ABSTRACT Background: Systematic data on the occurrence of tungiasis are scarce. Methods: We analyzed data on tungiasis in humans and animals from all municipalities of Ceará State, Northeast Brazil, using a rapid assessment questionnaire. Results: Among the 184 municipalities, 181 (98.3%) reported tungiasis in the past (before 2021) or currently, 120 (65.2%) reported current occurrence, 155 (84.2%) reported severe cases in the past or currently, 47 (25.5 %) reported severe cases currently, and 132 (71.7%) reported tungiasis in animals. Conclusions: Tungiasis is a significant public health concern in Ceará. A One Health approach is required to reduce the disease burden in humans and animals.

ABSTRACT Background: Human visceral leishmaniasis HVL is endemic to 75 countries. The state of Ceará, the Northeast region of Brazil, is of great sanitary importance for the transmission of HVL, and it stands out as an area of interest for epidemiological aspects and control strategies. This study aimed to characterize HVL in relation to epidemiological aspects, composite incidence, and mortality rates in the state of Ceará, Brazil, from 2007 to 2021. Methods: This ecological study used temporal and spatial cuts of HVL data from the notifiable diseases information system. Epidemiological indicators such as incidence, mortality, and composite indices of incidence and mortality were calculated according to the Ministry of Health standardization. Results: There were 6,775 confirmed cases, with high incidence coefficients in 2009 6.96 cases/100,000 inhabitants and 2011 9.83 cases/100,000 inhabitants, and the highest mortality rate in 2011 6.96 deaths/100,000 inhabitants. The composite index of incidence and mortality identified municipalities in the Northern, Northwestern, and Southern regions of Ceará as having the highest risk of HVL. Conclusions: HVL remained endemic throughout the study period, with epidemiological indicators and risk of transmission expressing high magnitude, mainly in the Northeast, Northwest, and South regions of Ceará.

ABSTRACT Background: The school community was heavily impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic, especially with the long time of school closures. This study aimed to analyze the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and possible factors associated with seropositivity for COVID-19 in teachers and other school staff, and to estimate the fraction of asymptomatic individuals by sex and age group. Methods: We conducted a serological survey of SARS-CoV-2 infections. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Fortaleza, Brazil. Teachers and other staff members from pre-schools to universities of higher education to were investigated. Results: A total of 1,901 professionals participated in the study, of which 1,021 were staff and 880 were teachers. The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was 8.0% (152/1901). In the seropositive group, 48.3% were asymptomatic. There was a predominance of women (68.4%); and, 47.1% of the participants were between 31 and 45 years old. There was an increase in prevalence with increasing age. An inverse relationship was found for education level: more professionals with less education tested positive for COVID-19. The presence of an infected person living in the same household was significantly associated with positive results for COVID-19 among the professionals. Conclusions: This is the first study to report the seroprevalence of IgG against SARS-CoV-2 in Brazilian educational staff after the first wave of the disease. In this study, the seroprevalence was much lower than that in the general population. During school reopening, a small fraction of school workers showed serologically detectable signs of SARS-CoV-2 exposure.

ABSTRACT Human Visceral Leishmaniasis (HVL) presents a subacute clinical evolution with systemic involvement, which can result in high case fatality, especially among untreated individuals or those with low socioeconomic status. This study aimed to identify epidemiological and clinical factors associated with HVL case fatality in the Ceara State, from 2007 to 2018. This is an analytical cross-sectional study. The bivariate analysis was performed by Stata 15.1 using Pearson’s Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test; and Poisson regression for age-controlled multivariate analysis. From 2007 to 2018, there were 4,863 new confirmed cases and 343 deaths from HVL (case fatality rate=7.05%). The risk factors associated with case fatalities were: age group (RR=8.69; 95%CI:3.56-21.20); black population (RR=2.21; 95%CI:1.45-3.35); jaundice symptoms (RR=1.72; 95%CI:1.38-2.14); edema (RR=2.62; 95%CI:2.10-3.26) and hemorrhagic phenomena (RR=1.63; 95%CI:1.26-2.10); and no prescription drug intake (RR=4.03; 95%CI:2.98-5.46). Treatment with pentavalent antimonial was a protective factor (RR=0.35; 95%CI:0.27-0.45). The number of deaths increased among the elderly, illiterate, urban residents, and black skin color individuals. The drugs pentavalent antimonial and amphotericin B showed an association with death, but were not considered causal factors. Treatment failure led to a high risk of death. In multivariate analysis, the risk factors for fatal cases were age group, black skin, symptoms of jaundice, edema and hemorrhagic phenomena; and failure to take the prescription drugs. Treatment with pentavalent antimonial was shown to be a protective factor. Knowing the factors associated with the fatality of VL-HIV cases may help to improve public policies, in order to refine the epidemiological surveillance program and, consequently, prevent deaths related to the disease in Ceara.

Resumo Objetivo Descrever os casos de raiva humana no estado do Ceará, Brasil, no período 1970-2019. Métodos Estudo descritivo, sobre dados secundários da Secretaria da Saúde e do hospital de referência do Ceará. Resultados Dos 171 casos, 75,7% ocorreram em homens, 60,0% nas idades até 19 anos e 56,0% em áreas urbanas. O cão foi agente transmissor em 74,0% dos casos; sagui em, 16,7%; e morcego, em 7,3%. Entre 1970 e 1978, houve crescimento do número de casos (pelo Joinpoint Regression Program, percentual da mudança anual [APC] = 13,7 - IC95% 4,6;41,5); e entre 1978 e 2019, redução (APC = -6,7 - IC95% -8,8;-5,9). Houve redução da transmissão por cães (71 casos; último caso em 2010) e aumento relativo por mamíferos silvestres (5 casos a partir de 2005). Conclusão O estudo evidencia mudança na dinâmica da transmissão da raiva no período observado, com redução da transmissão por cão e incremento de casos por animais silvestres.

Abstract Objective To describe cases of human rabies in Ceará State, Brazil between 1970 and 2019. Methods This was a descriptive study using secondary data from the Ceará State Department of Health and the state reference hospital. Results Of 171 cases, 75.7% occurred in males, 60.0% in <19-year-olds, and 56.0% in urban areas. Rabies was transmitted by dogs in 74.0% of cases, marmosets in 16.7% and bats in 7.3%. Between 1970 and 1978, there was an increase of cases (using the Joinpoint Regression Program, annual percentage change [APC] = 13.7 - 95%CI 4.6;41.5), while between 1978 and 2019 there was a decrease (APC = -6.7 - 95%CI -8.8;-5.9). There was a reduction in transmission by dogs (71 cases, last case in 2010) and an increase by sylvatic animals (5 cases since 2005). Conclusion This study demonstrates changes in rabies transmission dynamics during the period studied, with a reduction in transmission by dogs and an increase of transmission by sylvatic animals.

Resumen Objetivo Describir los casos de la rabia humana en Ceará, Brasil, 1970-2019. Métodos Estudio descriptivo con datos secundarios de la Secretaría de Salud y del hospital de referencia de Ceará. Resultados De los 171 casos, 75,7% ocurrió en hombres, el 60,0% en los 19 años y el 56,0% en áreas urbanas. El perro fue transmisor en 74,0%, el mono tití en 16,7% y el murciélago el 7,3%. Entre 1970 y 1978, hubo un aumento de casos (por el Joinpoint Regression Program, cambio porcentual anual [APC] = 13,7 - IC95% 4,6; 41,5), entre 1978 y 2019 una disminución (APC= -6,7 - IC95% -8,8; -5,9). Hubo una reducción de la transmisión por perros (71 casos, el último en 2010) y un aumento por mamíferos salvajes (5 casos, desde 2005). Conclusión El estudio muestra un cambio en la dinámica de la transmisión de la rabia en los últimos años, con reducción de la transmisión por perros y aumento de casos por animales salvajes.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: This study analyzed the magnitude and temporal trends of leprosy relapse in Ceará in 2001-2018. METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional and ecological-time trend studies were performed. RESULTS: We diagnosed 1,777 leprosy relapse cases. Higher prevalence of relapse was observed in men, illiterates, mixed race, multibacillary leprosy, lepromatous leprosy, and persons with visible disabilities. The proportion of relapse increased throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Leprosy relapse is prevalent in certain groups.

Resumo Objetivo Descrever os casos de raiva humana no estado do Ceará, Brasil, no período 1970-2019. Métodos Estudo descritivo, sobre dados secundários da Secretaria da Saúde e do hospital de referência do Ceará. Resultados Dos 171 casos, 75,7% ocorreram em homens, 60,0% nas idades até 19 anos e 56,0% em áreas urbanas. O cão foi agente transmissor em 74,0% dos casos; sagui em, 16,7%; e morcego, em 7,3%. Entre 1970 e 1978, houve crescimento do número de casos (pelo Joinpoint Regression Program, percentual da mudança anual [APC] = 13,7 - IC95% 4,6;41,5); e entre 1978 e 2019, redução (APC = -6,7 - IC95% -8,8;-5,9). Houve redução da transmissão por cães (71 casos; último caso em 2010) e aumento relativo por mamíferos silvestres (5 casos a partir de 2005). Conclusão O estudo evidencia mudança na dinâmica da transmissão da raiva no período observado, com redução da transmissão por cão e incremento de casos por animais silvestres.

Abstract Objective To describe cases of human rabies in Ceará State, Brazil between 1970 and 2019. Methods This was a descriptive study using secondary data from the Ceará State Department of Health and the state reference hospital. Results Of 171 cases, 75.7% occurred in males, 60.0% in <19-year-olds, and 56.0% in urban areas. Rabies was transmitted by dogs in 74.0% of cases, marmosets in 16.7% and bats in 7.3%. Between 1970 and 1978, there was an increase of cases (using the Joinpoint Regression Program, annual percentage change [APC] = 13.7 - 95%CI 4.6;41.5), while between 1978 and 2019 there was a decrease (APC = -6.7 - 95%CI -8.8;-5.9). There was a reduction in transmission by dogs (71 cases, last case in 2010) and an increase by sylvatic animals (5 cases since 2005). Conclusion This study demonstrates changes in rabies transmission dynamics during the period studied, with a reduction in transmission by dogs and an increase of transmission by sylvatic animals.

Resumen Objetivo Describir los casos de la rabia humana en Ceará, Brasil, 1970-2019. Métodos Estudio descriptivo con datos secundarios de la Secretaría de Salud y del hospital de referencia de Ceará. Resultados De los 171 casos, 75,7% ocurrió en hombres, el 60,0% en los 19 años y el 56,0% en áreas urbanas. El perro fue transmisor en 74,0%, el mono tití en 16,7% y el murciélago el 7,3%. Entre 1970 y 1978, hubo un aumento de casos (por el Joinpoint Regression Program, cambio porcentual anual [APC] = 13,7 - IC95% 4,6; 41,5), entre 1978 y 2019 una disminución (APC= -6,7 - IC95% -8,8; -5,9). Hubo una reducción de la transmisión por perros (71 casos, el último en 2010) y un aumento por mamíferos salvajes (5 casos, desde 2005). Conclusión El estudio muestra un cambio en la dinámica de la transmisión de la rabia en los últimos años, con reducción de la transmisión por perros y aumento de casos por animales salvajes.

Abstract INTRODUCTION Rabies is considered one of the most relevant public health problems owing to its high fatality rate and the high number of deaths worldwide. METHODS We included patients with human rabies who attended a reference hospital in the state of Ceará during 1976-2019. RESULTS Data were available for 63 out of 171 (36.8%) patients. Of these patients, 48 (76.2%) were attacked by dogs. In recent years, wild animals have been the most common aggressor species (marmosets and bats). Only 39 (70%) patients were initially correctly suspected with rabies. Bites were the most frequent exposure (56; 96%), most commonly on the hands (21; 42%) and the head (9; 18.4%). Only 14 (22%) patients had sought medical assistance before the onset of symptoms, and only one completed post-exposure prophylaxis. The most prevalent signs and symptoms included aggressiveness/irritability (50; 79.4%), fever (42; 66.7%), sore throat/dysphagia (40; 63.5%), and myalgia (28; 44.4%). Hydrophobia was present in 17 patients (22.0%). CONCLUSIONS Most cases of human rabies in Ceará occurred due to the failure to seek medical assistance and/or the failure of the health system in initiating early post-exposure prophylaxis. There is a need for specific information and education campaigns focusing on the cycle of sylvatic rabies as well as prevention measures. Health professionals should undergo refresher training courses on the signs and symptoms of rabies and on the specific epidemiological features of the disease in Brazil.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the social factors that determine the incidence of aids in the Piauí territory. Method: an ecological study that uses geoprocessing techniques in which 2,908 aids cases of individuals residing in Piauí were considered, notified to the Notifiable Disease Information System (Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação, SINAN), from 2007 to 2015. Gross and Bayesian incidence rates were calculated using the population of the central year (2011), multiplied by 100,000 inhabitants, with Bayesian statistics used to identify spatial clusters. The non-spatial Ordinary Least Squares Estimation (OLS) and spatial Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) regression models were used to identify the social determinants of the incidence of aids in the state, with 5% of significance. Results: the highest rates of the disease are concentrated in cities near the capital Teresina, with a Bayesian incidence of over 11.27 cases/100,000 inhabitants. The predictor variables of the incidence of ADIS in Piauí cities were the following: the percentage of individuals in houses with inadequate walls (p=0.0139), the mean number of residents per household (p=0.0309), and the percentage of individuals in households vulnerable to poverty and in which no one has completed elementary school (p=0.0051). Conclusion: according to GWR, the social factors that influence the incidence of aids in the cities of Piauí are the percentage of individuals in houses with inadequate walls, the mean number of residents per household, and the percentage of individuals in houses vulnerable to poverty and in which no one has completed elementary school. Given the above, interventions on the health social determinants of a structural nature should be established as effective methods for the prevention of HIV/ aids.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar los factores sociales que determinan la incidencia del SIDA en el territorio de Piauí. Método: estudio ecológico en el que se emplearon técnicas de geoprocesamiento donde se consideraron 2.908 casos de SIDA de residentes de Piauí notificados al Sistema de Información de Enfermedades Notificables (Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação, SINAN) en el período 2007-2015. Los índices brutos y Bayesianos de incidencia se calcularon utilizando la población del año central (2011), multiplicada por 100.000 habitantes, empleándose la estadística Bayesiana para identificar agrupamientos espaciales. Se utilizaron los modelos de regresión no espacial Ordinary Least Squares Estimation (OLS) y espacial Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) para identificar los determinantes sociales de la incidencia del SIDA en el estado, con una significancia del 5%. Resultados: los índices más elevados de la enfermedad se concentran especialmente en municipios próximos a la capital Teresina, con incidencia Bayesiana superior a 11,27 casos/100.000 habitantes. Las variables predictoras de la incidencia del SIDA en los municipios de Piauí fueron las siguientes: porcentaje de personas que viven en domicilios con paredes no adecuadas (p=0,0139), media de moradores por domicilio (p=0,0309) y porcentaje de personas que viven en domicilios vulnerables a la pobreza y en los que ninguno de los moradores ha completado la educación primaria (p=0,0051). Conclusión: De acuerdo con el modelo GWR, los factores sociales que influencian la incidencia del SIDA en los municipios de Piauí son los siguientes: porcentaje de personas que viven en domicilios con paredes no adecuadas, media de moradores por domicilio y porcentaje de personas que viven en domicilios vulnerables a la pobreza y en los que ninguno de los moradores ha completado la educación primaria. Frente a esta situación, se deben instaurar intervenciones sobre los determinantes sociales de la salud de carácter estructural como métodos efectivos de prevención del VIH/SIDA.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar os fatores sociais que determinam a incidência de aids no território piauiense. Método: estudo ecológico com uso de técnicas de geoprocessamento em que se considerou 2.908 casos de aids de residentes no Piauí notificados no Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) no período 2007-2015. As taxas de incidência brutas e bayesianas foram calculadas utilizando-se a população do ano central (2011), multiplicado por 100.000 habitantes, sendo a estatística bayesiana empregada para identificação de clusters espaciais. Os modelos de regressão não espacial Ordinary Least Squares Estimation (OLS) e espacial Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) foram usados para identificar os determinantes sociais da incidência de aids no estado, com significância de 5%. Resultados: as maiores taxas da doença se concentram especialmente em municípios próximos à capital Teresina, com incidência bayesiana acima de 11,27 casos/100.000 habitantes. As variáveis preditoras da incidência de aids nos municípios piauienses foram: percentual de pessoas em domicílios com paredes inadequadas (p=0,0139), média de moradores por domicílio (p=0,0309) e percentual de pessoas em domicílios vulneráveis à pobreza e em que ninguém tem ensino fundamental completo (p=0,0051). Conclusão: de acordo com o GWR, os fatores sociais que influenciam a incidência de aids nos municípios piauienses são percentual de pessoas em domicílios com paredes inadequadas, média de moradores por domicílio e percentual de pessoas em domicílios vulneráveis à pobreza e em que ninguém tem ensino fundamental completo. Diante disso, Intervenções sobre os determinantes sociais da saúde de caráter estrutural devem se fixar como métodos efetivos de prevenção do HIV/aids.

Objective: To describe the epidemiology of cases of human rabies in Ceará State, Brazil, 1970-2019. Methods: We analyzed secondary data from the State Department of Health and the reference hospital. Results: Of 171 cases, 75.7% occurred in males, 60.0% in &lt;19 year-olds, and 56.0% in urban areas. Rabies was transmitted by dogs in 74.0%, marmosets in 16.7% and bats in 7.3%. Between 1970 and 1978, there was an increase of cases (by Joinpoint Regression Program, annual percentage change [APC] = 13.7 – 95%CI 4.6;41.5), and 1978-2019 a decrease (APC = -6.7 – 95%CI -8.8;-5.9). There was a reduction of transmission by dogs (71 cases, last case in 2010) and an increase by sylvatic animals (5 cases since 2005). Conclusion: This study demonstrates changes of transmission dynamics of rabies during the last years, with reduction of transmission by dogs and relative increase of transmission by sylvatic animals.

Objetivo: Descrever os casos de raiva humana no estado do Ceará, Brasil, no período 1970-2019. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, sobre dados secundários da Secretaria da Saúde e do hospital de referência do Ceará. Resultados: Dos 171 casos, 75,7% ocorreram em homens, 60,0% nas idades até 19 anos e 56,0% em áreas urbanas. O cão foi agente transmissor em 74,0% dos casos, sagui em 16,7% e morcego em 7,3%. Entre 1970 e 1978, houve crescimento do número de casos (pelo Joinpoint Regression Program, percentual da mudança anual [APC] = 13,7 – IC95% 4,6;41,5); e entre 1978 e 2019, redução (APC = -6,7 – IC95% -8,8;-5,9). Houve redução da transmissão por cães (71 casos; último caso em 2010) e aumento relativo por mamíferos silvestres (5 casos a partir de 2005). Conclusão: O estudo evidencia mudança na dinâmica da transmissão da raiva no período observado, com redução da transmissão por cão e incremento de casos por animais silvestres.

Objective. To analyze the temporal trend and describe the spatial distribution of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) in Fortaleza from 2007 to 2017. Methods. Ecological study using segmented temporal regression and spatial distribution. Results. Between 2007-2017, 1,660 new cases and 97 deaths were confirmed. The incidence was ascending (Annual Percent Change (APC)=8.7% – 95%CI -3.3;34.1), but descending mortality and lethality: APC=-25.9 (95%CI -48.5;-10.6) and APC=-33.0 (95%CI -53.7;-17.6), respectively. From 2010-2015 the incidence decreased (APC=-15.8 – 95%CI – -25.1;-4.0), but mortality (APC=18.7 – 95%CI 9.4;50.6) and lethality (APC=40.1 – 95%CI 22.5;72.0) had an upward trend. In 2015-2017, decreased incidence (APC=-24.6 – 95%CI -36.2;-10.3), and mortality (APC=-44.6 – 95%CI -58.8;-17,6) lethality remained stable (APC=-13.5 – 95%CI -38.7;3.8). High incidence neighborhoods were clustered in the western region, however, mortality and lethality did not present defined spatial patterns. Conclusion. VL is endemic in Fortaleza, although there has been a decline in the last three years studied.

Objetivo. Analisar a tendência temporal e descrever a distribuição espacial da leishmaniose visceral (LV) em Fortaleza, 2007-2017. Métodos. Estudo ecológico, mediante regressão temporal segmentada e mapeamento temático. Resultados. No período 2007-2017, foram confirmados 1.660 casos novos e 97 óbitos. No período 2007-2010, a incidência foi ascendente (variação percentual anual [Annual Percent Change], APC=8,7% – IC95% -3,3;34,1), enquanto a mortalidade (APC=-25,9 – IC95% -48,5;-10,6) e a letalidade (APC=-33,0 – IC95% -53,7;-17,6), descendentes. No período 2010-2015, a incidência reduziu-se (APC=-15,8 – IC95% -25,1;-4,0) mas a mortalidade (APC=18,7 – IC95% 9,4;50,6) e a letalidade (APC=40,1 – IC95% 22,5;72,0) apresentaram tendência de crescimento. Em 2015-2017, decresceram a incidência (APC=-24,6 – IC95% -36,2;-10,3), e a mortalidade (APC=-44,6 – IC95% -58,8;-17,6), a letalidade se manteve estável (APC=-13,5 – IC95% -38,7;3,8). Houve concentração de bairros com incidência elevada na região oeste da cidade; porém, a mortalidade e a letalidade não apresentaram padrões espaciais definidos. Conclusão. A LV é endêmica em Fortaleza, embora tenha havido declínio no último triênio estudado.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar a tendência temporal e descrever a distribuição espacial da leishmaniose visceral (LV) em Fortaleza, 2007-2017. Métodos: Estudo ecológico, mediante regressão temporal segmentada e mapeamento temático. Resultados: No período 2007-2017, foram confirmados 1.660 casos novos e 97 óbitos. No período 2007-2010, a incidência foi ascendente (variação percentual anual [Annual Percent Change], APC=8,7% - IC95% -3,3;34,1), enquanto a mortalidade (APC=-25,9 - IC95% -48,5; -10,6) e a letalidade (APC=-33,0 - IC95% -53,7;-17,6), descendentes. No período 2010-2015, a incidência reduziu (APC=-15,8 - IC95% -25,1;-4,0), mas a mortalidade (APC=18,7 - IC95% 9,4;50,6) e a letalidade (APC=40,1 - IC95% 22,5;72,0) apresentaram tendência de crescimento. Em 2015-2017, decresceram a incidência (APC=-24,6 - IC95% -36,2;-10,3) e a mortalidade (APC= -44,6 - IC95% -58,8;-17,6); a letalidade se manteve estável (APC=-13,5 - IC95% -38,7;3,8). Houve concentração de bairros com incidência elevada na região oeste da cidade; porém, a mortalidade e a letalidade não apresentaram padrões espaciais definidos. Conclusão: A LV é endêmica em Fortaleza, embora tenha havido declínio no último triênio estudado.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the temporal trend and describe the spatial distribution of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) in Fortaleza from 2007 to 2017. Methods: This was an ecological study using segmented temporal regression and thematic mapping. Results: Between 2007-2017, 1,660 new cases and 97 deaths were confirmed. The overall incidence rate showed a rising trend (Annual Percent Change - APC=8.7% - 95%CI -3.3;34.1), while the mortality rate (APC=-25.9 - 95%CI -48.5;-10.6) and lethality (APC=-33.0 - 95%CI -53.7;-17.6) showed a falling trend. From 2010-2015 the incidence rate fell (APC=-15.8 - 95%CI -25.1;-4.0), but mortality (APC=18.7 - 95%CI 9.4;50.6) and lethality (APC=40.1 - 95%CI 22.5;72.0) had an upward trend. In 2015-2017, incidence (APC=-24.6 - 95%CI -36.2;-10.3), and mortality (APC=-44.6 - 95%CI -58.8;-17,6) fell, while lethality remained stable (APC=-13.5 - 95%CI -38.7;3.8). High incidence neighborhoods were clustered in the western region of the city, however, mortality and lethality did not present defined spatial patterns. Conclusion: VL is endemic in Fortaleza, although there was a reduction in the last three years studied.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la tendencia temporal y describir la distribución espacial de la leishmaniasis visceral (LV) en Fortaleza de 2007 a 2017. Métodos: Estudio ecológico utilizando regresión temporal segmentada y mapas temáticos. Resultados: Entre 2007-2017, se confirmaron 1,660 casos nuevos y 97 muertes. La incidencia fue ascendente (cambio porcentual anual [Annual Percent Change], APC=8,7% - IC95% -3,3;34,1), y mortalidad y letalidad descendentes: APC=-25,9 (IC95% -48,5;-10,6) y APC=-33,0 (IC95% -53,7;-17,6), respectivamente. Desde 2010-2015, la incidencia disminuyó (APC=-15,8 - IC95% -25,1;-4,0), pero la mortalidad (APC=18,7 - IC95% 9,4; 50,6) y la letalidad (APC=40,1 - IC95% 22,5; 72,0) tuvieron una tendencia al alza. En 2015-2017, disminuyeron incidencia (APC=-24,6 - IC95% -36,2;-10,3), y mortalidad (APC=-44,6 - IC95% -58,8;-17,6) la letalidad se mantuvo estable (APC=-13,5 - IC95% -38,7; 3,8). Los barrios con alta incidencia se agruparon en la región oeste de la ciudad, pero, la mortalidad y la letalidad no fueron definidos espacialmente. Conclusión: La LV es endémica en Fortaleza, aunque ha habido una disminución en el último trienio estudiado.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar os fatores sociais que determinam a incidência de aids no território piauiense. Método: estudo ecológico com uso de técnicas de geoprocessamento em que se considerou 2.908 casos de aids de residentes no Piauí notificados no Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) no período 2007-2015. As taxas de incidência brutas e bayesianas foram calculadas utilizando-se a população do ano central (2011), multiplicado por 100.000 habitantes, sendo a estatística bayesiana empregada para identificação de clusters espaciais. Os modelos de regressão não espacial Ordinary Least Squares Estimation (OLS) e espacial Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) foram usados para identificar os determinantes sociais da incidência de aids no estado, com significância de 5%. Resultados: as maiores taxas da doença se concentram especialmente em municípios próximos à capital Teresina, com incidência bayesiana acima de 11,27 casos/100.000 habitantes. As variáveis preditoras da incidência de aids nos municípios piauienses foram: percentual de pessoas em domicílios com paredes inadequadas (p=0,0139), média de moradores por domicílio (p=0,0309) e percentual de pessoas em domicílios vulneráveis à pobreza e em que ninguém tem ensino fundamental completo (p=0,0051). Conclusão: de acordo com o GWR, os fatores sociais que influenciam a incidência de aids nos municípios piauienses são percentual de pessoas em domicílios com paredes inadequadas, média de moradores por domicílio e percentual de pessoas em domicílios vulneráveis à pobreza e em que ninguém tem ensino fundamental completo. Diante disso, Intervenções sobre os determinantes sociais da saúde de caráter estrutural devem se fixar como métodos efetivos de prevenção do HIV/aids.

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify the social factors that determine the incidence of aids in the Piauí territory. Method: an ecological study that uses geoprocessing techniques in which 2,908 aids cases of individuals residing in Piauí were considered, notified to the Notifiable Disease Information System (Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação, SINAN), from 2007 to 2015. Gross and Bayesian incidence rates were calculated using the population of the central year (2011), multiplied by 100,000 inhabitants, with Bayesian statistics used to identify spatial clusters. The non-spatial Ordinary Least Squares Estimation (OLS) and spatial Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) regression models were used to identify the social determinants of the incidence of aids in the state, with 5% of significance. Results: the highest rates of the disease are concentrated in cities near the capital Teresina, with a Bayesian incidence of over 11.27 cases/100,000 inhabitants. The predictor variables of the incidence of ADIS in Piauí cities were the following: the percentage of individuals in houses with inadequate walls (p=0.0139), the mean number of residents per household (p=0.0309), and the percentage of individuals in households vulnerable to poverty and in which no one has completed elementary school (p=0.0051). Conclusion: according to GWR, the social factors that influence the incidence of aids in the cities of Piauí are the percentage of individuals in houses with inadequate walls, the mean number of residents per household, and the percentage of individuals in houses vulnerable to poverty and in which no one has completed elementary school. Given the above, interventions on the health social determinants of a structural nature should be established as effective methods for the prevention of HIV/ aids.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar los factores sociales que determinan la incidencia del SIDA en el territorio de Piauí. Método: estudio ecológico en el que se emplearon técnicas de geoprocesamiento donde se consideraron 2.908 casos de SIDA de residentes de Piauí notificados al Sistema de Información de Enfermedades Notificables (Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação, SINAN) en el período 2007-2015. Los índices brutos y Bayesianos de incidencia se calcularon utilizando la población del año central (2011), multiplicada por 100.000 habitantes, empleándose la estadística Bayesiana para identificar agrupamientos espaciales. Se utilizaron los modelos de regresión no espacial Ordinary Least Squares Estimation (OLS) y espacial Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) para identificar los determinantes sociales de la incidencia del SIDA en el estado, con una significancia del 5%. Resultados: los índices más elevados de la enfermedad se concentran especialmente en municipios próximos a la capital Teresina, con incidencia Bayesiana superior a 11,27 casos/100.000 habitantes. Las variables predictoras de la incidencia del SIDA en los municipios de Piauí fueron las siguientes: porcentaje de personas que viven en domicilios con paredes no adecuadas (p=0,0139), media de moradores por domicilio (p=0,0309) y porcentaje de personas que viven en domicilios vulnerables a la pobreza y en los que ninguno de los moradores ha completado la educación primaria (p=0,0051). Conclusión: De acuerdo con el modelo GWR, los factores sociales que influencian la incidencia del SIDA en los municipios de Piauí son los siguientes: porcentaje de personas que viven en domicilios con paredes no adecuadas, media de moradores por domicilio y porcentaje de personas que viven en domicilios vulnerables a la pobreza y en los que ninguno de los moradores ha completado la educación primaria. Frente a esta situación, se deben instaurar intervenciones sobre los determinantes sociales de la salud de carácter estructural como métodos efectivos de prevención del VIH/SIDA.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The state of Ceará (Brazilian Northeast) has a high incidence of dengue. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the temporal patterns and spatial distribution of dengue cases in Ceará during 2001-2019. METHODS: A spatiotemporal ecological study was performed with secondary data. Time-trend analysis was performed using a segmented log-linear regression model to estimate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) and the annual percentage change (APC) in incidence of dengue. We also performed spatiotemporal analysis to identify the place, time, and relative risk (RR) of dengue clusters. RESULTS: There were 539,653 dengue cases. The AAPC reduced over time (-9.5%; 95% confidance interval [CI]: -18.3; -0.3). Three trends were identified-2001-2004: APC=-20.9% (95% CI: -65.1 to 44.8), 2005-2015: APC=7.9% (95% CI: -6.0 to 98.9), and 2016-2019: APC=-48.8% (95% CI: -83.0 to -6.1). During 2001-2007, 10 significant clusters were identified (RR=3.57-14.38: n=4 and RR=0.05-0.39: n=6). During 2008-2013, there was 1 cluster in the western region (RR= 3.40) and four other clusters (RR=0.02-0.15). The last period presented 5 high-RR clusters (RR=2.95-9.24). The low-RR clusters were located in the central-north, central-south, south, and northwest regions. However, the central-west region remained a high-RR cluster region throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Dengue showed a decreasing incidence. During the epidemic years, the southern, eastern, and western regions presented high-risk clusters. Introduction of a new dengue serotype in a low-RR area can cause explosive outbreaks due to population susceptibility.