hipertensión portal, aminotransferasas elevadas, hiperbilirrubinemia y anticuerpos circulantes. Las inclusiones hialinas en las células de Kupffer pueden ser un hallazgo útil en el diagnóstico histopatológico de la HAI en niños.

Abstract Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a progressive inflammatory liver disease. It is uncommon in children and adolescents, and is a diagnostic challenge for clinicians and pathologists. We describe the clinical, biochemical and histopathological characteristics of 21 pediatric patients with AIH diagnosed in the last 14 years. Liver biopsies were reassessed to analyze histopathological findings in detail. Of the 21 cases evaluated, 12 (57.1%) were girls and young women, the median age was 14 years old, and 17 (80.9%) had type 1 AIH. The most frequent clinical signs were jaundice (66.7%), choluria (44.4%), evidence of portal hypertension with esophageal varices (47.1%), and splenomegaly (41.2%). Histories of other autoimmune diseases were found in 11.8% of these patients. Elevated levels of aminotransferases were found in 89.5% of the patients, hyperbilirubinemia was found in 88.9%, and 60.0% of the cases had low levels of serum albumin. Reassessed biopsies showed portal lymphoplasmocytic infiltrate (94.4%), interface hepatitis (77.8%) and rosette formation (50.0%). Hyaline inclusions were found in Kupffer cells in 42.9% of the biopsies. About 33.5% of the cases showed cirrhosis at the initial biopsy. Despite immunosuppressive treatment, four patients required liver transplantation and two are on the waiting list. AIH in children can manifest with jaundice, choluria, signs of portal hypertension, elevated aminotransferases, hyperbilirubinemia and circulating antibodies. Hyaline inclusions in Kupffer cells may be a useful finding in the histopathological diagnosis of AIH in children.

Resumen En el Ecuador las condiciones climáticas y ecológicas favorables, permiten que pequeños, medianos y grandes productores se dediquen a la explotación de bananos y plátanos. En el caso del orito, es una fruta especial, de gran aceptación por su sabor y aroma. Las plantaciones se encuentran como monocultivos en unos casos y en otros, como asociaciones que se intercala con diferentes especies frutales y árboles maderables. Las diferentes especies de plátanos se reproducen asexualmente a partir de fracciones vegetativas. Por otro lado el uso de abonos orgánicos obedece a que éstos son fuente de vida bacteriana para el suelo y necesarios para la nutrición de las plantas. Se obtienen de la degradación y mineralización de materiales orgánicos (estiércoles, desechos de la cocina, etc.), Los diferentes tipos de bioles se prepara con diferentes estiércoles que se deben fermentar durante dos a tres meses en un bidón de plástico, es un abono que permite sustituir a una gran parte de fertilizantes químicos. Con estos antecedentes la presente investigación tuvo como objeto evaluar el efecto de dos abonos orgánicos líquidos (humus líquido de lombriz a base de estiércol vacuno (HLV) y Te de estiércol vacuno (TEV) a una concentración del 75% sobre el desarrollo de cormos de orito (Musa acuminata AA) para obtener plantas de una manera rápida y establecer cultivos comerciales para las condiciones de Cantón Cumandá provincia de Chimborazo. El ensayo fue conducido en un diseño bloques al azar con 3 tratamientos y 3 repeticiones. Los parámetros evaluados fueron: peso de la masa de raíz en g (PMR), volumen radicular en mi (VR), longitud de raíces en cm (LR), longitud de hojas en cm (LH), peso del follaje en g (PF) y ancho de la hoja en cm (AH). Cada 14 días fueron realizadas evaluaciones desde los 111 días hasta los 181 días del desarrollo de los cormos. Las variables evaluadas no mostraron diferencias significativas hasta los 167 días. A partir de este día fueron detectadas diferencias en el PMR, VR, PF, LH y AH, mientras que la LR no mostró diferencias significativas. La mejor respuesta se obtuvo con el HLV, el cual superó al TEV y al testigo (T). Los valores sobresalientes se encontró a los 181 días para: PMR con 110.6 g, VR 110 ml, PF 205 g, LH 36 cm, AH 15.5 cm, LR 59.5 cm. no presentan significancia con los otros tratamientos.

Abstract In Ecuador, the favorable climatic and ecological conditions allow small, médium and large producers to dedícate themselves to the exploitation of bananas and plantains. Inthe case of the orito, it is a special fruit, of great acceptance for its flavor and aroma. The plantations are found as monocultures in some cases and in others, as associations that are interspersed with different fruit species and timber trees. The different banana species reproduce asexually from vegetative fractions. On the other hand, the use of organic fertilizers is due to the fact that they are a source of bacterial life for the soil and are necessary for the nutrition of plants. They are obtained from the degradation and mineralization of organic materials (manure, kitchen waste, etc.). The different types of bioles are prepared with different manures that must be fermented for two to three months in a plástic container, it is a fertilizer that allows to replace a large part of chemical fertilizers. With this background, the present investigation aimed to evalúate the effect of two liquid organic fertilizers (worm manure liquid based on cow dung (HLV) and beef manure tea (TEV) at a concentration of 75% on the development of corms of orito (Musa acuminata AA) to obtain plants in a fast way and establish cash crops for the conditions of Cantón Cumandá province of Chimborazo The trial was conducted in a randomized blocks design with 3 treatments and 3 repetitions. root mass in g (PMR), root volume in mi (VR), root length in cm (LR), leaf length in cm (LH), foliage weight in g (PF) and leaf width in cm (AH) Every 14 days, evaluations were made from 111 days to 181 days for the development of the corms The variables evaluated did not show significant differences until 167 days. in the PMR, VR, PF, LH and AH, while the LR did not show significant differences. The best response was obtained with the HLV, which surpassed the TEV and the control (T). The outstanding valúes were found at 181 days for: PMR with 110.6 g, VR 110 ml, PF 205 g, LH 36 cm, AH 15.5 cm, LR 59.5 cm. do not show significance with the other treatments.

Resumen La papa es una planta tuberosa cultivada alrededor del mundo, sus tubérculos pueden conservarse por largo tiempo, después de haber sido cosechados y sin perder sus parámetros de calidad, consumo y procesamiento. Existen varios tratamientos que permiten retrasar la aparición de brotes como la utilización de hormonas vegetales como, ácido abscísico, ácido giberélico, ácido indol acético, etileno y citoquininas que intervienen en las fases fisiológicas del tubérculo semilla especialmente en el proceso de dormancia. Agentes externos como el Chlorpropham, hidracida del ácido maleico, aceites esenciales y taninos también juegan un rol importante sobre la inhibición de los brotes. Las plantas elaboran compuestos que son empleados para regular diferentes procesos fisiológicos, entre ellos el de la generación de brotes, es por eso que la obtención de extractos vegetales y el estudio de sus compuestos activos ayudan a la reducción del uso de productos químicos entre ellos el extracto de nogal que por sus compuestos alcaloides, flavonoides, cumarinas y antroquininas que se encuentran en diferentes partes del árbol bloquean los procesos metabólicos y hormonales del tubérculo permitiendo disminuir el crecimiento activo de los brotes y alargar el proceso de dormancia. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo revisar algunos de los tratamientos que se utilizan para alargar el proceso de brotación de los tubérculos-semilla de papa.

Abstract The potato is a tuberous plant cultivated around the world, its tubers can be conserved for a long time, after having been harvested and without losing its parameters of quality, consumption and processing. There are several treatments that allow delay the appearance of outbreaks as the use of plant hormones these are; abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, Índole acetic acid, ethylene and cytokinins that intervene in the physiological phases of the seed tuber, especially in the dormancy process. External agents such as Chlorpropham, maleic acid hydrazide, essential oils and tannins also play an important role in the inhibition of outbreaks. The plants elabórate compounds that are used to regúlate different physiological processes, among them the one of the generation of shoots, that is why the obtaining of vegetal extracts and the study of their active compounds help to the reduction of the use of chemical products among them the walnut extract that by its compounds alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins and anthroquinines that are in different parts of the tree block the metabolic and hormonal processes of the tuber allowing to decrease the active growth of the shoots and lengthen the dormancy process. The objective of this article is to review some of the treatments that are used to lengthen the sprouting process of potato seed tubers.

Abstract We find two fixed points differents of cero of the operator in an Sobolev Spaces in L¹ (Ω) with Ω ⊆ Rn and they are solutions of Boltzmann equation.

BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi circulates in sylvatic habitats, mainly through blood-feeding triatomines, although other routes also contribute to its dispersion. Sexual transmission of T. cruzi is an understudied topic, especially among wild mammals. Because of the difficulties inherent to field work, experimentally infected mice are frequently used to evaluate the transmission of T. cruzi. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the sexual transmission of T. cruzi in acutely infected mice. METHODS Male and female mice in the acute phase of Chagas disease were mated with naïve partners. Then, parasitological tests, immunohistochemistry, serological assays, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were used to detect infection. FINDINGS Parasitological analysis showed trypomastigotes in the blood of 20% of the naïve mice after mating with infected partners. Serological assays detected anti-T. cruzi antibodies in all naïve females mated with infected males and in 60% of naïve males mated with infected females. PCR showed T. cruzi nDNA bands for all naïve mice mated with infected partners. The possibility of sexual transmission was also confirmed by visualisation of amastigotes in the testes. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that sexual transmission of T. cruzi is an ordinary event that may contribute to maintenance of the parasite's enzootic cycle.

RESUMO. Este trabalho foi realizado para avaliar o efeito de suplementos múltiplos contendo palma forrageira enriquecida com ureia (0, 1, 2 e 3% na matéria seca - MS) em substituição a um suplemento tradicional (controle) sobre os parâmetros ruminais e síntese de proteína microbiana em novilhos mestiços. Cinco novilhos canulados no rúmen (½ Holandês x Zebu), com peso corporal inicial de 240 ± 22,1 kg foram utilizados em um Quadrado Latino 5 × 5. Efeito quadrático foi observado para o consumo de MS e retenção de N, com valores máximos de 6,97 kg d-1e 50,9 g d-1com a inclusão de 1,8 e 2,1% de ureia, respectivamente. Concentrações máximas de 16,2; 23,2 e 24,3 mg dL-1 de N-NH3 foram registradas nos animais alimentados com palma forrageira enriquecida com 1, 2 de 3% de ureia. Houve efeito quadrático sobre o pH ruminal, com valor de 6,45 às 4,08 horas após alimentação. Síntese de proteína microbiana de 103 g de proteína bruta kg-1de nutrientes digestíveis totais foi obtida com a inclusão de 1,6% de ureia. Recomenda-se a utilização de suplementos múltiplos contendo palma forrageira enriquecida com 1,6 a 1,8% de ureia em substituição ao suplemento tradicional para bovinos.

ABSTRACT. This study was realized to evaluate the effect of the ‘multiple supplements’ containing spineless cactus enriched with urea (0, 1, 2 and 3% on dry matter basis - DM) as a replacement to a traditional supplement (control) on ruminal parameters and microbial protein synthesis in crossbred steers. Five steers(½ Holstein x Zebu) can nulated in the rumen, with an average initial body weight of 240 ± 22.1 kg were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square. A quadratic effect was observed for DM intake and N retention, with maximum values of 6.97 kg d-1 and 50.9 gd-1 with the inclusion of 1.8 and 2.1% urea, respectively. Maximum concentrations of 16.2, 23.2 and 24.3 mg dL-1of N-NH3were recorded in animals fed spineless cactus enriched with 1, 2, and 3% of urea. There was a quadratic effect on ruminal pH, with a value of 6.45 at 4.08 hours after feeding. Microbial synthesis efficiency of 103 g CPkg-1 TDN was obtained with the inclusion of 1.6% urea. Multiple supplements containing spineless cactus enriched with 1.6 up to 1.8% urea in replacement of a traditional supplement is recommended for cattle.

ABSTRACT The human skin aging process is a complex mechanism that can be induced both by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Observations include a decrease in the biosynthetic and proliferative capacity of cells, increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases, reduction in collagen type I expression, and the progressive disappearance of elastic tissue in the papillary dermis. L-arginine, the substrate of nitric oxide synthesis, is involved in angiogenesis and cell proliferation, as well as an indirect precursor of collagen synthesis via the proline pathway. The aim of this study was to examine the tensile strength, histology, and immunohistochemistry of female and male mice skin receiving different concentrations of topically applied L-arginine, in order to evaluate the possibility of using L-arginine as an active cosmetic ingredient in antiaging products. The results suggest that the application of L-arginine improves the mechanical resistance of skin from older female mice (20 weeks old) and promotes the formation of a larger amount of collagen and elastic fibers in the skin when applied at a concentration of 15%.

La Fasciola hepática es un parásito que pertenece a la clase Trematoda del orden Digenea, que mantiene una amplia distribución mundial. El pasto contaminado con heces es la principal fuente de transmisión, los caracoles intervienen como parte esencial en el ciclo biológico. Las lesiones principalmente están en el hígado y la sintomatología clínica es gastrointestinal secundaria en la afectación hepática. El diagnóstico puede ser parasitológico a partir de métodos de flotación o sedimentación, inmunológico a partir de pruebas como ELISA y en la necropsia con base a los hallazgos anatomopatológicos. La prevención se basa en el control del hospedador intermediario, dejando en segundo grado el tratamiento farmacológico de los animales. En el ámbito económico la incidencia de F. hepática puede ser un riesgo para cualquier producción pecuaria, la prevención o diseminación de esta, mejora significativamente la rentabilidad, de la misma manera las consecuencias de esta enfermedad son las pérdidas económicas en los decomisos de las canales y su elevada mortalidad. Esta revisión abarca algunos aspectos relevantes sobre la infección por F. hepática en países latinoamericanos donde la infección ganadera por este parásito es muy elevada, siendo necesario la intervención sanitaria inmediata en zonas endémicas.

The Fasciola hepatica is a parasite from the class Trematoda of the order Digenea, which maintains a wide distribution worldwide. The grass contaminated with feces is the main source of transmission, with snails acting as an essential part of the biological cycle. The lesions mainly are presents in the liver and the clinical symptomatology is mainly gastrointestinal secondary to hepatic affection. The diagnosis can be parasitological from flotation or sedimentation methods, immunological with tests such as ELISA and necropsy based on anatomopathological findings. Prevention is based on the control of the intermediate host, leaving in second place the pharmacological treatment of the animals. In the economic area, the incidence of F. hepatica can be a risk for any animal production, the prevention or dissemination of this, significantly improves profitability, in the same way, the consequences of this disease are the economic losses in the seizures of the canals and their high mortality. This review covers some relevant aspects of F. hepatica infection in Latin American countries where the parasite infection by this parasite is very high, requiring immediate health intervention in endemic areas.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar as características estruturais, morfológicas e bromatológicas da forragem e o desempenho de bovinos de corte, da raça Caracu (200±9kg de peso inicial), suplementados com mistura mineral múltipla (0,25% do peso corporal) em pastos diferidos de Brachiaria brizantha , cv. 'Marandu', e Brachiaria decumbens , cv. 'Basilisk', sob pastejo contínuo. Após o rebaixamento dos pastos a 10cm de altura, realizado em março de 2014 por meio de pastejo, ambas as espécies foram vedadas e diferidas por 126 dias. O período experimental foi de julho a outubro de 2014, e as avaliações das características do pasto e as pesagens dos animais foram realizadas a cada 28 dias. A maior massa de forragem foi registrada em pastos de 'Marandu'. A maior porcentagem de folhas e a menor de material morto foram observadas para a 'Basilisk'. Os maiores teores de proteína bruta (8,1 vs 7,0 ± 0,2%), digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica (57,7 vs 53, 9 ± 0,4%), os menores teores de fibra em detergente neutro (69,2 vs 72,7 ± 0,4%) e, consequentemente, o maior ganho médio diário (680 vs 530 ± 0,04g animal-1) foram registrados para a cv. 'Basilisk'. O diferimento de pastagens de 'Marandu' ou 'Basilisk' associado à suplementação com mistura mineral múltipla figura como alternativa de manejo para recria de bovinos de corte durante o período seco. Para a duração do período de vedação utilizada, pastos de B. decumbens são mais indicados para alcançar o maior desempenho animal.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to compare structural, morphological and bromatological characteristics of forage as well as performance of Caracu beef cattle (200 ± 9 kg of initial body weight) supplemented with a multi-mineral mixture (0.25% of body weight) on deferred pastures of Brachiaria brizantha 'Marandu' and Brachiaria decumbens 'Basilisk' under continuous grazing. After the pasture was grazed to 10 cm of height, in March 2014, both grasses were left to rest and subjected to a 126-day deferment period. The experimental period lasted from July to October 2014; the sward characteristics and the animal's weight were evaluated every 28 days. The highest forage mass was recorded in 'Marandu' grass, whereas the highest leaves percentage and lowest dead material percentage were observed in 'Basilisk' pastures. Similarly, the highest crude protein content (8.1 vs. 7.0 ± 0.2%), in vitro organic matter digestibility (57.7 vs. 53.9 ± 0.4%), lowest neutral detergent fiber content (69.2 vs. 72.7 ± 0.4%), and; consequently, the highest average daily gain (680 vs. 530 ± 0.04g animal-1) were recorded for 'Basilisk' pastures. 'Marandu' and 'Basilisk' deferment was associated with a multi-mineral mixture supplementation as a management alternative for rearing beef cattle during the drought periods. Because of the duration of the pasture recovery period in this study, B. decumbens pastures were more likely to achieve the highest animal performance.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substituição parcial ou total do feno de Tifton 85 por palma forrageira in natura ou desidratada sobre o desempenho e componentes do peso corporal de ovinos. Foram distribuídos aleatoriamente 30 cordeiros deslanados, com peso vivo inicial de 19 kg ± 0,35 kg, em cinco tratamentos, a saber: feno de Tifton 85 (FE); feno de Tifton 85 + palma in natura (FEPA); feno de Tifton 85 + palma desidratada (FEPD); palma in natura (PA); palma desidratada (PD). Além da palma e feno ofertou-se, na forma de mistura completa, farelo de soja, sal mineral e calcário em todos os tratamentos. Os animais foram mantidos confinados durante 75 dias; decorridos esse período foram abatidos e tiveram os pesos dos componentes corporais registrados. O consumo de matéria seca, nutrientes digestíveis totais e ingestão voluntária de água foram maiores (p < 0,05) para os tratamentos PD e FEPD. O ganho médio diário foi de 118 g dia-1 e o peso corporal ao abate de 25,8 kg e não foram influenciados (p > 0,05) pelos tratamentos. O peso de carcaça fria e área de olho de lombo foram menores (p < 0,05) para dieta FE. A substituição parcial ou total do feno de Tifton 85 por palma forrageira (in natura ou desidratada) melhora o desempenho e as características de carcaça de ovinos.

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the effect of partial or total replacement of Tifton 85 hay with fresh or dehydrated spineless cactus on performance and body weight components of sheep. Thirty hair lambs, with 19 kg ± 0.35 kg initial weight, were randomly divided into five treatments, namely: Tifton 85 Hay (HA); Tifton 85 Hay + fresh spineless cactus (HAFC); Tifton 85 Hay + dehydrated spineless cactus (HADC); fresh spineless cactus (FC); dehydrated spineless cactus (DC). In addition to the spineless cactus and hay, the complete mixture contained soybean meal, mineral salt and limestone in all treatments. Animals were confined for 75 days and then slaughtered. The weight of body components was recorded. Dry matter intake, total digestible nutrients intake and voluntary water intake were higher (p < 0.05) for the DC and HADC treatments. The average daily gain was 118 g day-1 and body weight at slaughter of 25.8 kg were not influenced (p > 0.05) by treatments. The cold carcass weight, rib eye area, weight and yield of the skin, liver, kidney and large intestine were higher (p < 0.05) for the DC and HADC treatments. Partial or total replacement of Tifton 85 hay with fresh or dehydrated spineless cactus, in complete diets for sheep, increases the weight of the cold carcass and non-carcass components.

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar balanço hídrico e excreção renal de metabólitos em borregos sem raça definida, alimentados com diferentes quantidades de palma forrageira (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck), na forma in natura e em farelo. Foram utilizados 20 borregos, com peso vivo médio inicial de 20 Kg e foram distribuídos no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. As dietas experimentais consistiram em uma dieta controle à base de feno de tífton, farelo de soja, suplemento mineral e calcário, os demais tratamentos visaram testar níveis diferentes de palma forrageira corrigida com ureia em duas formas: in natura e farelada e em dois níveis de substituição (50 e 100%) da matéria seca do feno de tífton. Amostras de sangue e urina foram coletadas para determinação de diferentes metabólitos e minerais e utilização de equações para obtenção dos índices de excreção urinária destes metabólitos, taxa de depuração endógena de creatinina e reabsorção de água livre de eletrólitos, além do registro de ingestão de água e volume de urina. A ingestão voluntária de água sofreu influência das dietas, sendo que os animais submetidos às dietas contendo farelo de palma e feno e farelo de palma foram superiores aos demais tratamentos. A ingestão de água via alimentos também sofreu influência da dieta, sendo maior nos animais que receberam palma in natura e farelo mais palma in natura. Com relação à ingestão total de água foi maior para os animais alimentados com dietas contendo palma in natura em relação aos demais tratamentos. As dietas experimentais influenciaram na excreção renal de metabólitos derivados purínicos e minerais, sem alterar a função renal. A presença da palma forrageira tanto na condição de farelo como in natura proporciona aumento do volume urinário sem alterar a função renal, além de que deve ser considerado como uma excelente estratégia alimentar no semiárido.

Abstract This study aimed to assess fluid balance and renal excretion of metabolites in lambs without defined breed standard, fed different forage cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck), in natura and bran. 20 lambs were used, with initial body weight of 20 kg and were distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and four repetitions. The experimental diets consisted of a control diet based on Bermuda grass hay, soybean meal, limestone and mineral supplement, other treatments aimed at testing different levels of cactus pear plus urea in two forms: fresh and mash and two levels of substitution (50 and 100%) of dry matter of hay. Blood and urine samples were collected for determination of different metabolites and minerals and use of equations to determine the rates of urinary excretion of these metabolites, rate of endogenous creatinine clearance and electrolyte reabsorption of free water, in addition to recording of water intake and urine volume. The voluntary water intake was influenced by the diets, and the animals subjected to diets containing soybean meal and hay palm and cactus meal were higher than other treatments. Water intake via food was also influenced by diet, being higher in animals fed palm fresh and bran over palm in nature. With respect to total water intake was greater for cows fed diets containing palm in nature compared to the other treatments. The experimental diets influenced the renal excretion of purine metabolites and minerals derived, without changing renal function. The presence of cactus pear both as bran as in nature provides increased urine volume without changing renal function, and to be considered as an excellent food strategy in semiarid.