Objective: To determine the association between body image dissatisfaction (BID) and depressive symptoms in adolescents from a school in Lima, Peru. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed through a census of 875 high-school students, aged 13 to 17 years, from a school in Lima. Participants completed a survey containing the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Data regarding demographics, alcohol and tobacco use, self-esteem, and family history of depression were also obtained. To identify associated factors, Poisson regression with robust variance was used. Prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: Of the 875 adolescents, 55.8% were male. The mean age was 14.1±1.5 years. Depressive symptoms were observed in 19.9% of participants. An association between BID and depressive symptoms was found. Alcohol and tobacco use were also associated with the outcome of interest. Conclusions: Teens who had BID were 3.7 times more likely to report depressive symptoms. Additionally, those who used tobacco or alcohol were 1.5 and 1.4 times more likely to have depressive symptoms, respectively. Further studies targeting other populations and using longitudinal designs are recommended.

Abstract Objective: to determine the risk factors for premature birth. Methods: retrospective case-control study of 600 pregnant women assisted in a hospital, with 298 pregnant women in the case group (who gave birth prematurely <37 weeks) and 302 pregnant women who gave birth to a full-term newborn in the control group. Stata software version 12.2 was used. The Chi-square test was used in bivariate analysis and logistic regression was used in multivariate analysis, from which Odds Ratios (OR) and Confidence Intervals (CI) of 95% were derived. Results: risk factors associated with premature birth were current twin pregnancy (adjusted OR= 2.4; p= 0.02), inadequate prenatal care (< 6 controls) (adjusted OR= 3.2; p <0.001), absent prenatal care (adjusted OR= 3.0; p <0.001), history of premature birth (adjusted OR= 3.7; p <0.001) and preeclampsia (adjusted OR= 1.9; p= 0.005). Conclusion: history of premature birth, preeclampsia, not receiving prenatal care and receiving inadequate prenatal care were risk factors for premature birth.

Resumen Objetivo: determinar los factores de riesgo de parto pretérmino. Métodos: estudio caso-control retrospectivo en 600 gestantes atendidas en un hospital, con 298 gestantes en el grupo de los casos (que tuvieron un recién nacido con parto pretérmino<37 semanas) y en los controles 302 gestantes que tuvieron un recién nacido sin parto pretérmino. Se aplicó el programa estadístico Stata versión 12.2. En el análisis bivariado, se utilizó la prueba chi2 y para el análisis de variables múltiples, se utilizó la regresión logística, de donde se derivaron los Odds Ratio (OR) e Intervalos de Confianza (IC) al 95%. Resultados: los factores de riesgo relacionados con el parto pretérmino fueron el embarazo gemelar actual (OR ajustado= 2,4; p= 0,02), control prenatal insuficiente (< 6 controles) (OR ajustado= 3,2; p <0,001), control prenatal nulo (OR ajustado= 3,0; p <0,001), antecedente de parto pretérmino (OR ajustado= 3,7; p <0,001) y preeclampsia (OR ajustado= 1,9; p= 0,005). Conclusión: el antecedente de parto pretérmino, la preeclampsia, el no tener ningún control prenatal y haber tenido un control prenatal insuficiente fueron factores de riesgo para el nacimiento pretérmino.

Resumo Objetivo: determinar os fatores de risco para parto prematuro. Métodos: estudo caso-controle retrospectivo com 600 gestantes atendidas em um hospital, sendo 298 gestantes no grupo de casos (que tiveram um recém-nascido de parto prematuro<37 semanas) e 302 gestantes que tiveram um recém-nascido sem parto prematuro como grupo controle. Foi utilizado o programa estatístico Stata versão 12.2. Na análise bivariada foi utilizado o teste Qui-quadrado (X2) e para a análise das variáveis múltiplas foi utilizada a regressão logística, de onde derivaram as Odds Ratio (OR) e os Intervalo de Confiança (IC) de 95%. Resultados: os fatores de risco associados com o parto prematuro foram gravidez atual gemelar (OR ajustada= 2,4; p= 0,02), controle pré-natal inadequado (< 6 controles) (OR ajustada= 3,2; p <0,001), controle pré-natal ausente (OR ajustada= 3,0; p <0,001), antecedente de parto prematuro (OR ajustada= 3,7; p <0,001) e pré-eclâmpsia (OR ajustada= 1,9; p= 0,005). Conclusão: antecedente de parto prematuro, pré-eclâmpsia, não ter qualquer controle pré-natal e ter controle pré-natal inadequado foram os fatores de risco para o nascimento prematuro.

Resumo Objetivo: determinar os fatores de risco para parto prematuro. Métodos: estudo caso-controle retrospectivo com 600 gestantes atendidas em um hospital, sendo 298 gestantes no grupo de casos (que tiveram um recém-nascido de parto prematuro<37 semanas) e 302 gestantes que tiveram um recém-nascido sem parto prematuro como grupo controle. Foi utilizado o programa estatístico Stata versão 12.2. Na análise bivariada foi utilizado o teste Qui-quadrado (X2) e para a análise das variáveis múltiplas foi utilizada a regressão logística, de onde derivaram as Odds Ratio (OR) e os Intervalo de Confiança (IC) de 95%. Resultados: os fatores de risco associados com o parto prematuro foram gravidez atual gemelar (OR ajustada= 2,4; p= 0,02), controle pré-natal inadequado (< 6 controles) (OR ajustada= 3,2; p <0,001), controle pré-natal ausente (OR ajustada= 3,0; p <0,001), antecedente de parto prematuro (OR ajustada= 3,7; p <0,001) e pré-eclâmpsia (OR ajustada= 1,9; p= 0,005). Conclusão: antecedente de parto prematuro, pré-eclâmpsia, não ter qualquer controle pré-natal e ter controle pré-natal inadequado foram os fatores de risco para o nascimento prematuro.

Abstract Objective: to determine the risk factors for premature birth. Methods: retrospective case-control study of 600 pregnant women assisted in a hospital, with 298 pregnant women in the case group (who gave birth prematurely <37 weeks) and 302 pregnant women who gave birth to a full-term newborn in the control group. Stata software version 12.2 was used. The Chi-square test was used in bivariate analysis and logistic regression was used in multivariate analysis, from which Odds Ratios (OR) and Confidence Intervals (CI) of 95% were derived. Results: risk factors associated with premature birth were current twin pregnancy (adjusted OR= 2.4; p= 0.02), inadequate prenatal care (< 6 controls) (adjusted OR= 3.2; p <0.001), absent prenatal care (adjusted OR= 3.0; p <0.001), history of premature birth (adjusted OR= 3.7; p <0.001) and preeclampsia (adjusted OR= 1.9; p= 0.005). Conclusion: history of premature birth, preeclampsia, not receiving prenatal care and receiving inadequate prenatal care were risk factors for premature birth.

Resumen Objetivo: determinar los factores de riesgo de parto pretérmino. Métodos: estudio caso-control retrospectivo en 600 gestantes atendidas en un hospital, con 298 gestantes en el grupo de los casos (que tuvieron un recién nacido con parto pretérmino<37 semanas) y en los controles 302 gestantes que tuvieron un recién nacido sin parto pretérmino. Se aplicó el programa estadístico Stata versión 12.2. En el análisis bivariado, se utilizó la prueba chi2 y para el análisis de variables múltiples, se utilizó la regresión logística, de donde se derivaron los Odds Ratio (OR) e Intervalos de Confianza (IC) al 95%. Resultados: los factores de riesgo relacionados con el parto pretérmino fueron el embarazo gemelar actual (OR ajustado= 2,4; p= 0,02), control prenatal insuficiente (< 6 controles) (OR ajustado= 3,2; p <0,001), control prenatal nulo (OR ajustado= 3,0; p <0,001), antecedente de parto pretérmino (OR ajustado= 3,7; p <0,001) y preeclampsia (OR ajustado= 1,9; p= 0,005). Conclusión: el antecedente de parto pretérmino, la preeclampsia, el no tener ningún control prenatal y haber tenido un control prenatal insuficiente fueron factores de riesgo para el nacimiento pretérmino.

Objectives. This study evaluated the association between having been a victim of physical violence during childhood and the acceptability, in later life, towards the use of physical punishment in child rearing. Materials and methods. A secondary analysis was conducted of a study on violence in 6,399 people over 14 years of age living in the cities of Lima, Callao, Maynas, Arequipa, Cusco, Trujillo and Huamanga. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate statistical associations. Results. The acceptability of the use of physical punishment in child rearing is higher in people who were victims of physical abuse during childhood compared with non-victimized people (OR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.5-2 1; p <0.001) after adjusting for potential confounders. Conclusions. People exposed to physical violence during childhood are more likely to accept or justify violence in adulthood, which could help maintain this child rearing practice from one generation to the next. Initiatives aimed at preventing the use of physical punishment in child rearing should be implemented to reduce the tendency to reproduce the action of violence by victimized people.

Objetivos. El estudio evaluó la asociación entre haber sido víctima de violencia física en la niñez y la aceptabilidad, en etapas posteriores de vida, hacia el uso del castigo físico en la crianza de los niños. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un análisis secundario de un estudio sobre violencia en 6399 personas mayores de 14 años residentes de las ciudades de Lima, Callao, Maynas, Arequipa, Cusco, Trujillo y Huamanga. Se usó modelos de regresión logística univariados y multivariados para estimar asociaciones estadísticas. Resultados. La aceptabilidad del uso del castigo físico en la crianza de niños es mayor en personas con el antecedente de ser víctimas de violencia física durante la niñez en comparación con las no victimizadas (OR=1,8; IC 95%: 1,5-2,1; p<0,001) ajustando por potenciales variables de confusión. Conclusiones. Las personas expuestas a violencia física durante la niñez tienen más riesgo de aceptar o justificar la misma durante la adultez, lo que podría contribuir a mantener esta práctica de crianza de una generación a la siguiente. Iniciativas dirigidas a prevenir el uso del castigo físico en la crianza de niños se deben implementar para reducir la tendencia a reproducir el ejercicio de violencia en personas victimizadas.

Objectives. This study evaluated the association between having been a victim of physical violence during childhood and the acceptability, in later life, towards the use of physical punishment in child rearing. Materials and methods. A secondary analysis was conducted of a study on violence in 6,399 people over 14 years of age living in the cities of Lima, Callao, Maynas, Arequipa, Cusco, Trujillo and Huamanga. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate statistical associations. Results. The acceptability of the use of physical punishment in child rearing is higher in people who were victims of physical abuse during childhood compared with non-victimized people (OR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.5-2 1; p <0.001) after adjusting for potential confounders. Conclusions. People exposed to physical violence during childhood are more likely to accept or justify violence in adulthood, which could help maintain this child rearing practice from one generation to the next. Initiatives aimed at preventing the use of physical punishment in child rearing should be implemented to reduce the tendency to reproduce the action of violence by victimized people.

Objetivos. El estudio evaluó la asociación entre haber sido víctima de violencia física en la niñez y la aceptabilidad, en etapas posteriores de vida, hacia el uso del castigo físico en la crianza de los niños. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un análisis secundario de un estudio sobre violencia en 6399 personas mayores de 14 años residentes de las ciudades de Lima, Callao, Maynas, Arequipa, Cusco, Trujillo y Huamanga. Se usó modelos de regresión logística univariados y multivariados para estimar asociaciones estadísticas. Resultados. La aceptabilidad del uso del castigo físico en la crianza de niños es mayor en personas con el antecedente de ser víctimas de violencia física durante la niñez en comparación con las no victimizadas (OR=1,8; IC 95%: 1,5-2,1; p<0,001) ajustando por potenciales variables de confusión. Conclusiones. Las personas expuestas a violencia física durante la niñez tienen más riesgo de aceptar o justificar la misma durante la adultez, lo que podría contribuir a mantener esta práctica de crianza de una generación a la siguiente. Iniciativas dirigidas a prevenir el uso del castigo físico en la crianza de niños se deben implementar para reducir la tendencia a reproducir el ejercicio de violencia en personas victimizadas.