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Chagas disease control-surveillance in the Americas: the multinational initiatives and the practical impossibility of interrupting vector-borne Trypanosoma cruzi transmission
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de Arias, Antonieta Rojas

; Monroy, Carlota

; Guhl, Felipe

; Sosa-Estani, Sergio

; Santos, Walter Souza

; Abad-Franch, Fernando

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

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2022, Volume 117 elocation e210130

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Chagas disease (CD) still imposes a heavy burden on most Latin American countries. Vector-borne and mother-to-child transmission cause several thousand new infections per year, and at least 5 million people carry Trypanosoma cruzi. Access to diagnosis and medical care, however, is far from universal. Starting in the 1990s, CD-endemic countries and the Pan American Health Organization-World Health Organization (PAHO-WHO) launched a series of multinational initiatives for CD control-surveillance. An overview of the initiatives’ aims, achievements, and challenges reveals some key common themes that we discuss here in the context of the WHO 2030 goals for CD. Transmission of T. cruzi via blood transfusion and organ transplantation is effectively under control. T. cruzi, however, is a zoonotic pathogen with 100+ vector species widely spread across the Americas; interrupting vector-borne transmission seems therefore unfeasible. Stronger surveillance systems are, and will continue to be, needed to monitor and control CD. Prevention of vertical transmission demands boosting current efforts to screen pregnant and childbearing-aged women. Finally, integral patient care is a critical unmet need in most countries. The decades-long experience of the initiatives, in sum, hints at the practical impossibility of interrupting vector-borne T. cruzi transmission in the Americas. The concept of disease control seems to provide a more realistic description of what can in effect be achieved by 2030.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760210130

2 nd Brazilian Consensus on Chagas Disease, 2015
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Dias, João Carlos Pinto

; Ramos Jr., Alberto Novaes

; Gontijo, Eliane Dias

; Luquetti, Alejandro

; Shikanai-Yasuda, Maria Aparecida

; Coura, José Rodrigues

; Torres, Rosália Morais

; Melo, José Renan da Cunha

; Almeida, Eros Antonio de

; Oliveira Jr., Wilson de

; Silveira, Antônio Carlos

; Rezende, Joffre Marcondes de

; Pinto, Fabiane Scalabrini

; Ferreira, Antonio Walter

; Rassi, Anis

; Fragata Filho, Abílio Augusto

; Sousa, Andréa Silvestre de

; Correia, Dalmo

; Jansen, Ana Maria

; Andrade, Glaucia Manzan Queiroz

; Britto, Constança Felícia De Paoli de Carvalho

; Pinto, Ana Yecê das Neves

; Rassi Jr., Anis

; Campos, Dayse Elisabeth

; Abad-Franch, Fernando

; Santos, Silvana Eloi

; Chiari, Egler

; Hasslocher-Moreno, Alejandro Marcel

; Moreira, Eliane Furtado

; Marques, Divina Seila de Oliveira

; Silva, Eliane Lages

; Marin-Neto, José Antonio

; Galvão, Lúcia Maria da Cunha

; Xavier, Sergio Salles

; Valente, Sebastião Aldo da Silva

; Carvalho, Noêmia Barbosa

; Cardoso, Alessandra Viana

; Silva, Rafaella Albuquerque e

; Costa, Veruska Maia da

; Vivaldini, Simone Monzani

; Oliveira, Suelene Mamede

; Valente, Vera da Costa

; Lima, Mayara Maia

; Alves, Renato Vieira

Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical

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dec 2016, Volume 49 Suppl. 1 Pages 3 - 60

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Abstract Chagas disease is a neglected chronic condition with a high burden of morbidity and mortality. It has considerable psychological, social, and economic impacts. The disease represents a significant public health issue in Brazil, with different regional patterns. This document presents the evidence that resulted in the Brazilian Consensus on Chagas Disease. The objective was to review and standardize strategies for diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of Chagas disease in the country, based on the available scientific evidence. The consensus is based on the articulation and strategic contribution of renowned Brazilian experts with knowledge and experience on various aspects of the disease. It is the result of a close collaboration between the Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine and the Ministry of Health. It is hoped that this document will strengthen the development of integrated actions against Chagas disease in the country, focusing on epidemiology, management, comprehensive care (including families and communities), communication, information, education, and research .

https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0505-2016 9267 downloads

A simple, biologically sound, and potentially useful working classification of Chagas disease vectors
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Abad-Franch, Fernando

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

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oct 2016, Volume 111 N. 10 Pages 649 - 651

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Current working classifications of Chagas disease vectors rely on a loose mix-up of biological and operational matters. They are therefore confusing and ineffective. I propose a very simple classification that makes biological sense and can be operationally useful. It considers a four-level hierarchy of species (which can be native or non-native); populations (either wild or non-wild); infestation foci (natural, domestic or peridomestic); and individual bugs (which can be solitary house-invaders or part of a hidden infestation focus). This classification translates into a clear, algorithmic scheme for triatomine control-surveillance that may be useful at every operationally relevant scale, from multi-country initiatives to on-site control-surveillance action.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760160203 919 downloads

II Consenso Brasileiro em Doença de Chagas, 2015
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Dias, João Carlos Pinto

; Ramos Jr., Alberto Novaes

; Gontijo, Eliane Dias

; Luquetti, Alejandro

; Shikanai-Yasuda, Maria Aparecida

; Coura, José Rodrigues

; Torres, Rosália Morais

; Melo, José Renan da Cunha

; Almeida, Eros Antonio de

; Oliveira Jr., Wilson de

; Silveira, Antônio Carlos

; Rezende, Joffre Marcondes de

; Pinto, Fabiane Scalabrini

; Ferreira, Antonio Walter

; Rassi, Anis

; Fragata Filho, Abílio Augusto

; Sousa, Andréa Silvestre de

; Correia Filho, Dalmo

; Jansen, Ana Maria

; Andrade, Glaucia Manzan Queiroz

; Britto, Constança Felícia De Paoli de Carvalho

; Pinto, Ana Yecê das Neves

; Rassi Jr., Anis

; Campos, Dayse Elisabeth

; Abad-Franch, Fernando

; Santos, Silvana Eloi

; Chiari, Egler

; Hasslocher-Moreno, Alejandro Marcel

; Moreira, Eliane Furtado

; Marques, Divina Seila de Oliveira

; Silva, Eliane Lages

; Marin-Neto, José Antonio

; Galvão, Lúcia Maria da Cunha

; Xavier, Sergio Salles

; Valente, Sebastião Aldo da Silva

; Carvalho, Noêmia Barbosa

; Cardoso, Alessandra Viana

; Silva, Rafaella Albuquerque e

; Costa, Veruska Maia da

; Vivaldini, Simone Monzani

; Oliveira, Suelene Mamede

; Valente, Vera da Costa

; Lima, Mayara Maia

; Alves, Renato Vieira

Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde

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jun 2016, Volume 25 N. spe Pages 7 - 86

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

RESUMO A doença de Chagas é uma condição crônica negligenciada com elevada carga de morbimortalidade e impacto dos pontos de vista psicológico, social e econômico. Representa um importante problema de saúde pública no Brasil, com diferentes cenários regionais. Este documento traduz a sistematização das evidências que compõe o Consenso Brasileiro de Doença de Chagas. O objetivo foi sistematizar estratégias de diagnóstico, tratamento, prevenção e controle da doença de Chagas no país, de modo a refletir as evidências científicas disponíveis. Sua construção fundamentou-se na articulação e contribuição estratégica de especialistas brasileiros com conhecimento, experiência e atualização sobre diferentes aspectos da doença. Representa o resultado da estreita colaboração entre a Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical e o Ministério da Saúde. Espera-se com este documento fortalecer o desenvolvimento de ações integradas para enfrentamento da doença no país com foco em epidemiologia, gestão, atenção integral (incluindo famílias e comunidades), comunicação, informação, educação e pesquisas.

ABSTRACT Chagas disease is a neglected chronic condition that presents high morbidity and mortality burden, with considerable psychological, social, and economic impact. The disease represents a significant public health issue in Brazil, with different regional patterns. This document presents the evidence that resulted in the Brazilian Consensus on Chagas Disease. The objective was to review and standardize strategies for diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of Chagas disease in the country, based on the available scientific evidence. The consensus is based on collaboration and contribution of renowned Brazilian experts with vast knowledge and experience on various aspects of the disease. It is the result of close collaboration between the Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine and the Ministry of Health. This document shall strengthen the development of integrated control measures against Chagas disease in the country, focusing on epidemiology, management, comprehensive care (including families and communities), communication, information, education, and research.

https://doi.org/10.5123/s1679-49742016000500002 63592 downloads

II Consenso Brasileiro em Doença de Chagas, 2015
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Dias, João Carlos Pinto

; Ramos Jr., Alberto Novaes

; Gontijo, Eliane Dias

; Luquetti, Alejandro

; Shikanai-Yasuda, Maria Aparecida

; Coura, José Rodrigues

; Torres, Rosália Morais

; Melo, José Renan da Cunha

; Almeida, Eros Antonio de

; Oliveira Jr., Wilson de

; Silveira, Antônio Carlos

; Rezende, Joffre Marcondes de

; Pinto, Fabiane Scalabrini

; Ferreira, Antonio Walter

; Rassi, Anis

; Fragata Filho, Abílio Augusto

; Sousa, Andréa Silvestre de

; Correia Filho, Dalmo

; Jansen, Ana Maria

; Andrade, Glaucia Manzan Queiroz

; Britto, Constança Felícia De Paoli de Carvalho

; Pinto, Ana Yecê das Neves

; Rassi Jr., Anis

; Campos, Dayse Elisabeth

; Abad-Franch, Fernando

; Santos, Silvana Eloi

; Chiari, Egler

; Hasslocher-Moreno, Alejandro Marcel

; Moreira, Eliane Furtado

; Marques, Divina Seila de Oliveira

; Silva, Eliane Lages

; Marin-Neto, José Antonio

; Galvão, Lúcia Maria da Cunha

; Xavier, Sergio Salles

; Valente, Sebastião Aldo da Silva

; Carvalho, Noêmia Barbosa

; Cardoso, Alessandra Viana

; Silva, Rafaella Albuquerque e

; Costa, Veruska Maia da

; Vivaldini, Simone Monzani

; Oliveira, Suelene Mamede

; Valente, Vera da Costa

; Lima, Mayara Maia

; Alves, Renato Vieira

Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde

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jun 2016, Volume 25 N. spe. Pages 7 - 86

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742016000500002 3725 downloads

Certifying the interruption of Chagas disease transmission by native vectors: cui bono?
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Abad-Franch, Fernando

; Diotaiuti, Liléia

; Gurgel-Gonçalves, Rodrigo

; Gürtler, Ricardo E

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

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apr 2013, Volume 108 N. 2 Pages 251 - 254

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Certifying the absence of Chagas disease transmission by native vectors lacks scientific grounds and weakens long-term control-surveillance systems to the detriment of people living under risk conditions. Instead, a regular "certification of good practice" (including vector control-surveillance, case detection/patient care and blood safety) could help achieve sustained disease control.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-0276108022013022 2759 downloads Cited 17 times in SciELO

Rhodnius barretti, a new species of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from western Amazonia
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Abad-Franch, Fernando

; Pavan, Marcio G

; Jaramillo-O, Nicolas

; Palomeque, Francisco S

; Dale, Carolina

; Chaverra, Duverney

; Monteiro, Fernando A

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

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2013, Volume 108 Suppl. 1 Pages 92 - 99

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Rhodnius barretti , a new triatomine species, is described based on adult specimens collected in rainforest environments within the Napo ecoregion of western Amazonia (Colombia and Ecuador). R. barretti resembles Rhodnius robustus s.l. , but mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences reveal that it is a strongly divergent member of the “robustus lineage”, i.e., basal to the clade encompassing Rhodnius nasutus , Rhodnius neglectus , Rhodnius prolixus and five members of the R. robustus species complex. Morphometric analyses also reveal consistent divergence from R. robustus s.l. , including head and, as previously shown, wing shape and the length ratios of some anatomical structures. R. barretti occurs, often at high densities, in Attalea butyracea and Oenocarpus bataua palms. It is strikingly aggressive and adults may invade houses flying from peridomestic palms. R. barretti must therefore be regarded as a potential Trypanosoma cruzi vector in the Napo ecoregion, where Chagas disease is endemic.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-0276130434 4297 downloads Cited 8 times in SciELO

Attraction of Chagas disease vectors (Triatominae) to artificial light sources in the canopy of primary Amazon rainforest
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Castro, Marcelo CM

; Barrett, Toby V

; Santos, Walter S

; Abad-Franch, Fernando

; Rafael, José A

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

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dec 2010, Volume 105 N. 8 Pages 1061 - 1064

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Adult triatomines occasionally fly into artificially lit premises in Amazonia. This can result in Trypanosoma cruzi transmission to humans either by direct contact or via foodstuff contamination, but the frequency of such behaviour has not been quantified. To address this issue, a light-trap was set 45 m above ground in primary rainforest near Manaus, state of Amazonas, Brazil and operated monthly for three consecutive nights over the course of one year (432 trap-hours). The most commonly caught reduviids were triatomines, including 38 Panstrongylus geniculatus, nine Panstrongylus lignarius, three Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus, five Rhodnius robustus, two Rhodnius pictipes, one Rhodnius amazonicus and 17 Eratyrus mucronatus. Males were collected more frequently than females. The only month without any catches was May. Attraction of most of the known local T. cruzi vectors to artificial light sources is common and year-round in the Amazon rainforest, implying that they may often invade premises built near forest edges and thus become involved in disease transmission. Consequently, effective Chagas disease prevention in Amazonia will require integrating entomological surveillance with the currently used epidemiological surveillance.

2915 downloads Cited 7 times in SciELO

Chagas disease in the Amazon Region
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Aguilar, Hugo Marcelo

; Abad-Franch, Fernando

; Dias, João Carlos Pinto

; Junqueira, Angela Cristina Veríssimo

; Coura, José Rodrigues

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

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oct 2007, Volume 102 Suppl. 1 Pages 47 - 56

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

The risk that Chagas disease becomes established as a major endemic threat in Amazonia (the world's largest tropical biome, today inhabited by over 30 million people) relates to a complex set of interacting biological and social determinants. These include intense immigration from endemic areas (possibly introducing parasites and vectors), extensive landscape transformation with uncontrolled deforestation, and the great diversity of wild Trypanosoma cruzi reservoir hosts and vectors (25 species in nine genera), which maintain intense sylvatic transmission cycles. Invasion of houses by adventitious vectors (with infection rates > 60%) is common, and focal adaptation of native triatomines to artificial structures has been reported. Both acute (~ 500) and chronic cases of autochthonous human Chagas disease have been documented beyond doubt in the region. Continuous, low-intensity transmission seems to occur throughout the Amazon, and generates a hypoendemic pattern with seropositivity rates of ~ 1-3%. Discrete foci also exist in which transmission is more intense (e.g., in localized outbreaks probably linked to oral transmission) and prevalence rates higher. Early detection-treatment of acute cases is crucial for avoiding further dispersion of endemic transmission of Chagas disease in Amazonia, and will require the involvement of malaria control and primary health care systems. Comprehensive eco-epidemiological research, including prevalence surveys or the characterization of transmission dynamics in different ecological settings, is still needed. The International Initiative for Chagas Disesae Surveillance and Prevention in the Amazon provides the framework for building up the political and scientific cooperation networks required to confront the challenge of preventing Chagas disease in Amazonia.

4902 downloads Cited 24 times in SciELO

10.

Biogeography and evolution of Amazonian triatomines (Heteroptera: Reduviidae): implications for Chagas disease surveillance in humid forest ecoregions
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Abad-Franch, Fernando

; Monteiro, Fernando A

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

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oct 2007, Volume 102 Suppl. 1 Pages 57 - 70

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

An ecological-evolutionary classification of Amazonian triatomines is proposed based on a revision of their main contemporary biogeographical patterns. Truly Amazonian triatomines include the Rhodniini, the Cavernicolini, and perhaps Eratyrus and some Bolboderini. The tribe Rhodniini comprises two major lineages (pictipes and robustus). The former gave rise to trans-Andean (pallescens) and Amazonian (pictipes) species groups, while the latter diversified within Amazonia (robustus group) and radiated to neighbouring ecoregions (Orinoco, Cerrado-Caatinga-Chaco, and Atlantic Forest). Three widely distributed Panstrongylus species probably occupied Amazonia secondarily, while a few Triatoma species include Amazonian populations that occur only in the fringes of the region. T. maculata probably represents a vicariant subset isolated from its parental lineage in the Caatinga-Cerrado system when moist forests closed a dry trans-Amazonian corridor. These diverse Amazonian triatomines display different degrees of synanthropism, defining a behavioural gradient from household invasion by adult triatomines to the stable colonisation of artificial structures. Anthropogenic ecological disturbance (driven by deforestation) is probably crucial in the onset of the process, but the fact that only a small fraction of species effectively colonises artificial environments suggests a role for evolution at the end of the gradient. Domestic infestation foci are restricted to drier subregions within Amazonia; thus, populations adapted to extremely humid rainforest microclimates may have limited chances of successfully colonising the slightly drier artificial microenvironments. These observations suggest several research avenues, from the use of climate data to map risk areas to the assessment of the synanthropic potential of individual vector species.

3499 downloads Cited 18 times in SciELO

11.

Molecular research and the control of Chagas disease vectors
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Abad-Franch, Fernando

; Monteiro, Fernando A.

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências

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sep 2005, Volume 77 N. 3 Pages 437 - 454

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Programas destinados ao controle da doença de Chagas vêm apresentando resultados positivos. Estudos moleculares têm auxiliado programas de controle exitosos através da identificação e caracterização de populações de vetores introduzidas, além da definição precisa das espécies a serem combatidas. Contudo, pesquisadores e autoridades da área de saúde estão enfrentando novos desafios, no âmbito da América Latina. Vetores nativos estão continuadamente re-infestando habitações previamente tratadas com inseticidas, e triatomíneos silvestres estão mantendo ciclos de transmissão da doença em regiões de floresta tropical úmida (incluíndo a Amazônia), sem colonizar habitações humanas. Nessas situações, estudos detalhados dos vetores são essenciais na definição de padrões de risco epidemiológico e no esclarecimento do envolvimento de espécies de triatomíneos pouco conhecidas, na transmissão da doença. Investigações eco-epidemiológicas dessa natureza, assim como o planejamento e monitoramento de intervenções de controle, dependem fortemente de identificações taxonômicas precisas. Problemas decorrentes de especiação críptica e da plasticidade fenotípica, ilustram essa necessidade - e de como a sistemática molecular pode contribuir na geração das respostas necessárias. A análise de dados moleculares também auxilia no entendimento de aspectos básicos da evolução e tendências adaptativas dos vetores. Neste artigo, fazemos uma revisão da aplicação de marcadores moleculares (concentrando em isoenzimas e sequenciamento de ADN) no estudo de triatomíneos. Analisamos também a aplicabilidade, vantagens e desvantagens dos métodos mais utilizados, nas investigações em diferentes níveis sistemáticos (populações, espécies e categorias taxonômicas mais elevadas).

Chagas disease control initiatives are yielding promising results. Molecular research has helped successful programs by identifying and characterizing introduced vector populations and by defining intervention targets accurately. However, researchers and health officials are facing new challenges throughout Latin America. Native vectors persistently reinfest insecticide-treated households, and sylvatic triatomines maintain disease transmission in humid forest regions (including Amazonia) without colonizing human dwellings. In these scenarios, fine-scale vector studies are essential to define epidemiological risk patterns and clarify the involvement of little-known triatomine taxa in disease transmission. These eco-epidemiological investigations, as well as the planning and monitoring of control interventions, rely by necessity on accurate taxonomic judgments. The problems of cryptic speciation and phenotypic plasticity illustrate this need - and how molecular systematics can provide the fitting answers. Molecular data analyses also illuminate basic aspects of vector evolution and adaptive trends. Here we review the applications of molecular markers (concentrating on allozymes and DNA sequencing) to the study of triatomines. We analyze the suitability, strengths and weaknesses of the various techniques for taxonomic, systematic and evolutionary investigations at different levels (populations, species, and higher taxonomic categories).

3701 downloads Cited 11 times in SciELO

12.

Enzootic transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi and T. rangeli in the Federal District of Brazil
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Gurgel-Gonçalves, Rodrigo

; Ramalho, Eduardo Dias

; Duarte, Marco Antônio

; Palma, Alexandre Ramlo Torre

; Abad-Franch, Fernando

; Carranza, Julio Cesar

; Cuba Cuba, César Augusto

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo

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dec 2004, Volume 46 N. 6 Pages 323 - 330

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

O Distrito Federal (DF) do Brasil está localizado no bioma Cerrado, um complexo de fisionomias savânicas incluindo matas de galeria e campos úmidos permanentes (veredas). Triatomíneos silvestres infectados por Trypanosoma cruzi ocorrem na área, mas a transmissão enzoótica de tripanossomatídeos permanece insuficientemente caracterizada. Um estudo parasitológico envolvendo triatomíneos silvestres (166 Rhodnius neglectus coletados em palmeiras da espécie Mauritia flexuosa) e pequenos mamíferos (98 marsupiais e 70 roedores, totalizando 18 espécies) foi conduzido em 18 áreas, principalmente matas de galeria e veredas. Os parasitas foram isolados, identificados morfologicamente e caracterizados por PCR do DNA do cinetoplasto (kDNA) e núcleo (gene mini-exon). Seis R. neglectus, sete Didelphis albiventris e um Akodon cursor estavam infectados por tripanossomatídeos; a infecção em reservatórios silvestres é documentada pela primeira vez no DF. O PCR do kDNA detectou T. cruzi em cinco R. neglectus e o PCR do gene mini-exon revelou T. cruzi I nos isolados de D. albiventris. Um dos insetos mostrou estar infectado por T. rangeli KP1+. Apesar da ocorrência de D. albiventris (um importante reservatório silvestre e peridoméstico) e R. neglectus (um vetor secundário capaz de invadir domicílios) infectados por T. cruzi, um baixo risco de transmissão da doença de Chagas humana seria esperado no DF, considerando a baixa prevalência da infecção apresentada neste trabalho. A evidência molecular apresentada neste trabalho confirma a circulação de T. rangeli KP1+ com R. neglectus como vetor, amplia a distribuição geográfica deste parasita no Brasil e reforça a hipótese de adaptação de populações de T. rangeli (KP1+ e KP1-) a diferentes linhagens evolutivas de espécies de Rhodnius.

The Federal District of Brazil (DF) lies within the Cerrado biome, where open shrubland (savannas) is interspersed with riverside gallery forests and permanent swamps (veredas). Trypanosoma cruzi-infected native triatomines occur in the area, but the enzootic transmission of trypanosomatids remains poorly characterized. A parasitological survey involving sylvatic triatomines (166 Rhodnius neglectus collected from Mauritia flexuosa palms) and small mammals (98 marsupials and 70 rodents, totaling 18 species) was conducted in 18 sites (mainly gallery forests and veredas) of the DF. Parasites were isolated, morphologically identified, and characterized by PCR of nuclear (mini-exon gene) and kinetoplast DNA (kDNA). Six R. neglectus, seven Didelphis albiventris and one Akodon cursor were infected by trypanosomes; wild reservoir infection is documented for the first time in the DF. kDNA PCR detected T. cruzi in five R. neglectus and mini-exon gene PCR revealed T. cruzi I in isolates from D. albiventris. Parasites infecting one bug yielded T. rangeli KP1+ kDNA amplicons. In spite of the occurrence of T. cruzi-infected D. albiventris (an important wild and peridomestic reservoir) and R. neglectus (a secondary vector displaying synanthropic behavior), a low-risk of human Chagas disease transmission could be expected in the DF, considering the low prevalence infection recorded in this work. The detection of T. rangeli KP1+ associated with R. neglectus in the DF widens the known range of this parasite in Brazil and reinforces the hypothesis of adaptation of T. rangeli populations (KP1+ and KP1-) to distinct evolutionary Rhodnius lineages.

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13.

The Triatomines of Northern Peru, with Emphasis on the Ecology and Infection by Trypanosomes of Rhodnius ecuadoriensis (Triatominae)
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Cuba Cuba, César A

; Abad-Franch, Fernando

; Roldán Rodríguez, Judith

; Vargas Vásquez, Franklin

; Pollack Velásquez, Luis

; Miles, Michael A

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

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mar 2002, Volume 97 N. 2 Pages 175 - 183

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Information on the distribution and synanthropic behaviour of triatomines is essential for Chagas disease vector control. This work summarises such information from northern Peru, and presents new data on Rhodnius ecuadoriensis - an important local vector infesting 10-35% of dwellings in some zones. Three species are strongly synanthropic and may be suitable targets for chemical control of domestic/peridomestic bug populations. Panstrongylus herreri, the main domestic vector in the area, is probably present in sylvatic ecotopes in the Marañón river system. R. ecuadoriensis and Triatoma dimidiata seem exclusively domestic; biogeographical and ecological data suggest they might have spread in association with humans in northern Peru. Confirmation of this hypothesis would result in a local eradication strategy being recommended. Presence of trypanosome natural infection was assessed in 257 R. ecuadoriensis; Trypanosoma rangeli was detected in 4% of bugs. Six further triatomine species are potential disease vectors in the region (T. carrioni, P. chinai, P. rufotuberculatus, P. geniculatus, R. pictipes, and R. robustus), whilst Eratyrus mucronatus, E. cuspidatus, Cavernicola pilosa, Hermanlentia matsunoi, and Belminus peruvianus have little or no epidemiological significance. A strong community-based entomological surveillance system and collaboration with Ecuadorian public health authorities and researchers are recommended.

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14.

Trapping Triatominae in Silvatic Habitats
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Noireau, François

; Abad-Franch, Fernando

; Valente, Sebastião AS

; Dias-Lima, Artur

; Lopes, Catarina M

; Cunha, Vanda

; Valente, Vera C

; Palomeque, Francisco S

; Carvalho-Pinto, Carlos José de

; Sherlock, Ítalo

; Aguilar, Marcelo

; Steindel, Mario

; Grisard, Edmundo C

; Jurberg, José

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

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jan 2002, Volume 97 N. 1 Pages 61 - 63

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Large-scale trials of a trapping system designed to collect silvatic Triatominae are reported. Live-baited adhesive traps were tested in various ecosystems and different triatomine habitats (arboreal and terrestrial). The trials were always successful, with a rate of positive habitats generally over 20% and reaching 48.4% for palm trees of the Amazon basin. Eleven species of Triatominae belonging to the three genera of public health importance (Triatoma, Rhodnius and Panstrongylus) were captured. This trapping system provides an effective way to detect the presence of triatomines in terrestrial and arboreal silvatic habitats and represents a promising tool for ecological studies. Various lines of research are contemplated to improve the performance of this trapping system.

3847 downloads Cited 29 times in SciELO

15.

Un modelo de prevención primaria de las enfermedades de transmisión sexual y del VIH/sida en adolescentes
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Barros, Teodoro

; Barreto, Dimitri

; Pérez, Freddy

; Santander, Rocío

; Yépez, Eduardo

; Abad-Franch, Fernando

; Aguilar V., Marcelo

Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública

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aug 2001, Volume 10 N. 2 Pages 86 - 94

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Objective. To develop, apply, and evaluate an educational model for the primary prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) that was based on the sexual knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of adolescents and on their perceptions and behaviors in this area, with the ultimate goal of helping develop educational tools to prevent infection with STDs and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods. An STD/HIV/AIDS primary prevention model was applied with adolescent schoolchildren (12 to 15 years old) in the canton of Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Ecuador. Two groups with similar characteristics were formed: the experimental group, with 358 students, and the control group, with 288 students. Schools were selected according to inclusion criteria, and adolescents at each school were chosen at random. A discussion guide was applied with 16 focus groups, and the resulting information was used to prepare a KAP survey. After being validated, the KAP survey was applied to the experimental group and to the control group. A prevention education program geared to students and teachers was implemented with the experimental group. Eight months later a second KAP survey was done with the experimental group and the control group. The differences in KAPs before and after the intervention were evaluated using the chi-square test. Results. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups before the intervention, but afterwards the differences were statistically significant (P = 0.012), with an increase in the knowledge of sexuality and STDs/AIDS in the experimental group, even though the long-term behavior changes have not been evaluated. Conclusions. This study validated a multifactorial STD/AIDS prevention model adapted to the reality of adolescents, and it suggests the possibility of extrapolating this experience more broadly to contexts similar to those of this Ecuador population.

Objetivos. Desarrollar, aplicar y evaluar un modelo educativo de prevención primaria de enfermedades de transmisión sexual (ETS) y síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (sida) basado en los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas (CAP) sexuales de los adolescentes y en sus percepciones y conductas al respecto, con el objetivo final de contribuir al desarrollo de herramientas educativas de prevención de las ETS y de la infección por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Métodos. Se aplicó un modelo de prevención primaria de ETS y VIH/sida a escolares adolescentes (12 a 15 años) de Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Ecuador. Se formaron dos grupos con características similares: el grupo de intervención (grupo I, n = 358) y el grupo de control (grupo C, n = 288). Las escuelas se seleccionaron por criterios de inclusión, y los adolescentes de cada escuela, al azar. Se aplicó una guía de discusión a 16 grupos focales; con esta información se elaboró una encuesta sobre conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas (CAP) que, después de su validación, fue aplicada a ambos grupos. En el grupo I se implementó un programa educativo de prevención dirigido a estudiantes y docentes. Ocho meses más tarde se aplicó una segunda encuesta CAP a los dos grupos. Las diferencias en los CAP antes y después de la intervención fueron evaluadas utilizando la prueba de la ji². Resultados. No existieron diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos antes de la intervención, pero después de ella las diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas (P = 0,012); se verificó un aumento de conocimientos sobre sexualidad y ETS/sida en el grupo I, aunque todavía no se ha evaluado la modificación de conductas a largo plazo. Conclusiones. Este estudio permitió validar un modelo multifactorial de prevención de ETS/sida adecuado a la realidad de los adolescentes, y sugiere la posibilidad de extrapolar la experiencia a escalas mayores en contextos similares a los de la población investigada.

27711 downloads Cited 16 times in SciELO

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