Resumo A água residuária de suínos (ars) pode impulsionar o crescimento e o desenvolvimento de mudas em várias espécies, pois esse resíduo é rico em nutrientes necessários às plantas. Este estudo testou a hipótese de que mudas de Guazuma ulmifolia cultivadas em substrato à base de lodo suíno apresentam melhor desempenho fisiológico e morfológico. As mudas foram cultivadas em sete substratos: T1 - casca de arroz e vermiculita; T2 - 20% ars; T3 - 40% ars; T4 - 60% ars; T5 - 80% ars; T6 - 100% ars; e T7 - 100% Bioplant®. Foram avaliados a altura (H), diâmetro (D), número de folhas (NF), bem como a razão H para D, índices de clorofila, trocas gasosas, biomassa, razões alométricas, Índice de Qualidade Dickson (IQD), e a porcentagem de mudas mortas. Os dados foram analisados pela análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Os substratos com a maior porcentagem de lodo suíno promoveram a maior H, D, NF, índices de clorofilas, trocas gasosas, biomassa caulinar e IQD. A maior mortalidade foi obtida no substrato comercial (85%) e casca de arroz carbonizada e vermiculita (37,5%). Pode-se concluir que os substratos com alto teor de lodo de suíno foram os melhores para as mudas de G. ulmifolia.

Abstract Swine wastewater (sw) can boost seedling growth and development in several species as this residue is rich in nutrients required by plants. This study tested the hypothesis that seedlings of Guazuma ulmifolia grown in a substrate based on swine wastewater showed better physiological and morphological performance. The seedlings were cultivated in seven substrates: T1 - rice husk and vermiculite; T2 - 20% sw; T3 - 40% sw; T4 - 60% sw; T5 - 80% sw; T6 - 100% sw; and T7 - 100% Bioplant®. Were evaluated the height (H), diameter (D), number of leaves (NF), as well as the H to D ratio, chlorophyll indices, gas exchange, biomass, allometric ratios, Dickson Quality Index (DQI), and mortality percentage of the seedlings. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance, and the means were compared by Tukey’s test. The substrates with the highest percentage of swine sludge promoted the highest H, D, NF, chlorophyll indices, gas exchange, stem biomass and IQD. The highest mortality was obtained in commercial substrate (85%) and carbonized rice husk and vermiculite (37.5%). Can be concluded that the substrates with high swine wastewater content were better for seedling G. ulmifolia.

Resumo Hymenaea stigonocarpa é uma espécie arbórea medicinal usada na recuperação de áreas degradadas. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre suas exigências nutricionais durante a fase de mudas, principalmente em termos de potássio. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar se doses potássicas promovem alterações morfofisiológicas de mudas Hymenaea stigonocarpa. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com seis doses (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 e 250mg dm-3 de KCl), e quatro repetições. As variáveis avaliadas foram: biométricas, biomassa, fisiológicas e teor de potássio. A espécie apresentou resposta significativa à adubação potássica para os parâmetros fisiológicos e biométricos. Os maiores valores obtidos foram nas doses entre 150 e 200 mg dm-3. E, ainda, observou-se efeito de concentração para o teor de potássio contido nas folhas e caule das mudas de Hymenaea stigonocarpa.

Abstract Hymenaea stigonocarpa is anarboreal medicinal species used in the recovery of degraded areas. However, little is known about its nutritional requirements during the seedling phase, especially concerning to potassium. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate if potassium doses promote morphophysiological changes in Hymenaea stigonocarpa seedlings.A completely randomized design, consisting in six KCl doses (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg dm-3 KCl) and four replications was applied. Biometric, biomass, physiological and potassium content variables were assessed. Hymenaea stigonocarpa displayed significant physiological and biometric responses to potassium fertilization, with the highest values observed at doses ranging from 150 to 200 mg dm-3 KCl. Moreover, concentration effects were noted regarding to potassium contents in seedling leaves and stems.

Abstract Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, known as Indian cedar, has little forestry development in Brazil. Thus, the objective of this study was to find the best relation between nutrition and container (tube) volume in seedlings of this species. The experiment was carried out in a 2 × 8 factorial scheme (2 containers and 8 fertilizers), with polypropylene tubes of 50 and 110 cm³ being tested, and the following fertilization treatments: one control, 4 increasing doses of osmocotee plus: 3, 5, 7, 9 kg per m³ of substrate, and fractionated mineral fertilizations with cover manure. It was possible to note that the tube with the highest volume (110 cm³) presented better results for the morphological characteristics. However, when analyzing the physiological variables, it is clear that the 50 cm³ tubes presented similar results to the largest volume tube when well fertilized. It is concluded that the indicated to form seedlings of the species is the combination of tubes of 50 cm³ with the fertilization or double of this recommendation.

Abstract: The Cerrado is one of the world's biodiversity hotspots and Brazil’s second largest biome. Many native species of the Brazilian Cerrado provide fruits that have unique sensory characteristics and high nutritional value. This study aimed at characterizing the pulp of Eugenia klotzschiana O. Berg, concerning its proximal composition, bioactive compound content and antioxidant activity. The pulp under study had high moisture (89.47 g kg-1) and caloric (96.07 kcal kg-1) values whereas its contents of protein (0.59 g kg-1) and lipids (2.35 g kg-1) were low. The cerrado pear pulp also had high iron content (16.5 mg kg -1) and dietary fiber (6.45 g kg-1), besides 0.034-0,055 mg kg-1 carotenoids, 8.66 mg kg-1 ascorbic acid and 0.66 mg kg-1 total chlorophyll. Total phenolic compounds (333.41-566.33 mg EAG kg-1) and flavonoids (225-50 mg EQ kg-1) were found by extraction methods named Method 1 (water) and Method 2 (acetone+methanol), respectively. Thus, the cerrado pear can be an alternative to improving nutrient intake and to providing sustainable use of the native flora in the Cerrado.

Abstract Even though essential oils from Piper aduncum (Piperaceae) have different biological activities, little is known about their application to agricultural areas. White mold is a plant disease caused by the phytopathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which needs to be controlled by alternative measures. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of essential oils from P. aduncum leaves (PL-EO) and inflorescences (PI-EO) on the mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum. Essential oils from P. aduncum were obtained by hydrodistillation by a Clevenger-type apparatus while their chemical composition was analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID. Piperitone (23.4 %), myristicin (12.4 %), terpinen-4-ol (12.3 %), β-caryophyllene (7.2 %), α-humulene (6.9 %), germacrene-D (6.9 %) and dillapiol (6.3 %) were the main constituents found in oils from P. aduncum. The in vitro antifungal activity showed that PI-EO dose above 30 µL inhibited mycelial growth in 100 %, whereas PL-EO at 50 µL inhibited it in 98.74 %. This is the first report of the chemical composition of PI-EO and results suggest that the essential oils under evaluation have high potential to control the phytopathogenic fungus S. sclerotiorum.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify the effect of phosphorus and liming doses on the morphological and nutritional characteristics of D. nigra seedlings. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized 4x4 factorial design. The treatments consisted of 4 levels of liming and 4 phosphorus doses. Morphological characteristics and nutritional analyses of plants were measured. There were no significant interactions between liming x P. Morphological characteristics presented differences for liming and phosphorus when analyzed separately. The best productive performances were found between an increase in base saturation between 48.07% and 54.76%. Morphological characteristics showed a linear behavior for P. Both the application of liming and P promoted positive effects on D. nigra growth.

ABSTRACT Leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis are globally widespread parasitic diseases which have been responsible for high mortality rates. Since drugs available for their treatment are highly hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic and cardiotoxic, adherence to therapy has been affected. Thus, the search for new, more effective and safer drugs for the treatment of these diseases is necessary. Natural products have stood out as an alternative to searching for new bioactive molecules with therapeutic potential. In this study, the chemical composition and antiparasitic activity of the essential oil from Protium ovatum leaves against trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi and the promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis were evaluated. The essential oil was promising against trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi (IC50= 28.55 μg.mL-1) and L. amazonensis promastigotes (IC50 = 2.28 μg.mL-1). Eighteen chemical constituents were identified by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) in the essential oil, whose major constituents were spathulenol (17.6 %), caryophyllene oxide (16.4 %), β-caryophyllene (14.0 %) and myrcene (8.4 %). In addition, the essential oil from P. ovatum leaves had moderate cytotoxicity against LLCMK2 adherent epithelial cell at the concentration range under analysis (CC50 = 150.9 μg.mL-1). It should be highlighted that this is the first report of the chemical composition and anti-Trypanosoma cruzi and anti-Leishmania amazonensis activities of the essential oil from Protium ovatum leaves.

RESUMO: A Campomanesia adamantium é uma espécie frutífera nativa do Cerrado que se destaca pela utilização na alimentação, na medicina e como pasto apícola. A composição química dos óleos essenciais obtidos de plantas de uma mesma espécie pode sofrer variação de seus constituintes por influência de vários fatores incluindo o método de extração do óleo essencial, fatores ambientais, genéticos e ontogenéticos. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo identificar a influencia do tempo de hidrodestilação sobre o teor e a composição química do óleo essencial das folhas de C. adamantium . Os tratamentos constituíram-se de cinco tempos de extração (1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 horas) utilizando aparelho Clevenger com cinco repetições, sendo o delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Foi observado que após duas horas de hidrodestilação o teor de óleo essencial permanece constante. Em relação aos constituintes químicos do óleo essencial ocorreu variação das proporções dos compostos em todos os tempos de hidrodestilação testados, os compostos sesquiterpenos oxigenados espatulenol e óxido cariofileno foram majoritários nos cinco tempos de hidrodestilação.

ABSTRACT: Campomanesia adamantium is a native fruit species of the Cerrado and is used in food and medicines and as bee pasture. The chemical composition of essential oils obtained from plants of the same species have varying constituent proportions due to the influence of extractive factors, environmental, genetic and ontogenetic. This study aimed to identify the influence of hydrodistillation time on the content and chemical composition of essential oil extracted from the leaves of C. adamantium . Treatments consisted of five extraction times (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5h) using Clevenger with five replications in a completely randomized design. It was observed that after two hours of hydrodistillation, the essential oil content remains constant. Regarding the chemical constituents of essential oil, variation of the proportions of the compounds tested occurred at all hydrodistillation times. The compounds spathulenol oxygenated sesquiterpenes and caryophyllene oxide were the majority in the five hydrodistillation times.

RESUMO: Existem fatores que podem afetar o conteúdo de óleo essencial das plantas, sendo o horário de coleta um deles. Assim, observa-se que o teor e a composição química de óleo essencial podem variar em certas plantas de acordo com horário de coleta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do horário de coleta sobre o conteúdo e a composição química do óleo essencial das folhas de goiabeira ( Psidium guajava ). Folhas de Psidium guajava foram coletadas em diferentes horários do dia para determinar teor e composição química de seu óleo essencial. O óleo essencial não apresentou variação qualitativa da composição química em relação ao horário de coleta das folhas de Psidium guajava , mas alterou a concentração das substâncias, entre elas o α-humuleno e o trans-cariofileno. Os constituintes principais do óleo essencial das folhas de Psidium guajava são o limoneno (2,2-4,4%), trans-cariofileno (18,1-17,1%), α-humuleno (26,3-20,4%), aromadendreno (7,6-12,2%), α-selineno (7,3-11,3%), óxido de cariofileno (3,7-3,3%) epóxido de humuleno II (4,1-1,9%) e o selin-11-en-4α-ol (7,2-11,1%). No entanto, a maior produção de óleo essencial, foi obtida com as folhas coletadas às 19h, apresentando conteúdo de 0,38% (b.s.) e a mais baixa produção às 07h, apresentando conteúdo de 0,24% (b.s.). Através da análise química, identificou-se que compostos sesquiterpênicos apresentaram uma maior concentração (62,0%) e os monoterpenos e monoterpenoides foram os que apresentaram menor concentração (2,2 e 1,1%, respectivamente). As classes que sofreram maiores mudanças em relação ao horário de coleta foram os monoterpenos (2,2-4,4%) e os sesquiterpenos e os sesquiterpenoides (63,8-61,7% e 15,9-13,2%, respectivamente).

ABSTRACT: The essential oil plants contents can be affected by several factors. For example, in certain plants, collection time has been observed to affect the content and chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the plant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of collection time on the content and chemical composition of the essential oil from guava ( Psidium guajava L.) leaves. Leaves were collected at different times of the day and the content and chemical composition of their essential oil was determined. Collection time did not qualitatively affect the chemical composition of the essential oil. However, concentration of certain substances in the oil, such as α-humulene and trans-caryophyllene, did significantly vary at different collection times. The main constituents of the essential oil of Psidium guajava are limonene (2.2-4.4%), trans-caryophyllene (18.1-17.1%), α-humulene (26.3-20.4%), aromadendrene (7.6-12.2%), α-selinene (7.3-11.3%), caryophyllene oxide (3.7-3.3%), humulene epoxide II (4.1-1.9%), and selin-11-en-4α-ol (7.2-11.1%). Leaves collected at 7:00 AM had higher essential oil production, with a content of 0.38% (d.b.), whereas leaves collected at 7:00 PM had lower essential oil production, 0.24% (d.b.). Chemical analysis showed that sesquiterpene compounds represented the highest concentration (62.0%), and monoterpenoids and monoterpenes represented the lowest concentrations (1.1 and 2.2%, respectively). Chemical classes that underwent major changes with respect to collection time were monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and sesquiterpenoids (2.2-4.4%, 63.8-61.7%, and 15.9-13.2%, respectively).

ABSTRACT The total glycoalkaloids fraction obtained from the unripe fruit of Solanum crinitum was chromatographed on sephadex LH-20 column to yield the solasonine, a glycoalkaloid which structure was identified by IR and NMR spectral data analysis. The allelopathic effect of the extract and solasonine on the seeds germination and lettuce seedlings development was detected. The tests were conduced with four replications of five concentration (0, 100, 200, 400, 800 ppm) using 25 seeds. Although both show high allelopathic activity. The solasonine was more effetive.

RESUMO Afração contendo os alcalóides glicosilados totais dos frutos verdes de Solanum crinitum foi cromatografado em coluna de Sephadex e forneceu a solasonina, um alcalóide glicosilado cuja estrutura foi definida através da análise de dados espectrométricos no IV e de RMN de 1H e 13C. Os testes realizados com quatro repetições de cinco concentrações (0, 100, 200, 400 e 800 ppm) usando 25 sementes de alface (Lactuca sativa) permitiram verificar elevada atividade do extrato dos alcalóides glicosilados totais e da solasonina sobre a germinação e o desenvolvimento dessas plântulas, sendo a solasonina mais ativa.