ABSTRACT This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of organic acids on the intestinal integrity and productive performance of broiler chickens experimentally inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis. Additionally, Salmonella colonization levels in internal organs were evaluated. The study included 576 one-day-old CobbTM male broilers, distributed into eight treatment groups and six replicates. A completely randomized experimental design (encapsulated butyric acid × inoculation by Salmonella Enteritidis) was used. Poultry was orally inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis in the first day (0 or 2.0 × 106 CFU/mL) and after 22 days of age (0 or 1.0 × 109 CFU/ mL). The butyric acid was added to the feed in different concentration (treatments 0.03, 0.075, and 0.15%), and the chickens were raised up to 42 days old. Encapsulated butyric acid at 0.03% increased the body weight gain and the average weight of the chickens up to 21 days old. After 14 days old, the butyric acid had a positive effect on jejunum villus. Encapsulated butyric acid at 0.03% in feed improves the performance and intestinal integrity of chickens. Additionally evaluated 57 onedayold one old broilers replicates encapsulated used 0 ( 20 2 2. 10 CFU/mL CFUmL CFU mL 1 1. mL. . mL) treatments 003 03 0.03 0075 075 0.075 0.15%, 015 0.15% , 15 0.15%) 4 villus 5 00 0.0 007 07 0.07 01 0.15 0. 0.1

ABSTRACT Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) refers to a group of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid. Hens fed a diet supplemented with CLA exhibit increased levels of saturated fatty acids, which may influence the quality characteristics of eggs and the offspring lipid metabolism. The present study, aimed to evaluate the effect of the dietary inclusion of CLA for broiler breeders on the residual yolk sac fatty acid profile, egg quality, and hatchability. Two 58-week-old Cobb500® broiler breeder commercial flocks were fed diets supplemented with 0% or 0.025% CLA (trans-10, cis-12). After 26 days, 300 eggs from each treatment group were collected, and among these eggs, 30 were subjected to egg quality assessment and egg yolk fatty acid profile analysis. The remaining 270 eggs were subjected to incubation analysis. The quality of the chicks was evaluated at hatch. The residual yolk sac content and weight at hatch were also evaluated. Unhatched eggs were subjected to residual analysis. The supplementation of the breeders’ diet with 0.025% CLA did not influence the incubation parameters and the weight of the chicks at hatch. However, the egg yolk and residual yolk sac fatty acid profile were altered and CLA accumulation was increased in the residual yolk sac at hatch in this treatment group. In conclusion, CLA supplementation in the diet of breeders did not influence the incubation parameters and the weight of the chicks, although it did alter the profiles of omega-6, palmitoleic, linoleic, and arachidonic acids in both egg yolk and residual yolk sac. (CLA metabolism study hatchability 58weekold weekold 58 week old Cobb500 Cobb 0 0025 025 0.025 trans10, trans10 trans 10, 10 (trans-10 cis12. cis12 cis 12 . cis-12) 2 days collected 3 analysis 27 However conclusion omega6, omega6 omega 6, 6 omega-6 palmitoleic 5 Cobb50 002 02 0.02 trans1 1 (trans-1 cis1 cis-12 omega- Cobb5 00 0.0 (trans- cis-1 0. (trans cis-

RESUMO O ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) compreende o grupo de isômeros posicionais e geométricos do ácido linoleico. Na dieta de matrizes, aumenta a proporção de ácidos graxos saturados dos ovos e pode ser uma importante ferramenta para o estudo dos efeitos da suplementação materna de CLA sobre o metabolismo lipídico da progênie. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão de CLA na dieta de matrizes de frango de corte sobre o perfil de ácidos graxos da gema, a qualidade dos ovos e a incubação. Dois lotes comerciais de matrizes Cobb500®, com 58 semanas de idade, foram suplementados com 0% ou 0,025% de CLA (trans-10, cis-12). Após 26 dias, 300 ovos por tratamento foram coletados, dois quais 30 foram utilizados para as análises de qualidade e perfil de ácidos graxos da gema, enquanto os ovos restantes foram submetidos à incubação. A qualidade das aves foi avaliada à eclosão, e o peso e conteúdo do saco vitelínico residual foram avaliados à eclosão. Ovos não eclodidos foram submetidos a análise residual. A suplementação das matrizes não influenciou os parâmetros de incubação e peso dos pintos à eclosão. Contudo, modificou o perfil de ácidos graxos da gema e do saco vitelínico, levando ao acúmulo de CLA no saco vitelínico após a eclosão. Conclui-se que a suplementação de 0,025% de CLA na dieta de matrizes não altera parâmetros de incubação e o peso da progênie à eclosão, mas modifica os perfis de ômega-6 e ácidos palmitoleico, linoleico e araquidônico tanto na gema quando no saco vitelínico residual. (CLA Objetivouse Objetivou se Cobb500 Cobb Cobb500® 5 idade 0 0025 025 0,025 trans10, trans10 trans 10, 10 (trans-10 cis12. cis12 cis 12 . cis-12) 2 dias coletados 3 eclosão Contudo Concluise Conclui ômega6 ômega 6 ômega- palmitoleico Cobb50 002 02 0,02 trans1 1 (trans-1 cis1 cis-12 Cobb5 00 0,0 (trans- cis-1 0, (trans cis-

Resumo Os ovos são usados como ingredientes da indústria alimentícia devido às suas propriedades funcionais. Ovos de diferentes espécies de aves podem ser usados no processamento industrial. Foram realizados experimentos reológicos em estado estacionário para obtenção das curvas de fluxo e também em estado dinâmico para estudar as propriedades reológicas dos ovos de emas Rhea americana. O comportamento viscoelástico dos fluidos em função das temperaturas de coagulação para albúmen e gema e da frequência oscilatória foi estudado. Foram analisados 15 ovos de rhea armazenados por até 28 dias a 10 °C em 1, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias. As frações de albumina e gema mostraram comportamento reológico pseudoplástico com pequeno cisalhamento de fluxo inicial e dependência do tempo de cisalhamento, com albúmen demonstrando tixotropia e a gema mostrando reopexia. Em testes reológicos de cisalhamento baixo, observou-se gelificação térmica de albúmen, apresentando uma primeira mudança no módulo elástico em torno de 56 °C, e um segundo de 78 °C. Na gema, observou-se uma mudança a partir de 66 °C, com variações mais estruturais no desenvolvimento do gel a temperaturas mais elevadas. Para os ovos de rhea, a temperatura estruturante de gel (gelificação) de albumen (80 °C) e gema de ovo (69 °C) não sofreu variações durante os períodos de armazenamento. Em comparação com os ovos comerciais, as maiores temperaturas de viscosidade e gelificação apresentadas pelos ovos rhea podem ajudar a determinar o tamanho do sistema de processamento industrial, pois podem ser submetidos a temperaturas mais altas sem modificar estruturas proteicas e dificultar o processo.

Abstract Eggs are used as food industry ingredients due to their functional properties. Eggs from different bird species are used in industrial processing; therefore, rheological experiments were carried out at steady state to obtain the flow curves and also at a dynamic state to study the rheological properties of greater rhea eggs. The viscoelastic behavior of the fluids as a function of the coagulation temperatures for albumen and yolk and of the oscillatory shear frequency was studied. Fifteen rhea eggs stored for up to 28 days at 10 °C were analyzed at 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The albumen and yolk fractions showed pseudoplastic rheological behavior with small initial flow shear and dependence on shear time, with albumen demonstrating thixotropy and the yolk showing rheopexy. In low shear rheological tests, thermal gelation of albumen was observed, presenting a first change in the elastic modulus around 56 °C, and a second from 78 °C. In the yolk, a change was observed from 66 °C, with more structural variations in the development of the gel at higher temperatures. For rhea eggs, the gel structuring (gelation) temperature of albumen (80 °C) and egg yolk (69 °C) did not undergo variations during the storage periods. Compared to commercial eggs, the higher viscosity and gelation temperatures presented by the rhea eggs can help determine the size of the industrial processing system as they can be submitted to higher temperatures without modifying protein structures and hindering the process.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the effects that breeder age has on digestive and immune system development; the transfer of immunoglobulins to egg yolk, yolk sac, and neonate chicks; and the immune response of chicks up to 35 days old. Three ages (32, 42, and 52 weeks) of Hubbard breeders were studied with ages as treatments. A total of 425 eggs were weighed for each of the three treatments and incubated. After hatching, a total of 300 1-day-old chicks were used in each treatment. We studied the development of the gastrointestinal tract and immune system of progeny and IgY transfer from breeder to progeny. Chicks from 52-week-old breeders had greater gastrointestinal tract growth up to seven days of life and greater body weight at 14 days. Older breeders (52 weeks) had higher amounts of IgY in serum and egg yolk. Chicks from the youngest breeders (32-weeks-old) had a better immune response at two weeks post-vaccination. It can be concluded that the older breeders have a greater capacity to immunize progeny up to 14 days. Strategies can be developed to increase IgY in the serum of young breeders and, consequently, increase the innate immunity of the newly-hatched chicks.

ABSTRACT Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of digestible valine supplementation in pre-starter and starter diets on the productivity, nutrient metabolizability coefficient (NMC), and immune response of broilers from breeders of different ages. Experiments I and II were conducted with broilers in the pre-starter (1 to 7 days of age) and starter (8 to 21 days of age) phases, respectively. Broilers were fed diets that differed in their digestible valine content. In each trial, 400 male Cobb 500® chicks were randomly housed in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with eight treatments and five replicates of 10 birds each. The main effects were breeder age (37 vs. 52 weeks) and the digestible valine level in pre-starter (9.2, 10.2, 11.2, and 12.2 g/kg) and starter (8.3, 9.3, 10.3, and 11.3 g/kg) diets. Productive performance, intestinal histology, and immune response of broilers were evaluated. Supplementation with 11.2 g/kg valine in pre-starter diets improved NMC and increased villus height and villus:crypt ratio in the duodenum, jejunum development, and lymphocyte proliferation in the spleen of broilers at seven days of age, without improving performance (body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio). In the starter phase, valine supplementation reduced feed intake but did not affect NMC, intestinal development, or immune response. The present results suggest that the same level of digestible valine should be used in the diet of broilers born to breeders of different ages, and the use of 9.2 and 8.3 g/kg digestible valine in pre-starter and starter diets, respectively, is sufficient to ensure satisfactory broiler performance. However, to improve the duodenum and jejunum development and immune response of broilers in the pre-starter phase, higher digestible valine levels are required.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da lactulose (0.03 mL kg-1) sobre a saúde intestinal e o ganho de peso de perus submetidos à inoculação de Salmonella sorovar (vs.) Enteritidis (SE). Um total de 280 perus, com um dia de idade, foram distribuídos nos seguintes tratamentos: T1, controle negativo; T2, grupo que recebeu apenas lactulose; T3, grupo submetido à inoculação de aproximadamente 7,0x105 UFC mL-1 de SE; e T4, grupo submetido à inoculação de aproximadamente 7,0x105 UFC mL-1 de SE e tratado com lactulose. O desempenho das aves foi avaliado semanalmente, e sete perus por tratamento foram submetidos à eutanásia, para a coleta de fragmentos do duodeno e do jejuno para a análise histomorfométrica. Observou-se menor ganho de peso no grupo que recebeu apenas o patógeno, e o melhor desempenho, no grupo tratado com lactulose. A análise histomorfométrica mostrou maior relação vilos: criptas nas amostras de duodeno e jejuno do controle negativo, e dos grupos de perus, aos 7 e aos 21 dias de idade, tratados com dieta suplementada com lactulose. A lactulose proporciona melhor desenvolvimento intestinal de perus até os 42 dias de vida, mas não interfere no desempenho dessas aves.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of lactulose (0.03 mL kg-1) on the intestinal health and weight gain of turkeys subjected to the inoculation of Salmonella serovar (sv.) Enteritidis (SE). A total of 280 turkeys, with one day of age, were distributed in the following treatments: T1, negative control; T2, group that received only lactulose; T3, group subjected to the inoculation of approximately 7.0x105 CFU mL-1 SE; and T4, group subjected to the inoculation of approximately 7.0x105 CFU mL-1 SE and treated with lactulose. Poultry performance was evaluated weekly, and seven turkeys from each treatment were euthanized to collect duodenum and jejunum fragments for the histomorphometric analysis. A lower weight gain was observed in the group that received only the pathogen, and the best performance was observed in the lactulose-treated group. The histomorphometric analysis showed a higher villus:crypts ratio in the duodenum and jejunum samples of the negative control and of the group of turkeys at 7 and 21 days of age treated with the lactulose-supplemented diet. Lactulose allows of a better intestinal development of turkeys until 42 days of age, but it does not interfere with poultry performance.

Resumo Objetivou-se com este trabalho investigar as características sanitárias e de manejo das revendas de aves vivas, bem como a identificação e caracterização antigênica de Salmonella enterica e sua sensibilidade a antimicrobianos. Foram aplicados questionários estruturados, além de 627 amostras coletadas nas gaiolas, sendo 209 de excretas, 209 de ração e 209 suabes de bebedouros. Essas amostras foram processadas por bacteriologia convencional. Os isolados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste de suscetibilidade e a 12 antimicrobianos pelo método de difusão em disco. Verificou-se que 91,7% das revendas estudadas alojam Gallus gallus domesticus juntamente a outras espécies animais, comercializam aves com escassa documentação zoosanitária, a vigilância ativa é insatisfatória e utilizam e comercializam antimicrobianos de forma indiscriminada. Detectou-se a presença da Salmonella enterica em 1,4% (9/627) das amostras analisadas nas gaiolas, sendo 1,9% (4/209) em excretas, 0,95% (2/209) em ração e em 1,4% (3/209) em suabes de bebedouros, as quais foram caracterizadas, antigenicamente, como Salmonella Heidelberg, Gallinarum, Risen, Ndolo, Saint Paul, Mbandaka e subesp enterica O:6,7. Na determinação da suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos, obteve-se resistência de 44,4% (4/9) para Trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol, 33,3% (3/9) para enrofloxacina, 22,2% (2/9) para ciprofloxacina, ceftiofur, amoxicilina e 11,1% (1/9) para tetraciclina e fosfomicina. Salmonella Heidelberg, além dos sorovares Gallinarum, Risen, Saint Paul e Mbandaka, todos mostraram resistência a pelo menos um dos antimicrobianos testados. Trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol e enrofloxacina foram os antimicrobianos que apresentaram menor eficácia. Sorovares como Heidelberg, Gallinarum e Mbandaka apresentam multirresistência aos antimicrobianos de uso comum em medicina humana e veterinária, o que implica em riscos potenciais para saúde única.

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the sanitary and management characteristics of live-bird resellers as well as identify and undertake an antigenic characterization of Salmonella enterica and its sensitivity to antimicrobials. Structured questionnaires were applied and 627 samples were collected from the cages, consisting 209 samples of excreta, 209 of feed and 209 drinker swabs. These were processed by conventional bacteriology. The obtained isolates were subjected to the susceptibility test and to 12 antimicrobial tests by the disk diffusion method. Of the studied resellers, 91.7% house Gallus gallus domesticus, together with other animal species; sell birds with little zoosanitary documentation; have unsatisfactory active surveillance; and use and sell antimicrobials indiscriminately. The presence of Salmonella enterica was detected in 1.4% (9/627) of the samples analyzed in the cages, with 1.9% (4/209) found in excreta, 0.95% (2/209) in feed and in 1.4% (3/209) in drinker swabs. These were characterized antigenically as Salmonella Heidelberg, Gallinarum, Risen, Ndolo, Saint Paul, Mbandaka and subsp enterica O:6,7. When susceptibility to antimicrobials was determined, 44.4% resistance (4/9) was detected for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 33.3% (3/9) for enrofloxacin, 22.2% (2/9) for ciprofloxacin, ceftiofur and amoxicillin and 11.1% (1/9) for tetracycline and fosfomycin. Salmonella Heidelberg, as well as serovars Gallinarum, Risen, Saint Paul and Mbandaka, showed resistance to at least one of the tested antimicrobials. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and enrofloxacin were the antimicrobials that showed the least efficacy. Serovars such as Heidelberg, Gallinarum and Mbandaka have multiresistance to antimicrobials commonly used in human and veterinary medicine, implying potential risks to One Health.

Resumo Psittaciformes em cativeiro podem abrigar bactérias Gram-negativas em seu trato digestivo, principalmente devido a condições higiênicas inadequadas e ao confinamento. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de isolar e identificar Escherichia coli em amostras coletadas de gaiolas de Psittaciformes em 50 estabelecimentos comerciais da região metropolitana de Goiânia, com subsequentes testes de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana e detecção de genes de virulência. Foram coletadas 141 amostras de excrementos e suabes de alimentadores e bebedouros, totalizando 423 amostras. Escherichia coli foi isolada em 9,7% (41/423) amostras: 12% (17/141) em excrementos, 8,5% (12/141) em ração e 8,5% (12/141) em bebedouros. Os isolados de E. coli mostraram resistência à ciprofloxacina 4,9% (2/41), gentamicina 17,0% (7/41), doxiciclina 34,1% (14/41), florfenicol 34,1% (14/41), trimetoprim 39,0% (16/41), tetraciclina 41,5% (17/41), enrofloxacina 43,9% (18/41), amoxicilina 48,8% (20/41), neomicina 61,0% (25/41) e sulfonamida 90,2% (37 / 41) foi determinado. Multirresistência (resistência a quatro ou mais antimicrobianos) foi encontrada em 20 amostras, sete de excrementos (7/17), cinco de ração (5/12) e oito de bebedouros (8/12). Um dos isolados dos bebedouros apresentou resistência a todos os antimicrobianos. O gene iss foi detectado em três isolados, o gene tsh em três, o gene papC em dois, os genes traT e eae não foram detectados. Neste estudo, pode-se concluir que os Psittaciformes comercializados como animais de estimação são portadores de isolados de E. coli resistentes aos antimicrobianos mais utilizados, principalmente sulfonamidas e neomicina, além de possuir genes de virulência e resistência sérica, destacando a possibilidade de causar doenças em humanos.

Abstract Captive Psittaciformes may harbor Gram-negative bacteria in their digestive tract, mainly due to poor hygienic conditions and confinement. The present study was carried out with the objective of isolating and identifying Escherichia coli in samples collected from Psittaciformes cages in 50 commercial establishments in the metropolitan region of Goiania, with subsequent antimicrobial susceptibility testing and detection of virulence genes. A total of 141 samples of excreta and swab samples from feeders and water bowls were collected, totaling 423 samples. Escherichia coli was isolated from 9.7% (41/423) samples: 12% (17/141) in excreta, 8.5% (12/141) in feed, and 8.5% (12 /141) in waterers. To determine the susceptibility profile of E. coli isolates, resistance to ciprofloxacin 4.9% (2/41), gentamicin 17.0% (7/41), doxycycline 34.1% (14/41), florfenicol 34.1% (14/41), trimethoprim 39.0% (16/41), tetracycline 41.5% (17/41), enrofloxacin 43.9% (18/41), amoxicillin 48.8% (20/41), neomycin 61.0% (25/41), and sulfonamide 90.2% (37/41) was determined. In 20 isolates, resistance was determined at 4 or more antimicrobials, seven of excreta (7/17), five of feed (5/12), and eight of waterers (8/12). One of the isolates from the waterers showed resistance to all antimicrobials. The iss gene was detected in three isolates, the tsh gene in three, the papC gene in two, traT and eae genes were not detected. In this study, it can be concluded that Psittaciformes commercialized as pet are carry E. coli isolates resistant to most commonly used antimicrobials, mainly sulfonamides and neomycin, besides having virulence and serum resistance genes, which highlights the possibility of the to cause disease in humans.

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Curcuma longa on the growth performance, intestinal integrity, and antimicrobial activity of chicks colonized by Salmonella Typhimurium. The study included 672 one-day-old male chicks of the CobbTM lineage, which were divided into eight treatment groups with 14 birds per group and six repetitions, for a total of 48 experimental units per treatment. A randomized 4×2 factorial design scheme (C. longa levels × inoculation by Salmonella Typhimurium) was used. Chicks were orally inoculated with 1.2×104 cfu/mL of Salmonella Typhimurium in 0.5 mL of 0.85% buffered saline solution. Curcuma was added to the feed of chicks at 0, 1, 2, and 3% for 35 days. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and Tukey's test. Optimal feed conversion was observed in chicks given feed supplemented with 1% C. longa, regardless of infection, and 1% C. longa prevented intestinal colonization by Salmonella Typhimurium. Supplementation and bacterial infection influenced the histomorphometry and pH of the intestine. Bacterial infection reduced the intestinal pH, whereas C. longa supplementation increased the pH, but only in infected chicks. Thus, supplementation with 1% C. longa favors feed conversion, inhibits intestinal colonization by Salmonella Typhimurium, and does not alter intestinal integrity. In contrast, supplementation with 3% Curcuma longa decreases feed intake, affecting the performance of 35-day-old chicks.

Resumo Realizou-se um experimento objetivando avaliar a utilização de Neem como antimicrobiano em rações de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 240 pintos de corte, Cobb, com 1 dia de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, 4 tratamentos, 6 repetições, 10 aves por unidade experimental, o período experimental foi de 21 dias. Os tratamentos consistiram: dieta basal sem inclusão de antimicrobiano; dieta com 0,05% de tilosina; dieta com 0,05% e 0,1% de Neem. Avaliou-se: o desempenho zootécnico, a digestibilidade da ração, contagem intestinal de Salmonella sp. e Escherichia coli, e o desenvolvimento dos órgãos linfoides. Dados de desempenho e metabolização dos nutrientes da ração foram submetidos à ANOVA, médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey, adotou-se α=0,05. Dados de contagem de E. coli foram analisados pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis. O Neem não influenciou as variáveis de desempenho. O coeficiente de metabolizabilidade da matéria seca e extrato etéreo da ração foi melhor com utilização de tilosina (P<0,05). Não se observou crescimento de Salmonella durante o período experimental. A utilização de Neem não reduziu a população de E. coli, e não influenciou no peso dos órgãos linfoides. A utilização do Neem não afetou o desempenho, digestibilidade e microbiota intestinal das aves até 21 dias.

Abstract In the present work, we carried out an experiment aiming at evaluating the use of Neem as an antimicrobial substance in the feeds of broiler chickens. We used 240 one-day-old Cobb broiler chicks distributed in an entirely casual design, with 4 treatments, 6 repetitions and 10 birds per experimental unit, during a 21-day experimental period. Treatments consisted of a basal diet with no antimicrobial inclusion, a diet with 0.05% of tylosin, and a diet with 0.05% and 0.1% of Neem. Parameters evaluated were zootechnical performance, feed digestibility, intestinal count of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli, and the development of lymphoid organs. Data on the performance and metabolization of nutrients were subjected to an ANOVA and averages were compared with a post-hoc Tukey test considering α=0.05. Data on E. coli counts were analyzed with a Kruskal-Wallis test. Neem did not influence performance variables. The metabolization coefficient of dry matter and feed ethereal extract was better with tylosin (P<0.05). No growth of Salmonella was observed during the experiment. The use of Neem did not reduce E. coli population and had no influence on lymphoid organs' weight. Therefore, Neem had no effect on the performance, digestibility and intestinal microbiota of birds up to 21 days old.

Resumo Foi avaliado um composto comercial de ácidos orgânicos, adicionado à ração, no controle da Salmonella de frangos de corte desafiados com Salmonella Enteritidis e Salmonella Enteritidis associadas à Eimeria tenella. Foram utilizados 504 pintos de um dia, fêmeas, da linhagem Hubbard®, sendo o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x3, totalizando seis tratamentos com seis repetições e 14 aves a unidade experimental. Foi analisado o pH intestinal, o escore de lesão dos cecos, contagem de oocistos fecais e a presença de salmonela no baço e tonsilas cecais das aves. Aves desafiadas com S. Enteritidis que receberam ácidos apresentaram menor frequência de isolamento da bactéria nos órgãos linfoides analisados. Assim como apresentaram redução no número de oocistos de E. tenella nas excretas coletadas diretamente na bandeja e redução dos escores de lesão intestinal provocadas pela infecção por Eimeria tenella. Os ácidos orgânicos promoveram benefício à saúde intestinal dos frangos de corte com reflexos positivos no controle da Salmonella Enteritidis juntamente com a Eimeria tenella.

Abstract A commercial organic acids compound was assessed, added to feed, to control Salmonella Enteritidis. Broilers were challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Enteritidis associated with Eimeria tenella. Five hundred and four day-old Hubbard® females chicks were used in a completely randomized design in a 2x3 factorial, a total of six treatments with six replications and being 14 birds the experimental unit. Intestinal pH, cecum lesion score, oocyst faecal counts and the presence of Salmonella in the cecal tonsils and spleen of broilers were investigated. Broilers that were challenged only with S. Enteritidis that received the compound in test showed lower frequency of bacteria isolation in lymphoid organs. Besides, decreased number of oocysts of E. tenella was observed and the intestinal lesion scores caused by infection was lower. Organic acids promoted a benefit on broilers intestinal health with positive effects on the control of Salmonella Enteritidis with Eimeria tenella.

Resumo Objetivou-se estudar a qualidade física, química e microbiológica de ovos de codornas contaminados artificialmente com Salmonella entericaser. Typhimurium, sanitizados e armazenados a diferentes temperaturas (5 e 25 ºC), durante 27 dias. Foram utilizados 768 ovos com cascas opacas e peso médio de 11g. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x2x2 (contaminação x sanitização x refrigeração) com seis repetições e um ovo por parcela. Os ovos foram contaminados pelo manuseio com 1,5 x 105unidade formadoras de colônias (UFCs) e, de acordo com os tratamentos, foram sanitizados com solução com 5 ppm de Cl. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste t. A contaminação bacteriana prejudicou o peso do ovo, uH, índice de gema e de albume e pH de gema e de albume, a partir de 18 dias de armazenamento. O tempo de estocagem dos ovos e a temperatura de armazenamento influenciaram a qualidade interna dos ovos de codornas em todas as variáveis estudadas. A pior qualidade interna foi observada em ovos armazenados na temperatura de 25 ºC. A sanitização e a refrigeração reduziram o crescimento daSalmonella nos ovos contaminados. Ovos com casca opaca, quando não refrigerados, devem ser consumidos em até 18 dias após a postura.

Abstract The objective of this study was to verify the physical, chemical and microbiological quality of Japanese quail eggs artificially contaminated withSalmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium. The eggs were sanitized and stored at different temperatures (between 5 and 25 ºC) for 27 days. We used 768 eggs with opaque shells, typical pigments of the species, and average weight of 11 g. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement (contamination x sanitation x cooling) with six replications and one egg per experimental unit. The eggs were contaminated by handling with 1.5 x 105 colony forming unit (CFU) ofSalmonella. Typhimurium / mL and sanitized according to the treatments with a 5 ppm Cl solution. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and t test. Bacterial contamination has damaged the egg weight, Haugh unit, yolk index and albumen, and pH of yolk and albumen, from 18 days of storage. The egg storage time and storage temperature affected the internal quality of quail eggs in all variables. The worst internal quality was observed in eggs stored at 25 ºC. The sanitation and cooling reduced the growth of Salmonella in contaminated eggs. Eggs in opaque shell, when not refrigerated, should be consumed within 18 days after laying.

Resumo A indústria avícola no Brasil, bem como o consumo interno e exportações de carne de frango têm apresentado um expressivo crescimento. O Serviço de Inspeção Federal é responsável pela inspeção sanitária ao abate de aves e registra rotineiramente as lesões ou doenças identificadas no Sistema de Informação Gerenciais do Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIGSIF). O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as principais causas de condenação de aves em matadouros-frigoríficos registradas no Serviço de Inspeção Federal a partir dos dados lançados no sistema SIGSIF entre 2006 e 2011. O índice de condenações observado neste período foi de 5,99%, sendo que as principais causas foram: contaminação (1,80%), contusão/lesões traumáticas (1,57%), dermatoses (0,74%) e celulite (0,50%). Diferenças regionais foram observadas na ocorrência das condenações e apenas no caso das dermatoses observou-se um comportamento sazonal. O SIGSIF constitui uma importante fonte de informação sobre as causas de condenações ao abate de aves, podendo ser uma ferramenta útil para a avaliação dos fatores causais e para a proposição de medidas de prevenção ou mitigação de riscos.

Abstract The poultry industry in Brazil as well as the domestic consumption and exportation of poultry have experienced significant growth. The Federal Inspection Service is responsible for the sanitary inspection of poultry slaughter, and it routinely records injuries or illnesses that have been identified in the Management Information System of the Federal Inspection Service (SIGSIF). The aim of this study was to evaluate the main causes of condemnation in poultry slaughterhouses registered in the Federal Inspection Service from data entered into the SIGSIF system from 2006 to 2011. The total rate of condemnations observed during this period was 5.99%, and the major causes were contamination (1.80%), contusion /traumatic injuries (1.57%), dermatosis (0.74%) and cellulitis (0, 50%). Regional variations were observed in the occurrence of condemnations, and only in case of dermatosis a seasonal behavior was observed. The SIGSIF is an important source of information concerning the causes of condemnations in poultry slaughter and can be a useful tool for assessing the causes and proposing measures to prevent or mitigate risks.

Objetivou-se verificar o efeito da sanitização e da temperatura de armazenamento sobre a qualidade bacteriológica de ovos contaminados experimentalmente com Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Foram utilizados 240 ovos brancos em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (lavados ou não e refrigerados ou não). Os ovos foram sanitizados com água quente contendo clorhexidina 20% e teor ativo 8% de cloro. Após a sanitização, foram contaminados com 1,5 x 10(5) unidades formadoras de colônia (UFCs) de Pseudomonas aeruginosa/mL de solução e armazenados a 5 ºC ou 25 ºC por 30 dias. A cada dez dias foram realizadas análises bacteriológicas e contagens de Pseudomonas aeruginosa na casca e conteúdo. Foi realizada análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Pseudomonas aeruginosa foi isolada da casca e do conteúdo em todos os ovos, independentemente dos tratamentos. No entanto, quando os ovos foram sanitizados e armazenados a 5 ºC apresentaram menor contagem bacteriana na casca e no conteúdo. Houve alta correlação entre Pseudomonas aeruginosa presente na casca com a presença no conteúdo do ovo quando os ovos não foram sanitizados e resfriados. Concluiu-se que para reduzir o crescimento bacteriano de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, os ovos devem ser sanitizados e mantidos a 5 ºC durante o armazenamento de 30 dias.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sanitization and storage temperature on the quality of commercial eggs inoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We used 240 large eggs, without cracks, from Dekalb White laying hens at 30 to 40 weeks of age. The experimental design used was two blocks in a 2 x 2 factorial arrange (washed/non-washed and refrigerated/non-refrigerated) with twelve replicates. The eggs were contaminated by handling, with 1.5 x 10(5) colony-forming units (CFU) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and stored at 5 ºC and 25 ºC for 30 days. Each ten days the eggshell and contents were submitted to bacteriological analyses. Variance analyses were performed and the data were compared by Tukey test. The results showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from the shells and contents of all eggs. Therefore, when the eggs were sanitized and stored at 5 ºC the contamination was less intense. The correlation between the presences of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the shell and contents was high, when the eggs were not sanitized nor refrigerated. The conclusion of this study was that the egg must be sanitized and refrigerated when the stored for more than 30 days.

Quinhentos frangos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb foram distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos, quarto repetições e 25 aves por unidade experimental para avaliar os efeitos da adição de L-glutamina na dieta das aves sem anticoccidiano e promotor de crescimento. As dietas experimentais continham L-glutamina em diferentes níveis (0,0;5,0;10,0;15.0 e 20,0g/kg). O experimento foi conduzido com frangos de corte de 1 a 42 dias de idade. As variáveis avaliadas foram consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, ganho de peso, mortaliade, coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca, da proteína bruta e do extrato etéreo, rendimento de carcaça e morfometria do intestino delgado. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão polinomial. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste Tukey. - Considerou-se o erro tipo I sendo P < 0,05. O nível de L-glutamina na dieta influenciou a conversão alimentar dos frangos de 1 a 7 dias de idade, sendo melhor com 10,0g/kg L-glutamina. Rendimento de carcaça e coeficientes de digestibilidade não foram afetados pelos níveis de glutamina na dieta. Adição de L-glutamina influenciou a profundidade de cripta do intestino delgado aos 18 e 42 dias de idade. Recomenda-se a adição de 10,0g/kg L-glutamina na dieta pré-inicial das aves.

Five hundred commercial male Cobb broilers were allotted in a randomized blocks design with five treatments, four replicates and 25 chicks per experimental unit in order to evaluate the effects of adding L-glutamine to the diet with no anticoccidial agents and growth promoters. Experimental diets contained L-glutamine at different levels (0.0; 5.0; 10.0; 15.0 or 20.0g/kg), through the experimental period. Experiment was conducted with broiler chicken from 1 to 42 days old. The parameters evaluated were feed intake, feed conversion ratio, body weight gain, mortality, digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein and ether extract, carcass yield and intestinal mucosa structure of small intestine. The data obtained were submitted to polynomial regression analysis. Means were compared using Tukey test.Was considered a type I error set at P < 0.05. The level of L-glutamine in the diet influenced feed conversion ratio of broilers at 1-7 days old, which was improved at 10.0g/kgL glutamine. Carcass yield and digestibility coefficients of the diet were not affected by the levels of glutamine in the diet. Adding L-glutamine influenced crypt depth in small intestine of broilers at 18 and 42 days old. It is recommended the addition of 10.0g/kg L-glutamine to the pre-started diet.