ABSTRACT Snake venom disintegrins are low molecular weight, non-enzymatic proteins rich in cysteine, present in the venom of snakes from the families Viperidae, Crotalidae, Atractaspididae, Elapidae, and Colubridae. This family of proteins originated in venom through the proteolytic processing of metalloproteinases (SVMPs), which, in turn, evolved from a gene encoding an A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease (ADAM) molecule. Disintegrins have a recognition motif for integrins in their structure, allowing interaction with these transmembrane adhesion receptors and preventing their binding to proteins in the extracellular matrix and other cells. This interaction gives disintegrins their wide range of biological functions, including inhibition of platelet aggregation and antitumor activity. As a result, many studies have been conducted in an attempt to use these natural compounds as a basis for developing therapies for the treatment of various diseases. Furthermore, the FDA has approved Tirofiban and Eptifibatide as antiplatelet compounds, and they are synthesized from the structure of echistatin and barbourin, respectively. In this review, we discuss some of the main functional and structural characteristics of this class of proteins and their potential for therapeutic use.

ABSTRACT We assessed the impacts of the biological invasion of Azadirachta indica on the quality of plant species native to a Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest. We planted Amburana cearensis, Libidibia ferrea, Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, and Cenostigma pyramidale individuals alone and interacting with the exotic species. We measured their diameters at ground level and heights for four months, calculating their monthly and general average. After this period, seedlings were destroyed to obtain their number of leaves, leaf area, specific leaf area, length and primary root area, wood density, wood dry matter, leaf dry matter, shoot dry matter, primary root dry matter, secondary root dry matter, root system dry matter, and total dry matter. The presence of the exotic species affected the functional characteristics of native species in different ways. We observed negative effects in M. caesalpiniifolia and A. cearensis, positive effects in C. pyramidale, and mixed effects in L. ferrea. In addition, we identified conflicting demands between pairs of characteristics of the interacting species A. cearensis and M. caesalpiniifolia. Based on the results, it is possible to conclude that A. indica decreases the quality of individuals of most native species studied, which may have consequences for their establishment and the local biodiversity.

Resumo Testamos a hipótese que das espécies estudadas do Semiárido brasileiro, as funcionalmente mais semelhantes com a arbórea exótica Azadirachta indicaseriam mais afetadas na germinação e no desenvolvimento inicial. Inicialmente foi produzido extrato bruto das folhas frescas da exótica em seis diluições. Para cada diluição foram colocadas para germinar 25 sementes, de quatro espécies nativas ( Cenostigma pyramidale, Libidibia ferrea, Mimosa caesalpiniifoliae Amburana cearensis), em placas de Petri com quatro repetições para cada espécie, onde foram avaliados: comprimento da radícula, porcentagem de emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência e tempo médio de emergência. Para avaliar a influência da exótica sobre o desenvolvimento dos indivíduos das espécies estudadas foi realizado um experimento em casa de vegetação. As sementes foram plantadas em 10 baldes de 20 l., sendo cinco baldes para cada espécie nativa isolada e cinco para ela em interação com a espécie exótica. O experimento durou quatro meses, e os atributos funcionais dos indivíduos foram coletados. Das nativas analisadas, de acordo com a análise de agrupamento usando os atributos funcionais das espécies plantadas isoladamente, M. caesalpiniifolia, C. pyramidalee L. ferreaforam funcionalmente mais próximas da exótica. No experimento de germinação notou-se que o extrato afetou apenas o comprimento da raiz, independente da proximidade funcional. Notamos que apenas M. caesalpiniifolia, plantada em interação, teve seu desenvolvimento inicial fortemente inibido. A semelhança funcional entre a exótica e as nativas não influenciou na germinação, mas afetou negativamente o desenvolvimento.

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that of the species studied in the Brazilian Semiarid, the ones most functionally similar to tree Azadirachta indicawould be more affected by this exotic species during germination and early development. At first, we produced a crude extract of A. indica fresh leaves in six different dilutions. We placed 25 seeds of four native species ( Cenostigma pyramidale, Libidibia ferrea, Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, and Amburana cearensis) to germinate in Petri dishes for each dilution, with four replicates for each species. We assessed: radicle length, emergence percentage, emergence speed index, and mean emergence time. We conducted an experiment in a greenhouse to assess how the exotic plant affected the development of individual plants of the studied species. We planted five seeds of each native species alone and five in interaction with the exotic species using ten 20-l buckets. The experiment lasted four months, and the functional attributes of the individuals were collected. Among the native species analyzed, according to the cluster analysis using the functional attributes of the species planted alone, M. caesalpiniifolia, C. pyramidaleand L. ferreawere functionally more similar to the exotic species. In the germination experiment, the extract affected only root length, regardless of the functional similarity. We noticed that only M. caesalpiniifoliahad its early development strongly inhibited when planted in interaction with the exotic species. Although the functional similarity between the exotic and the native species did not influence germination, it negatively affected the development.