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au:"ALVAREZ, L."

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Changes in microstructure of Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes exposed to hydroxycinnamic salts
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Martínez-Arámburu, D.

; González-Quijano, G.K.

; Dorantes-Alvarez, L.

; Aparicio-Ozores, G.

; López-Villegas, E.O.

Revista mexicana de ingeniería química

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aug 2015, Volume 14 N. 2 Pages 347 - 354

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Bacteria are microorganisms that contain organelles, which have sizes in the nanoscale range. Certain stress conditions may induce morphological changes in bacteria as a strategy to survive. In the present work, the effects of two antimicrobials commonly found in plants were tested to determine the ultrastructure and morphology of Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes. Kinetics of survival of bacteria were monitored, and ultrastructure changes were observed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively). The results show a bacteriostatic effect on Salmonella at sodium ferulate concentrations between 0.3 and 0.6%, which also caused elongated forms of the bacteria, which were observed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The Feret diameter and surface area of the bacteria were determined using image analysis, where it was shown that these dimensions increased four times on average compared with those of the control cells. These data support the idea of multicellular aggregates. In the case of Listeria monocytogenes, the elongation of the cells occurred after 24 hours of exposure to 0.6% sodium ferulate. The number of cytoplasmic inclusions and the size of vacuoles increased after the first hour of exposure to 0.8% sodium caffeate and corresponded to a bactericidal effect of this antimicrobial. The elongation of the cells that occurred in bacteriostatic concentrations reverted when the bacteria were incubated in media without me antimicrobials, and me kinetics of growth became normal, which suggests a strategy to survive under stress conditions generated by the presence of antibacterial compounds.

Las bacterias son microestructuras biológicas que contienen organelos en rangos nanométricos. Algunas condiciones de estrés pueden inducir cambios morfológicos en las bacterias como una estrategia de supervivencia. En el presente trabajo, el efecto de dos antimicrobianos comunmente encontrados en plantas fueron probados en la ultraestructura y en la morfología de Salmonella Typhimurium y Listeria monocytogenes. Las cinéticas de supervivencia de las bacterias fueron monitoreadas y los cambios en la ultraestructura fueron observados usando microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) y electrónica de transmision (TEM). Los resultados mostraron un efecto bacteriostático sobre Salmonella a concentraciones de 0.3 y 0.6% de ferulato de sodio que causaron cambios morfológicos en las bacterias y que fueron observados por SEM. El diámetro de Feret y el área de las células fueron determinados empleando análisis de imágenes. En el caso de Listeria monocytogenes la elongación celular ocurre después de 24 horas de exposición a 0.6% de ferulato de sodio. Las inclusiones citoplasmáticas y vacuolas incrementaron despues de 1 hora de incubación con 0.8% de cafeato de sodio. La elongación de las células causada en condiciones bacteriostáticas fue revertida cuando las bacterias fueron incubadas en medio sin los antimicrobianos y las cinéticas de crecimiento fueron normales, implicando un mecanismo de supervivencia bajo condiciones de estrés.

1264 downloads

Optimization and control of a continuous polymerization reactor
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Alvarez, L. A.

; Odloak, D.

Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering

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dec 2012, Volume 29 N. 4 Pages 807 - 820

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

This work studies the optimization and control of a styrene polymerization reactor. The proposed strategy deals with the case where, because of market conditions and equipment deterioration, the optimal operating point of the continuous reactor is modified significantly along the operation time and the control system has to search for this optimum point, besides keeping the reactor system stable at any possible point. The approach considered here consists of three layers: the Real Time Optimization (RTO), the Model Predictive Control (MPC) and a Target Calculation (TC) that coordinates the communication between the two other layers and guarantees the stability of the whole structure. The proposed algorithm is simulated with the phenomenological model of a styrene polymerization reactor, which has been widely used as a benchmark for process control. The complete optimization structure for the styrene process including disturbances rejection is developed. The simulation results show the robustness of the proposed strategy and the capability to deal with disturbances while the economic objective is optimized.

6453 downloads Cited 1 time in SciELO

Sarcoidosis pulmonar y gástrica: Caso clínico
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Hernández C, Jorge

; González B, Sergio

; Alvarez L, Manuel

; Lisboa B, Carmen

Revista médica de Chile

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jul 2009, Volume 137 N. 7 Pages 923 - 927

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

We report a 66 year-old woman with a history of pulmonary sarcoidosis, diagnosed with a lung biopsy in 1993 and treated with prednisone for 2 years. She presented at our institution in 1999 with a stage IV disease and important functional and clinical impairment. A bronchial biopsy disclosed non caseating granulomas. Tuberculosis was intensively studied and persistently negative. Due to frequent nausea and vomiting an endoscopic gastric biopsy was performed which revealed non caseating granulomas involving the gastric mucosa. There was no evidence of Helicobacter pylori and stains for fungi and acid-fast bacilli were negative. Treatment with prednisone relieved digestive symptoms, although a control biopsy of the gastric mucosa revealed persistence of non caseating granulomas. Both lung stage IV and gastric sarcoidosis are uncommon forms of the disease.

14638 downloads

Síndrome hemolítico urémico en Chile: presentación clínica, evolución y factores pronósticos
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Zambrano O, Pedro

; Delucchi B, Angela

; Cavagnaro S, Felipe

; Hevia J, Pilar

; Rosati M, María Pía

; Lagos R, Elizabeth

; Nazal Ch, Vilma

; González C, Claudia

; Barrera B, Patricia

; Alvarez L, Enrique

; Pinto S, Viola

; Salas del C, Paulina

; Cano Sen, Francisco

; Contreras M, Angélica

; Galanti de la P, Mónica

; Gana A, Juan Cristóbal

; Zamorano C, Julio

; Espinoza B, Amelia

; Dreves R, Patricia

; Pereira M, Jaime

; Bidegain S, Antonia

; Pasten P, Erna

; Yáñez P, Leticia

; Cerda F, Verónica

; Rodríguez S, Eugenio

; Aglony I, Marlene

; Gutiérrez I, Elisa

; Salas P, Francisca

; Figueroa Y, Sonia

; Valenzuela A, Marcela

; Grandy H, Jean

; Guerra A, Boris

; Lapadula A, Michelangelo

; Reutter de la M, Paula

; Gallardo T, Vivian

; Maldonado S, Douglas

; Azocar P, Marta

; Cavada Ch, Gabriel

Revista médica de Chile

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oct 2008, Volume 136 N. 10 Pages 1240 - 1246

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Background: Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is characterized by acute renal failure, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. Aim: To describe the characteñstics ofpatients with the diagnosis ofHUS in Chile, and to identify the most reliable early predictors oímorbidity and moñality. Material and methods: The clinical records ofpatients with HUS aged less than 15 years, attended between January 1990 and December 2003 in 15 hospitals, were reviewed. Demographic, clinical, biochemical, hematological parameters, morbidity and mortality were analyzed. Results: A cohort of 587 patients aged 2 to 8 years, 48% males, was analyzed. Ninety two percent had diarrhea. At the moment of diagnosis, anuria was observed in 39% of the patients, hypertension in 45% and seizures in 17%. Forty two percent required renal replacement therapy (RRT) and perítoneal dialysis was used in the majoríty of cases (78%). The most frequently isolated etiological agentwas Escherichia coli. Mortality rate was 2.9% in the acute phase of the disease and there was a positive correlation between mortality and anuria, seizures, white blood cell count (WCC) >20.000/mm³ and requirements of renal replacement therapy (p <0.05). Twelve percent of patients evolved to chronic renal failure and the risk factors during the acute phase were the need for renal replacement therapy, anuria, WCC >20.000/mm³, seizures and hypertension. Conclusions: The present study emphasizes important clinical and epidemiological aspeets ofHUSin a Chilean pediatricpopulation.

18930 downloads

Síndrome hemolítico urémico en Santiago de Chile: Evolución de la función renal y factores pronósticos
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Zampano O., Pedro

; Delucchi B., Ángela

; Hevia J., Pilar

; Nazal Ch., Vilma

; Rosati M., Pía

; Barrera B., Patricia

; González C., Claudia

; Lagos R., Elizabeth

; Cano Sch., Francisco

; Azócar P., Marta

; Maldonado S., Douglas

; Gallardo T., Vivian

; Guerra V., Boris

; Pinto S., Viola

; Contreras M., Angélica

; Galanti de la Paz, Mónica

; Gana A., Juan Cristóbal

; Cavagnaro S., Felipe

; Pasten P., Ema

; Salas del C., Paulina

; Alvarez L., Enrique

; Rodríguez S., Eugenio

; Muñoz M., Mauricio

; Cavada Ch., Gabriel

Revista chilena de pediatría

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jan 2005, Volume 76 N. 1 Pages 48 - 56

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Introduction: HUS is characterized by acute renal failure (ARF), microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. It is the main cause of ARF in childhood. Objective: a) To describe clinical characteristics of acute stage HUS in Chile and compare them with previous reports, b) to evaluate follow up of renal function after 12 months and prognostic factors. Methods: Demographic and clinical characteristics, biochemical and hematological parameters of 374 patients with HUS attended between January 1990 and December 2002 in 9 hospitals of the Metropolitan Region were analyzed, and renal function at 12 months of 213 patients, risk factors for poor renal prognosis and mortality using the logistic regression model were evaluated. Results: 374 patients were enrolled, 50.5% females, 65.5% from the Metropolitan Region. Mean age was 1.5 ± 1.4 years (0.2 - 8), 91% had diarrhea, 31% occurred in summer, 57% presented with anuria, 43.3% with arterial hypertension and 23% seizures . Renal replacement was done by peritoneal dialysis (50%), hemodiafiltration (6%), hemodialysis (3%) and plasmapheresis (1%). 28% remained hypertensive at discharge. An etiological agent was identified in 17%, enterohaemorrhagic E. Coli was the most frequent. Mortality was 2.7%, multi-organic failure being the principal cause. After 12 months, 80% had normal renal function, 14% chronic renal failure, 6% proteinuria with normal renal function and 4% remained hypertensive. A significant association was found between chronic renal failure and arterial hypertension (p < 0.0001), requirement of peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis (p < 0.01 and p < 0.0015, respectively), anuria (p < 0.005) and seizures (p < 0.01). A positive correlation with mortality in the acute phase was found with seizures, hemodiafiltration and plasmapheresis requirement (p < 0.0001, p = 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Conclusions: a) Clinical presentation of HUS has not changed during the last 36 years in Santiago, Chile; b) Mortality during the acute phase has decreased; c) Hypertension, dialytic therapy requirement, anuria and neurological involvement were the most significant features associated with morbi-mortality after 1 year of follow-up

Introducción: El Síndrome Hemolítico Urémico (SHU) se caracteriza por falla renal aguda, anemia hemolítica microangiopática y trombocitopenia; es la causa más frecuente de insuficiencia renal aguda en la infancia. Objetivo: a) Describir las características actuales del cuadro inicial de SHU en nuestro medio y comparar con lo descrito anteriormente; b) Describir la evolución a 1 año plazo y evaluar posibles factores pronósticos de función renal. Sujetos y Métodos: Se estudiaron variables demográficas, presentación clínica, exámenes bioquímicos y hematológicos, en 374 pacientes con SHU diagnosticados entre Enero 1990 a Diciempe 2002 en 9 hospitales de la Región Metropolitana; se evaluó además función renal al año de seguimiento en una muestra de 213 pacientes y se identificaron factores pronósticos de insuficiencia renal crónica y mortalidad utilizando el análisis de regresión logística. Resultados: Se analizaron 374 pacientes, 50,5% mujeres, 65,5% de la Región Metropolitana, edad promedio 1,5 ± 1,4 años (0,2 a 8); 91% presentó diarrea, 31% ocurrió en verano, al ingreso 57% presentó anuria, 43,3% hipertensión arterial y convulsiones 23%. Al alta 28% persistía hipertenso. Las terapias de sustitución renal utilizadas fueron: diálisis peritoneal (50%), hemodiafiltración (6%) y hemodiálisis (3%); recibió plasmaféresis 1%. Se aisló agente etiológico en 17%, siendo en 69% E. coli enterohemorrágica. La mortalidad fue de 2,7%, siendo la causa principal la falla orgánica múltiple. En el seguimiento al año: 80% mantuvo función renal normal, 14% presento deterioro de la función renal, 6% proteinuria y 4% hipertensión. Se encontró significativo como factor pronóstico de daño renal: hipertensión arterial (p < 0,0001), necesidad de peritoneodiálisis y hemodiálisis (p: 0,001, p: 0,0015 respectivamente), anuria (p: 0,005) y convulsiones (p: 0,01). Se correlacionó con mortalidad en la etapa aguda: convulsiones, requerimiento de hemodiafiltración y plasmaféresis, (p < 0,0001, p: 0,0001 y p < 0,0001 respectivamente). Conclusiones: a) La presentación clínica de SHU no ha variado en los últimos 36 años; b) ha habido una disminución importante de la mortalidad en la etapa aguda; c) la presencia de hipertensión, necesidad de diálisis, anuria y compromiso neurológico fueron factores que se asociaron a mayor morbilidad al año de seguimiento

16347 downloads

Atrofia muscular neurogénica en miopatía nemalínica: ¿Fenómeno primario o secundario? A propósito de un caso
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Alvarez L, Alberto José

; Céspedes, Ghislaine

; González, Jesús Enrique

; Lara, Carmen

Gaceta Médica de Caracas

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dec 2003, Volume 111 N. 4 Pages 308 - 312

Abstract: Es En | Text: Es En | PDF: Es | PDF: En

La miopatía nemalínica es una miopatía congénita estructural que cursa con debilidad muscular generalmente no progresiva y se caracteriza por la presencia de los llamados "bastones" o "nemalines" en las fibras musculares. Se presenta el estudio anatomoclínico de una forma neonatal severa de la enfermedad en la cual encontramos, además, atrofia muscular neurogénica y escasas motoneuronas de la médula espinal con degeneración simple, sin otra evidencia de denervación. Se revisan otros casos similares descritos en la literatura y se plantea la posibilidad de un trastorno de la inervación, o bien, que el daño muscular por nemalines ocasione una lesión neurogénica por vía retrógrada.

Nemaline myopathy is a congenital non-progressive myopathy which shows rod-shaped structures or "nemalines" in the muscle fibers. We present a severe neonatal form of nemaline myopathy with neurogenic muscle atrophy and some motors neurons with simple degeneration in the spinal cord without other evidence of denervation. Some authors have shown similar cases and evidence has been obtained that neurogenic muscle atrophy could be an alteration of innervation or that the muscle damage by nemalines may produce retrograde neurogenic lesion.

985 downloads

Historia natural de la colelitiasis: Incidencia de colecistectomía en un área urbana y una rural mapuche, en la última década
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Pérez-Ayuso, Rosa María

; Hernández R, Verónica

; González P, Berta

; Carvacho P, Claudia

; Navarrete R, Carlos

; Alvarez L, Manuel

; González D, Robinson

; Marshall R, Guillermo

; Miquel P, Juan Francisco

; Nervi O, Flavio

Revista médica de Chile

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jul 2002, Volume 130 N. 7 Pages 723 - 730

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Background: Cholelithiasis is the second cause of hospital admissions in Chile. Aim: To study the prevalence of symptomatic gallstone disease and opportunity of cholecystectomy in La Florida, Santiago and among Mapuche Indians in Huapi Island. Patients and methods: In the period 2000-2001, we contacted to 71% (1127 subjects) and to 61% (145 subjects) patients of La Florida and Huapi Island, respectively, that had previously participated in an epidemiological study on cholelithiasis in 1993. We defined symptomatic gallstone patients as those with a history of biliary colic. Each patient was subjected to gallbladder ultrasound. Results: In 1993, 30-35% of gallstone patients were symptomatic (~70% women). During the lapse 1993-2001, only 50% of subjects from La Florida and 25% of patients from Huapi Island were cholecystectomized (p <0.05). Fifty percent of cholecystectomies were emergency operations. In 38 symptomatic Mapuche Indians from Huapi, cholecystectomy was indicated in 2001. After five months of the indication, only one of these subjects had been operated. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy represented 40% of all cholecystectomies performed in the National Health Service Hospitals. Conclusions: This study demonstrates an unacceptable high prevalence of symptomatic gallstone patients remaining non-operated in both the urban and rural communities. This reciprocally correlates with the high frequency of emergency cholecystectomies and the high incidence of gallbladder cancer among Chileans. This study contrasts negatively with the situation of Scotland, where 73.5% of cholecystectomies were laparoscopic in 1998-1999. To reach Scotland standards, the Chilean Public Health System should increase the number of cholecystectomies from 27,000 in 2001 to 57,510 (Rev Méd Chile 2002; 130: 723-30)

20652 downloads Cited 1 time in SciELO

ESPECTROMETRÍA GAMMA: UN MÉTODO COMPLEMENTARIO PARA DETERMINAR LA LITOLOGIA DE MATERIALES PARENTALES DE SUELOS. APLICACIÓN A UN ESTUDIO AGROLÓGICO
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Oyarzún L., Ricardo

; Alvarez L., Pablo

; Oyarzún M., Jorge

Agricultura Técnica

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jul 2002, Volume 62 N. 3 Pages 480 - 484

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Gamma-ray spectrometry was used as a complementary tool for the identification of soil parental materials, in an agrological study carried out on the Talhuén basin (30º28’ - 30º36’ S lat, and 71º11’ - 77º18’ W long.), Limarí Province, IV Region, Coquimbo, Chile. The research included gamma radiometric counts inside 36 trenches and comparison against field petrographic observations and geological cartography. Radiometric data were quite precise and consistent with the respective petrographic types, and very useful to determine the spatial distribution of the different lithological units in the study area. It was shown to be an easy-to-use and quick-result technique, which is an additional advantage.

La espectrometría gamma fue utilizada como método complementario de identificación de los materiales parentales de suelos, en un estudio agrológico efectuado en la Cuenca de Talhuén (30º28’ - 30º36’ lat. Sur y 71º11’ - 71º18’ long. Oeste), Provincia de Limarí, IV Región de Coquimbo, Chile. La investigación comprendió mediciones de radiación gamma al interior de 36 calicatas y su confrontación con observaciones petrográficas de terreno, y con la cartografía geológica existente. La información radiométrica obtenida fue bastante precisa y consistente con los respectivos tipos petrográficos y de mucha utilidad para determinar la distribución espacial de los diferentes tipos litológicos en la zona de estudio. Además, se mostró como una técnica de fácil utilización y rápida obtención de resultados, lo que constituye una ventaja adicional.

4455 downloads

MORFOLOGÍA DE SUELOS DE LA CUENCA DE TALHUÉN DEL SECANO SEMIÁRIDO DE LA IV REGION, CHILE
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Oyarzún L., Ricardo

; Alvarez L., Pablo

Agricultura Técnica

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oct 2001, Volume 61 N. 4 Pages 517 - 521

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

This paper is part of a semi-detailed agrological study of the Talhuén Basin, located between 30°24’ - 30°36’ S lat and 71°11’ - 71°22’ W long in Ovalle County, IV Region, Chile. The information obtained led to the definition of five series and eight miscellaneous groups. The soils were taxonomically classified up to the large group category as Haplocalcids y Haplocambids. In relation to the soil’s parent materials, they are of the type transported by water and gravity. With respect to the profiles, three horizons were defined with the following characteristics: Hue between 5YR and 2.5YR, prismatic and blocky structures, coarse fragments between 5 - 30% and fine textures. The profiles are thin and have a Petrocalcic horizon located between 45 - 120 cm deep.

El presente artículo es parte de un estudio agrológico semidetallado de la cuenca de Talhuén, localizada en el cuadrante definido por los 30°24’ - 30°36’ lat. Sur y 71°11’ - 71°22’ long. Oeste, en Ovalle, IV Región de Chile. La información obtenida permitió definir cinco series de suelos y ocho grupos misceláneos. Los suelos fueron clasificados taxonómicamente hasta el nivel de gran grupo como Haplocalcids y Haplocambids. En relación al material parental de los suelos, éste es de tipo transportado por agentes como agua y gravedad. Respecto a los perfiles, se definieron tres horizontes con las siguientes características: color entre 5YR y 2,5YR, estructuras prismática y de bloques, fragmentos gruesos entre 5 - 30% y texturas finas. Los perfiles son delgados y presentan un horizonte petrocálcicos entre los 45 y 120 cm de profundidad.

4049 downloads

10.

Diagnóstico de diarrea por Clostridium difficile: en busca de un enfoque clínico más eficiente
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Alvarez L, Manuel

; González D, Robinson

; Briceño L, Isabel

; Cofre D, Colomba

; Labarca L, Jaime

; Vial C, Pablo

; García C, Patricia

Revista médica de Chile

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jun 2001, Volume 129 N. 6 Pages 620 - 625

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Background: The clinical parameters for the suspicion of Clostridium difficile infections, namely the use of antimicrobials and diarrhea, have a low predictive value for the diagnosis. Aim: To search other clinical variables and determine a clinical prediction model for (Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Patients and methods: All patients to whom a Clostridium difficile study was requested, were prospectively studied during 5 months. Clinical variables of these patients were registered. The diagnosis of Clostridium difficile was done using the cytotoxicity test in fibroblast cultures. Results: Ninety two patients were analyzed and in 26, the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile was confirmed. A logistic regression model disclosed an age over 60 years old, the presence of mucus in the stools and a temperature over 37.8 °C in the previous 24 h, as significant predictors of the infection. The correlation of the model, between the predicted probability and the observed condition, was 81.5%. Conclusions: The presence of the clinical variables identified in this study are associated with a high probability of an infection by Clostridium difficile in patients with diarrhea and the recent use of antimicrobials (Rev Méd Chile 2001; 129: 620-625)

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11.

Diarrea asociada a Clostridium difficile: Evaluación de varios métodos de diagnóstico
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Briceño L, Isabel

; Garcia C, Patricia

; Alvarez L, Manuel

; Ferres G, Marcela

; Quiroga G, Teresa

Revista chilena de infectología

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2000, Volume 17 N. 4 Pages 313 - 320

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Clostridium difficile is the principal pathogen related to antibiotic associated diarrhea and/or pseudomembranous colitis in hospitalized patients. The diagnosis is based on the clinical suspicion and the presense of a positive laboratory test for the detection of toxin of C. difficile, but the confirmation is based on the cytotoxicity test. Recently vartious immunoassays have been introduced that allow a rapid diagnosis of this disease, but they have different sensibility and specificity and that is why the need to be evaluated with respect to the reference method. The objective of this study was to evaluate correlation between 5 immunoassays and this confirmatory cytotoxicicty method. The stool samples of 60 patients with clinical suspicion of C. difficile associated diarrhea were studied by 4 immunoasssays: 3 ELISA (Tox A Meridian TM, Tox A Becton Dickinson TM and Tox A+B Tech Lab TM) and one immunochromatographic card type: Immunocard Tox A Meridian TM. Forty-six out of sixty samples were tested by a recently introduced card: C. difficile Tox A Oxoid TM. The cytotoxicity assay was considered the confirmatory test.The sensitivity and specificity observed for Tox A Meridian TM was 95.7% and 78,8% respectively, for Tox A Becton Dickinson TM it was 100% and 94.4% for Tox A+B Tech Lab TM it was 91.3% and 86.5%, for Immunocard Tox A Meridian TM it was 87% and 94.6% and for C. difficile Tox A Oxoid TM it was 94.7% and 96.3%. According to the results we found, the most recommended tests are Tox A Becton Dickinson TM and C. difficile Tox A Oxoid TM. Which of these to choose depends on the equipment of the laboratory and necessity of a rapid result.

Clostridiun difficile es el principal patógeno asociado a diarrea por uso de antibióticos y/o colitis pseudomembranosa en pacientes hospitalizados. El diagnóstico se basa en la sospecha clínica y presencia de un test de laboratorio positivo para la detección de toxina de C. difficile, considerándose como confirmatorio el test de citotoxicidad. Recientemente se han introducido variados inmunoensayos que permiten el diagnóstico rápido; sin embargo, presentan sensibilidad y especificidad variables por lo que requieren ser evaluados por el método de referencia. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la correlación entre cinco inmunoensayos y el test confirmatorio de citotoxicidad. Para esto se estudiaron las muestras de deposiciones de 60 pacientes hospitalizados con sospecha clínica de diarrea por C. difficile mediante 4 inmunoensayos: 3 ELISA (ToxA Meridian®, Tox A Becton Dickinson® y Tox A + B TechLab®) y 1 ensayo inmunocromatográfico tipo tarjeta: Inmunocard Tox A Meridian®. Cuarenta y seis muestras de las 60 se evaluaron por un test tipo tarjeta de reciente introducción: C. difficile ToxA Oxoid®. Como test confirmatorio se consideró el test de citotoxicidad. La sensibilidad y especificidad observadas fueron respectivamente: para ToxA Meridian® 95,7 y 78,8%, Tox A Becton Dickinson® 100 y 94,4%, Tox A + B TechLab® 91,3 y 86,5%, Inmunocard Tox A Meridian® 87 y 94,6% y C. difficile ToxA Oxoid® 94,7 y 96,3%. De acuerdo a los resultados, los test más recomendables serían Tox A Becton Dickinson® y C. difficile ToxA Oxoid®. Según el equipamiento y requerimientos de tiempo de respuesta de cada laboratorio, se debe establecer el tipo de inmuno-ensayo a utilizar

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12.

Hepatotoxicidad por amoxicilina/ácido clavulánico: caso clínico
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Soza R, Alejandro

; Riquelme P, Fernando

; Alvarez L, Manuel

; Duarte G, Ignacio

; Glasinovic R, Juan Carlos

; Arrese J, Marco

Revista médica de Chile

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dec 1999, Volume 127 N. 12 Pages 1487 - 1491

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

We report a 72 years old diabetic male that, after the use of combined amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, developed pruritus and jaundice. Liver function tests showed serum total bilirubin of 4.3 mg/dL aspartate aminotransferase 140 U/l (normal <35 U/L), alanine aminotransferase 470 U/L (normal <40) and alkaline phosphatases of 400 U/L (normal <100). Serology for hepatitis A, B and C viruses was negative, ERCP showed a normal biliary tree and liver biopsy disclosed a cholestatic hepatitis. Ursodeoxycholic was started to relieve pruritus. Liver function tests improved shortly thereafter, suggesting that this drug may be useful in the treatment of drug induced cholestasis.

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13.

ESTUDIO INMUNOHISTOQUIMICO DE LOS CAMBIOS EN LA EXPRESION DE LA alfa-ACTININA DURANTE EL DESARROLLO CARDIACO DE POLLO
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Prados, J.

; Melguizo, C.

; Marchal, J. A.

; Velez, C.

; Alvarez, L.

; Aránega, A.

Revista chilena de anatomía

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1998, Volume 16 N. 2 Pages 255 - 261

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

SUMMARY: The cytoskeleton of muscle cell is a complex network of proteins which expression pattern is related with the differentiation process. The alpha-actinin, a protein which plays an important role in the muscular contraction, is essential to the sarcomeres conformation, serving as an anchoring point or center of organization for the preformation of actin filaments. The modulation of the alpha-actinin expression during the muscular cell maturation, has an important morphofuntional implications to the myocardiocytes. Immunofluorescence studies on cryotome sectins of chick embryo hearts and myocardiocyte cultures showed that a-actinin expression was weak in early stages (Hamburger Hamilton stage 18), staining the cellular membrane of myocardiocytes. A diffuse label for citoplasmic compartment was observed in these stages. alpha-actinin expression increased during the chick cardiac development. We found in Hamburger Hamilton stage 29, an intense label for the ventricular myocardium coinciding with the presence of alpha-actinin along the myocardiocyte myofibrills. Analysis of the Hamburger Hamilton stage 36 showed an increase in the a-actinin expression but without changes in their immunolocalization. The expression pattern of a-actinin during the cardiac development indicated that this protein is a good marker to the degree of myogenic differentiation, the importance of the 29 HH stage to the morphofuntional maturation of myocardiocytes and, the differential expression on the atrial and ventricular myocardium.

RESUMEN: El citoesqueleto de la célula muscular es una compleja red de proteínas cuyo patrón de expresión está directamente relacionado con el proceso de diferenciación celular. La alfa-actinina, una proteína que juega un papel decisivo en el proceso de contracción de la célula muscular, es esencial para la estructuración de los sarcómeros ya que actúa como punto de anclaje o centro de organización de la preformación de filamentos de actina. La modificación de su expresión a lo largo de la maduración de la célula muscular tiene importantes implicaciones morfofuncionales para los miocardiocitos. Nuestros resultados, basados en el análisis mediante inmunofluorescencia de secciones criostáticas de corazón de pollo y miocardiocitos en cultivo de diferentes estadios del desarrollo, demuestran que en estadios tempranos (18 de Hamburger y Hamilton) la alfa-actinina se expresa débilmente, localizándose fundamentalmente en la membrana celular de los miocardiocitos y presentando un patrón de marcaje difuso en el citoplasma. Su expresión aumenta a lo largo del desarrollo cardíaco, produciéndose un aumento en la intensidad de marcaje, en el estadio 29 de Hamburger y Hamilton, que fue mayor en el miocardio ventricular que en el auricular lo que coincide con un cambio en el patrón de distribución de la a-actinina, que se estructura a lo largo de las miofibrillas de los miocardiocitos de este estadio. En estadios más avanzados (36 de Hamburger y Hamilton) se produce un incremento en la expresión de alfa-actinina pero sin cambios en su localización. El patrón de marcaje de la alfa-actinina durante el desarrollo cardíaco demuestra su utilidad como marcador del grado de diferenciación muscular y la importancia del estadio 29 HH en la maduración morfofuncional de la célula miocardiocítica, así como la diferente expresión en miocardios atrial y ventricular durante este proceso.

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14.

HUMAN ENVENOMATIONS DUE TO SNAKEBITES IN MARILIA, STATE OF SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL. A RETROSPECTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY
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SGARBI, L.P.S.

; ILIAS, M.

; MACHADO, T.

; ALVAREZ, L.

; BARRAVIERA, B.

Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins

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1995, Volume 1 N. 2 Pages 70 - 78

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Eighty-four patients bitten by venomous snakes were studied retrospectively at the School of Medicine of Marilia from January 1990 to August 1994. The majority of these patients were rural workers, 65 (77.38%) males and 19 (22.62%) females, aged eight to seventy-five. Forty-three (51.19%) patients were diagnosed as having been bitten by snakes of the genus Bothrops and 41 (48.81%) by Crotalus. Fifty-eight patients (69.04%) were bitten in the legs and 26 (30.96%) in the arms. January, March, April and November were the months of higher incidence of bothropic envenomations, while crotalic envenomations were not recorded only in August and September. This study showed that the prevalence of crotalic envenomations in Marilia was higher than that of any other regions in Brazil. Further prospective epidemiological studies are needed for a better understanding of these findings.

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15.

Importancia del medio ambiente en el recién nacido bajo peso
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ALVEAR, J

; ALVAREZ, L

; COUSIÑO, L

; MONCKEBERG, F

Revista chilena de pediatría

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aug 1975, Volume 46 N. 4 Pages 327 - 329

Abstract: Es | Text: Es | PDF: Es

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