RESUMO: O arroz daninho (Oryza sativa L.) é a principal planta daninha do arroz cultivado e, devido à similaridade genética com a cultura, são poucas as alternativas de controle. Uma possibilidade são os sistemas de cultivo, em razão da influência na emergência e sobrevivência da espécie no banco de sementes do solo. Diante disso, o trabalho objetivou avaliar a longevidade e a distribuição das sementes de arroz daninho no perfil do solo, após 22 anos de cultivo, sob diferentes sistemas. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial, em que o fator A foi composto por três sistemas de cultivo, realizados consecutivamente durante 22 anos, sendo esses: semeadura direta (SD), sistema convencional (SC) e pré-germinado (PG); e, o fator B composto por quatro profundidades de amostragem: 0-2, 2-5, 5-10 e 10-20 cm. As variáveis avaliadas foram: o número de sementes íntegras e deterioradas m-2; e, a porcentagem de viabilidade. Não foi verificado efeito dos sistemas até 5 cm, mas a 5-10 cm SC e PG mostraram maior quantidade de sementes, e PG a 10-20 cm. A SD proporcionou diminuição de sementes íntegras conforme aumentou a profundidade de amostragem, enquanto o sistema PG elimina menos sementes do banco de sementes do solo. Os sistemas SC e PG distribuem sementes viáveis no perfil do solo de 0 a 20 cm de profundidade. Após 22 anos, nos três sistemas de cultivo há sementes de arroz daninho viáveis até 10 cm de profundidade, sendo igual a quantidade de sementes viáveis até cinco centímetros de profundidade.

ABSTRACT: Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most problematic weed in rice fields due to the few control management alternatives to control it, because of the genetic similarity with the crop. Different cropping systems (regarding soil preparation before sowing) have been used as options to control the persistence and emergence of the weed seedbank. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the longevity and vertical distribution of weedy rice seeds in the soil seedbank after 22 years of different rice cropping systems. Data was analyzed as a two-way factorial, with cropping systems carried out for 22 years [no-tillage (NT), conventional tillage (CT), wet direct-seeded (WDS)] as one factor and sampling depth (0-2, 2-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm) as the other factor. The number of whole and deteriorated seeds per m-2 were assessed, as well as the viability (%). No effect between the systems were detected up to 5 cm, however at 5-10 cm CT and WDS showed higher amount of seeds, and WDS at 10-20 cm. As the sampling depth increased, NT showed fewer amount of seeds, while less reduction of the soil seedbank was observed in WDS. CT and WDS spread viable seeds in the soil profile from 0 to 20 cm depth. After 22 years there are viable weedy rice seeds up to 10 cm of depth in the three cropping systems and there is no difference among them up to 5 cm of depth, demonstrating the serious problem of the seedbank for this species.

ABSTRACT EnlistTM technology is a new trait on soybean and corn conferring tolerance to auxinic-type (2,4-D choline) and graminicides (aryloxyphenoxypropionates – FOPs) herbicides. However, the occurrence of volunteer corn tolerant to 2,4-D and FOPs can become a significant weed on soybean cropping systems, affecting the crop yield and reducing seed quality. This research aimed to evaluate herbicides to EnlistTM volunteer corn control and their effects on plant development, crop yield, and physiological seed quality of EnlistTM soybean. Field experiment was performed in a complete randomized block experimental design with four replicates, using a density of 10 plants·m-2 of EnlistTM volunteer corn. Treatments consisted of herbicides applied at 3-4-leaves stage of volunteer corn with haloxyfop-P-methyl, clethodim, pinoxaden, cloransulam-methyl and imazethapyr regarding to a control with and without volunteer corn. The development and yield components of EnlistTM soybean were evaluated and physiological seed testing performed on soybean’s seeds. Clethodim controlled EnlistTM volunteer corn, whereas haloxyfop-P-methyl, pinoxaden, and cloransulam-methyl showed insufficient control levels (30-35%) at 30 days after spray. Imazethapyr exhibited 84% of control of EnlistTM volunteer corn and injured the EnlistTM soybean, affecting its seed viability. EnlistTM volunteer corn interferences negatively the soybean crop yield, yield components, and affects the plant development pattern.

Abstract Introduction A. hybridus interference in soybeans varies with population size and may be quantified by mathematical models that allow establishing the threshold levels. Objective Determine the interference of A. hybridus escaped from an herbicide program and with multiple resistance to EPSPs and ALS-inhibiting herbicides on soybean yield and its economic threshold (ET). Methods Two experiments were conducted in a randomized block design. The treatments consisted of populations of A. hybridus ranging from 0 to 41 plants m-2 (2018/19) and 0 to 32 plants m-2 (2019/20). The yield components and yield plant-1 of soybean were evaluated. The rectangular hyperbola model was fitted to the soybean yield loss. ET was calculated according to yield potential, price paid for grains, control cost and weed control efficiency Results The increase in populations of A. hybridus has decreased in the number of pods and grains-1 of soybean in both periods. The parameter i was 4.47 and 8.32%, and the ET ranged from 0.16 to 1.21 plants m-2 in 2018/19 and from 0.09 to 0.65 plants m-2 in 2019/20. Conclusions One A. hybridus m-2 may reduce 6.4% in the grain yield of soybean. ET occurs within the range of 0.09 to 1.21 plants m-2.

RESUMO A tolerância ao estresse hídrico pode diferir entre espécies e cultivares. O efeito da seca nas plantas depende do impacto nos processos fisiológicos, bioquímicos e moleculares da planta e da capacidade de a mesma se adaptar a essas condições. Objetivou-se avaliar as respostas fisiológicas e bioquímicas, bem como determinar a expressão dos genes OsAPX2, OsHSP24.15, OsHSP71.10 e OsHSP85.88 em condições de seca em arroz, arroz daninho e capim-arroz. Foi realizado experimento em casa-de-vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições e dois fatores: condições hídricas (bem irrigado e déficit hídrico) e espécies de plantas [arroz (Oryza sativa cv. Puitá), arroz daninho (Oryza spp.) e capim-arroz (Echinochloa spp.)]. Em condições de seca, as plantas de arroz e arroz daninho apresentaram mais danos celulares do que o capim-arroz, e as três espécies apresentaram taxa fotossintética reduzida. As plantas C3 (arroz e arroz daninho) aumentaram os danos aos lipídios e proteínas aos 5 dias de seca. No entanto, para plantas C4 (capim-arroz), as condições de seca não afetaram os parâmetros bioquímicos. A expressão do gene OsHSP85.88 aumentou nas três plantas expostas ao déficit hídrico.

ABSTRACT The drought stress tolerance may differ among species and cultivars. The drought effect on plants depends on the impact on the plant’s physiological, biochemical and molecular processes, as well as on its ability to adapt under these conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and biochemical responses, and determine the expression of the genes OsAPX2, OsHSP24.15, OsHSP71.10 and OsHSP85.88 under drought conditions in rice, weedy rice and barnyardgrass. A greenhouse experiment was performed in a complete randomized design, with four replications and two factors: water conditions (well-watered and water deficit) and plant species [rice (Oryza sativa cv. Puitá), weedy rice (Oryza spp.) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa spp.)]. Under drought conditions, the rice and weedy rice plants showed more cellular damage than the barnyardgrass, and the three species showed a reduced photosynthetic rate. C3 plants (rice and weedy rice) increased the damage to lipids and proteins at 5 days of drought. However, for C4 plants (barnyardgrass), the drought conditions did not affect the biochemical parameters. The expression of the OsHSP85.88 gene increased in the three plants exposed to water deficit.

Resumo - O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar aspectos ecofisiológicos da germinação de sementes em biótipos de sagitária (Sagittaria montevidensis) resistentes e suscetível a herbicidas. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado. Em campos de arroz, foram colhidas sementes de dois biótipos resistentes (SAGMO 10 e SAGMO 32) e de um suscetível (SAGMO 35) aos herbicidas inibidores da acetolactato sintase e do fotossistema II. A liberação da dormência foi realizada com 2,0% de nitrato de potássio, escarificação química (1,0% de H2SO4 por 30 s) e mecânica (lixa), 10 ppm de ácido giberélico, embebição em água por 24 horas, banho-maria a 60ºC e um controle. Avaliaram-se a germinação às temperaturas de 10 a 40°C e a emergência de plântulas aos 0,0, 0,5, 1,0, 2,0, 4,0 e 5,0 cm de profundidade de enterrio. Todos os biótipos apresentaram germinação superior a 70% após escarificação mecânica. A maior taxa de germinação ocorre a 25,9°C para SAGMO 35, o biótipo suscetível, e a 26,2 e 26,5°C, respectivamente, para SAGMO 10 e SAGMO 32, biótipos resistentes. Para todos os biótipos, a maior emergência de plântulas ocorre em sementes posicionadas a 0,5 e 1,0 cm de profundidade de enterrio.

Abstract - The objective of this work was to evaluate the ecophysiological aspects of seed germination in California arrowhead (Sagittaria montevidensis) biotypes resistant and susceptible to herbicides. The experimental design was completely randomized. In paddy rice fields, seeds were collected from two biotypes that are resistant (SAGMO 10 and SAGMO 32) and from one that is susceptible (SAGMO 35) to acetolactate synthase and photosystem II inhibiting herbicides. Seed dormancy release was performed with 2.0% potassium nitrate, chemical (1.0% H2SO4 for 30 s) and mechanical (sandpaper) scarification, 10 ppm gibberellic acid, water imbibition for 24 hours, water bath at 60°C, and a control. Germination was evaluated at temperatures from 10 to 40°C and seedling emergence at 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 5.0 cm burial depths. All biotypes showed a germination higher than 70% after mechanical scarification. The highest germination rate occurs at 25.9°C for SAGMO 35, the susceptible biotype, and at 26.2 and 26.5°C, respectively, for SAGMO 10 and SAGMO 32, the resistant biotypes. For all biotypes, the highest seedling emergence occurs in seeds positioned at the 0.5 and 1.0 cm burial depths.

Abstract: Background: Ryegrass is considered an important weed in crops in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, for being resistant to the herbicide glyphosate. Objective: This study evaluates ryegrass control by applying different spray volumes and doses of clethodim alone or in combination with glyphosate and/or 2,4-D. Methods: Two field experiments were conducted in a 5 x 3 factorial design. In experiment I, factor A consisted of clethodim (96 g a.i. ha-1); clethodim (96 g a.i. ha-1) + glyphosate (1,080 g a.e. ha-1); clethodim (96 g a.i. ha-1) + 2,4-D (1,047 g a.e. ha-1); clethodim (96 g a.i. ha-1) + glyphosate (1,080 g a.e. ha-1) + 2,4-D (1,047 g a.e. ha-1); and control without treatment. Factor B consisted of three spray volumes (40, 80, and 120 L ha-1). In the second experiment, factor A consisted of the same herbicides and their associations aforementioned and factor B consisted of three increasing doses of the herbicide clethodim (96, 192 and 288 g a.i. ha-1). The herbicides were applied at the milky stage of ryegrass grains. Ryegrass control at 10, 20, and 30 days after application (DAA) of herbicides and dry matter were evaluated. Results: Spray volume reduction did not interfere with ryegrass control by clethodim and glyphosate or clethodim, glyphosate, and 2,4-D at 30 DAA, but it did interfere with the application of clethodim alone or associated only with 2,4-D. Doses above 192 g a.i. ha-1 of clethodim alone or in mixture were efficient for ryegrass control. Conclusions: Greater clethodim doses and spray volume increased control of ryegrass at the milky grain stage and decreased the antagonism in the associations with 2,4-D.

RESUMO As plantas sintetizam metabólitos especializados para defenderem-se contra patógenos. Estes compostos ativos, quando isolados e identificados, podem ser utilizados como modelos para o desenvolvimento de fungicidas. Baseado em observações a campo, as plantas de Heteranthera reniformis (aguapé-mirim) são promissoras na síntese de compostos com atividade antifúngica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antifúngica de extratos de H. reniformis sobre o desenvolvimento de Bipolaris oryzae. A atividade dos extratos hexano, acetato de etila e metanol de folhas de H. reniformis foi avaliada no crescimento micelial e esporulação de B. oryzae. Devido a maior inibição da esporulação de B. oryzae, o extrato metanólico foi escolhido para o experimento de concentrações. O efeito do extrato metanólico sobre a morfologia das colônias, comprimento e germinação dos esporos de B. oryzae também foi avaliado. Os resultados demonstraram que o extrato metanólico foi o mais ativo na inibição da esporulação de B. oryzae. A morfologia das colônias é alterada quando o fungo cresce em meio contendo extratos foliares de H. reniformis. As maiores concentrações do extrato metanol estimulam o crescimento micelial e suprimem a esporulação de B. oryzae. Há reduções no comprimento e germinação de esporos de B. oryzae pelo extrato metanólico de folhas de H. reniformis. O extrato metanólico tem compostos com atividade antifúngica e deve ser submetido ao isolamento guiado por bioensaio para a purificação e identificação destes compostos.

ABSTRACT Plants synthesize specialized metabolites to defend themselves against pathogens. These active compounds, when isolated and identified, can be used as template for fungicide development. Based on field observations, Heteranthera reniformis (kidney leaf mudplantain) could potentially synthesize compounds with antifungal activity. The goal of this study was to evaluate the fungicidal activity of H. reniformis leaf extracts on Bipolaris oryzae development. The activities of hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of H. reniformis leaves were tested on mycelial growth, sporulation, and colony morphology. Due to the highest inhibition of B. oryzae sporulation, methanol extract was chosen for concentration tests. The effect of methanol extract on B. oryzae spore length and germination was also evaluated. Methanolic extract was the most active in inhibiting B. oryzae sporulation. The morphology of the colonies is altered when the fungus grows in medium containing H. reniformis leaf extracts. Higher concentration of methanol extract stimulates mycelial growth and suppresses B. oryzae sporulation. There are reductions in length and number of germinated B. oryzae spores caused by methanol extract of H. reniformis leaves. Methanolic extract has compounds with antifungal activity and should be subjected to bioassay-guided isolation for purification and identification of these active compounds.

Abstract Background Weed competition is one of the main constraints to rice yield. Objective Determine the period prior to interference (PPI) of barnyardgrass ( Echinochloa spp.) on the irrigated rice crop as a function of the application of the herbicide cyhalofop-butyl alone and associated with penoxsulam. Methods A field experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, with four replications. The treatments were arranged in a 2×7 factorial scheme, with factor A consisting of the herbicides cyhalofop-butyl and the mixture penoxsulam + cyhalofop-butyl, while factor B consisted of seven coexistence periods: 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 120 days after rice emergence (DAE). The herbicides were applied in each of these periods. The analyzed variables were crop height and shoot dry mass of the rice and barnyardgrass, number of grains per panicle, thousand-grain weight, and yield. Results The presence of barnyardgrass competing for environmental resources negatively affected the analyzed variables and rice yield for all periods with a coexistence longer than 28 DAE. Barnyardgrass competition during the entire rice cycle (120 DAE) reduced the shoot dry mass of the crop. Conclusions The PPI termination was determined at 14 DAE for the mixture cyhalofop-butyl + penoxsulam and 29 DAE for cyhalofop-butyl alone.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to assess the relative competition between white clover (cv. BRS URS Entrevero) and weed species Silene gallica L. through replacement series. The experiments followed a completely randomized design with four replications. The first study showed that the shoot dry mass of both species (white clover and S. gallica) became constant with 16 plants.pot-1 or 400 plants.m-2. In 2017, a study was conducted and it was repeated in 2018 in order to assess white clover competition with S. gallica under different crop: weed proportions pot-1 (100:00; 75:25; 50:50; 25:75 and 00:100). Competitiveness analysis was carried out through diagrams applied to replace experiments and through the relative competition indices. Morphological parameters such as plant height, leaf area and shoot dry mass of the crop and the weed were measured when S. gallica plants bloomed (105 days after species emergence). Results have proven the phenotypic plasticity of temperate-climate foragers such as white clover. This outcome shows that the competitive relationship with Silene gallica changes due to plant proportions composing the association. Therefore, it was possible to conclude that the species show similar competitive ability.

ABSTRACT: Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is a weed broadly found in fields cultivated with wheat and barley crops. Seed inputs into the soil before harvesting winter crops increase seed bank, ensuring survival. This study evaluated the persistence of Italian ryegrass seeds subjected to burial depths over time. Experiments were carried out in the field for two years in randomized block experimental design with four repetitions. Dormant seeds harvested from mother-plants were put in nylon bags containing soil. Previously, seed viability was evaluated in a 1 % tetrazolium solution, and 50 viable seeds by repetition were buried at 0.5, 5.0, 10, and 20 cm depths. Seed persistence was evaluated by the percentage of deteriorated and remaining seeds, non-dormant seeds, abnormal seedlings, and viable and non-viable dormant seeds at 0, 30, 60, 90, 180, 360, 540, and 720 days after burial (DAB). Seed persistence increased at 10 and 20 cm of burial depth compared to seeds in the soil layers up to 5 cm. Moreover, burial depth at 10 and 20 cm showed lower percentage of deteriorated seeds (10 % lower) compared to 0.5 cm at 360 DAB. For non-dormant seeds, a higher percentage was found at 90 DAB, regardless of seed burial depth. Dormancy breakage occurred until 180 DAB, and more rapidly at 10 and 20 cm depths. At 540 DAB, more than 95 % of seeds were unviable, demonstrating short persistence of Italian ryegrass in the soil seed bank.

ABSTRACT Biotic and abiotic stresses, either individually or in combination, may affect soybean growth and development negatively, besides competitiveness with weeds. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of heat stress and plant recovery on crop–weed interaction by analyzing growth variables. Experiments were set up as replacement series of soybean with slender amaranth. Treatments followed a factorial scheme, which was composed of heat stress [high temperature (38/22 ± 2 °C) against the control (28/22 ± 2 ºC)] and of proportions of soybean and slender amaranth, i.e., 100:0 (pure stand of soybean), 50:50 and 0:100 (pure stand of slender amaranth). After being submitted to high temperatures, plants were analyzed in terms of their recovery from heat stress. Variables under evaluation were height, leaf area and shoot dry weight. Results led to the conclusion that the weed shows more competitiveness than soybean, regardless of the heat stress. Interspecific competition for soybean and intraspecific competition for slender amaranth influence their height, leaf area and shoot dry weight negatively, while high temperature affects slender amaranth positively.

ABSTRACT Glyphosate-resistant (GR) Italian ryegrass (LOLMU) and Alexandergrass (URPLA) are troublesome weeds in corn cropping systems in Southern Brazil. The emergence pattern of those weeds is not uniform and may change according to the season’s environmental characteristics. Also, herbicide resistance has been diminishing the success of the weed control programs. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the influence of corn-sowing date on LOLMU and URPLA densities and their control provided by pre- and post-emergent herbicides. Field trials were conducted in two crop seasons in Southern Brazil consisting of three corn sowing date (August, September, and October) and the application of atrazine + S-metolachlor (residual) in corn pre-emergence in different post-emergence weed control programs with glyphosate, ammonium-glufosinate, nicosulfuron, and atrazine. The results indicated that the sowing date had a significant influence on LOLMU and URPLA densities. Corn sown in the earliest period was exposed to a higher LOLMU density, whereas corn sown in the latest period had a higher density of URPLA. Also, the application of residual herbicide at corn pre-emergence reduced both weed species densities and decreased the pressure for the control of glyphosate-resistant LOLMU for the post-emergence herbicides. The use of residual herbicides in corn pre-emergence is an efficient strategy to be considered in the LOLMU and URPLA control programs, followed by post-emergence application of glyphosate, ammonium-glufosinate, atrazine, and nicosulfuron.

ABSTRACT Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is a grass weed found in winter cereals, with several glyphosate-resistant diploid populations. Furthermore, the use of Italian ryegrass tetraploid genotypes creates an opportunity to increase the forage demand in replacement of diploid populations. The aim of this research was to evaluate the crossing capacity between glyphosate-resistant diploid and tetraploid Italian ryegrass to transfer glyphosate resistance to the next generation. Reciprocal crosses were performed using the susceptible tetraploid cultivar INIA Titan and resistant diploid (SVA04 biotype) plants to obtain the F1 progeny. Germination testing, survival percentage, inheritance of glyphosate-resistance, and ploidy level were evaluated in F1 progeny. Crossing of susceptible tetraploid plants ♂ and glyphosate-resistant diploid ♀ affected the germination and exhibited 4.5% of triploid plants. F1 progeny from the glyphosate-resistant diploid ♂ and susceptible tetraploid ♀ did not show germination problems, but 46% of the plants died during the initial seedling stage. For this progeny, 10 and 25% of the seedlings were composed of triploid and pentaploid individuals, respectively. Crosses between susceptible tetraploid ♀ and resistant diploid ♂ did not transfer the glyphosate-resistant for the plants. Susceptible tetraploid ♂ crossing with diploid resistant ♀ had a reduction of 47% the glyphosate-resistant plants compared to the homozygous glyphosate-resistant progeny. Overall, tetraploid Italian ryegrass can be a safe tool to reduce and manage the increase of glyphosate-resistant diploid ryegrass in field conditions.

Abstract Background: Plants synthesize compounds of specialized metabolism to defend themselves against biotic and abiotic stresses. These compounds could be used as models for pesticide development. Among the species that have not yet been studied for the potential to produce active compounds is the kidney leaf mud plantain (Heteranthera reniformis). Objective: The goal was to evaluate the effect of hexanic, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of H. reniformis leaves on cress (Lepidium sativum) seed germination to determine which one have the highest biological activity; and to evaluate different concentrations of extract with the highest biological activity on lettuce (Lactuca sativa), barnyard grass (Echinochloasp.) and giant arrowhead (Sagittaria montevidensis) germination. Methods: The seeds were placed on petri dishes containing two sheets of germitest paper, and after the application of the extract, they were sealed and placed in growth chambers with controlled temperature and photoperiod. The variables analyzed were 1st and 2nd germination count, germination speed index and length of the aerial part and roots. Results: The ethyl acetate extract provided greater phytotoxicity on cress than the other extracts. In general, the highest concentration of ethyl acetate extract was the most efficient in reducing variables for all species. Conclusions: The ethyl acetate extract of H. reniformis presents inhibitory activity on the seeds of cress, lettuce, giant arrowhead and barnyard grass, but this activity was dependent on the concentration of the extract and the species studied. H. reniformis synthesizes compounds with phytotoxic activity and purification of extracts is required to isolate, identify and characterize the action mechanism of the compounds with herbicide activity, so that in the future these can be used as models for the development of herbicides.

Abstract Background: The resistance of weeds to herbicides is a problem that has been increasingly studied because of its great importance in agriculture and rapid growth of this phenomenon worldwide. The quick detection of resistant plants is extremely important for resistance management. Weed resistance to herbicides can be detected through field, greenhouse and laboratory tests. A fast way of detecting resistance is using tissue culture method, where is possible to use resistant plant clones and obtain results faster than whole-plant method in greenhouse. Objective: The aims of the research were to detect the resistance of blackjack to herbicides inhibitors of the acetolactate synthase (ALS), addition in vitro cultivation; determine the herbicide concentration of imazethapyr to 95% control of the susceptible plant population; evaluate explants growth; and, determine the herbicide concentration added to the culture medium where is possible to distinguish a resistant from a susceptible plant. Methods: Experiments were carried out in greenhouse and tissue culture laboratory. Screening was performed to select resistant and susceptible biotypes, tests for specie establishment and dose response curves in vitro were made. Results: The herbicide concentration added to the culture medium that provided 95% susceptible biotype control and efficiently differentiated susceptible biotype from resistant one was 0.6μM of imazethapyr. Conclusions: This method helps recommendations of weed management and provides a quick decision to alternative control of this specie, thus avoiding major damage to the crops.