Abstract: Somatic embryogenesis from explants from hermaphrodite papaya mother plants is an alternative for the production of true-to-type plants without the need for sexing. This study aimed to analyze hormonal and osmotic inducers in different somatic embryogenesis stages in the commercial hermaphrodite hybrid papaya UENF/Caliman 01. Leaf disks from in vitro shoots originated from ex vitro hermaphrodite plants were cultured in induction medium supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-D (6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 μM) and 4-CPA (19, 22, 25, 28, and 31 μM). After 90 days, the formation of somatic embryos was verified. The 2,4-D induced the formation of light brown calli with low frequency (20%) of somatic embryogenesis. However, 4-CPA (25 μM) induced 96% of embryogenic calli, which were transferred to maturation medium (MM) and cultured for 30 days. The MM contained ABA (0.5 μM) and AC (15 g L-1) and produced 36.6 somatic embryos callus-1, mainly on cotyledonary stage. Cotyledonary embryos were transferred to germination medium supplemented with gibberellic acid (GA3) (0.0, 1.44, 2.88, and 4.32 µM), and the conversion into plantlets was enhanced with GA3 at 2.88 µM.

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of osmoregulators and carbohydrates on the maturation and germination of somatic embryos of papaya ‘Golden THB’. Cotyledon explants from papaya seedlings germinated in vitro on basal MS medium were cultured on somatic embryogenesis induction medium (IM) containing MS salts, myo-inositol, sucrose, agar and p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid. After 50 days, embryogenic calli were transferred onto maturation media (MM) for 45 additional days. For experiment 1, a MS-based medium supplemented with abscisic acid, activated charcoal and concentrations of PEG 6000 (0; 40; 50; 60 and 70 g L-1) was used, whereas for experiment 2 malt extract concentrations (0; 0.1; 0.2; 0.3 and 0.4 g L-1) were assessed. The normal cotyledonary somatic embryos produced in experiment 2 were transferred to the germination medium (GM). The GM consisted of full-strength MS medium, sucrose, agar and was supplemented with myo-inositol at varying concentrations (0; 0.275; 0.55 and 0.825 mM). The PEG concentrations tested impaired the maturation of ‘Golden THB’ papaya somatic embryos. The MM, supplemented with malt extract at 0.153 g L-1, promoted the greatest development of normal somatic embryos (18.28 SE calli-1), that is, two cotyledonary leaves produced 36.56 SE calli-1. The supplementation with 0.45 mM myo-inositol provided the highest germination percentage (47.42%) and conversion to emblings.

ABSTRACT Genetic diversity allows identification of potential intraspecific genotypes in the genus Passiflora. The objective of this study was to examine the morphological and genetic diversity of auxin-induced Passiflora mucronata. The experiments were arranged in a complete randomized block design, with a 9 x 2 factorial arrangement (nine genotypes x presence and absence of auxin, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)), with four replicates of 16 cuttings. The rooting and vegetative growth responses were variable. Genotype 5 was more responsive in the absence of IBA and genotypes 3, 8 and 9 were more responsive in the presence of IBA. Auxin increased rooting rate and percentage, reducing the average time of root protrusion in eight days. IBA also contributed to increase photosynthesis and dry root and shoot mass in 55.55 and 44.44% of the genotypes, respectively. The highest relative contribution to phenotypic diversity in the absence of auxin was rate (38.75%) and percentage (20.27%) of rooting, whereas in the presence of auxin was stomatal conductance (23.19%) and root dry mass (20.91%). Similarity was found for phenotypic and molecular divergence in the presence of IBA, in which genotypes 1 and 6; genotypes 5, 8 and 9; and genotype 3 were clustered in distinct groups.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate somatic embryogenesis in juvenile explants of the THB papaya cultivar. Apical shoots and cotyledonary leaves were inoculated in an induction medium composed of different concentrations of 2,4-D (6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 µM) or 4-CPA (19, 22, 25, 28 and 31 µM). The embryogenic calluses were transferred to a maturation medium for 30 days. Histological analysis were done during the induction and scanning electron microscopy after maturing. For both types of auxin, embryogenesis was achieved at higher frequencies with cotyledonary leaves incubated in induction medium than with apical shoots; except for callogenesis. The early-stage embryos (e.g., globular or heart-shape) predominated. Among the auxins, best results were observed in cotyledonary leaves induced with 4-CPA (25 µM). Histological analyses of the cotyledonary leaf-derived calluses confirmed that the somatic embryos (SEs) formed from parenchyma cells, predominantly differentiated via indirect and multicellular origin and infrequently via synchronized embryogenesis. The secondary embryogenesis was observed during induction and maturation phases in papaya THB cultivar. The combination of ABA (0.5 µM) and AC (15 g L-1) in maturation medium resulted in the highest somatic embryogenesis induction frequency (70 SEs callus-1) and the lowest percentage of early germination (4%).

<title>RESUMO</title><p>Objetivou-se, com trabalho, avaliar a pós-colheita de clones de cacaueiros produzidos na região litorânea do norte do Espírito Santo, quanto às características físicas e químicas de seus frutos. As caracterizações físicas e químicas foram realizadas a partir de 10 frutos referentes a sete clones de cacau (CCN 10, CCN 51, CEPEC 2002, PH 15, PH 16, OS 1319 e TSH 1188). Foram avaliados o peso total, diâmetro e comprimento do fruto, peso da casca, espessura do sulco e da região mais espessa da casca, número, peso seco, largura, espessura e comprimento das amêndoas, sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez total titulável (ATT), pH da polpa e relação SST/ATT. As médias obtidas foram agrupadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 0,05 de probabilidade; em seguida, procedeu-se à análise da divergência genética. Foi observada a presença de divergência genética entre as populações estudadas ocorrendo a formação de três grupos pelo método de Tocher e dois grupos quando aplicado o Unweighted Pair-Group Method Average (UPGMA). Os clones CCN 10 e CCN 51 são os mais indicados para a produção de amêndoas e as variáveis, referentes ao tamanho do fruto, comprimento e diâmetro, foram as que mais contribuíram na diversidade genética dos genótipos.</p>

<title>ABSTRACT</title><p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of cocoa clones produced in the northern coastal region of the Espírito Santo, for the physical and chemical characteristics of fruit. The physico-chemical characterizations were carried out on 10 fruits of seven cacao clones (CCN 10, CCN 51, CEPEC 2002, PH 15, PH 16, PS 1319 and TSH 1188). The variables evaluated were: the total weight, diameter, length of the fruit, shell weight, thickness and groove region thicker bark, number, dry weight, width, thickness and length of almonds, total soluble solids, total acidity, pulp pH and TSS/TTA. The means were grouped by the Scott-Knott test at 0.05 of probability and the analysis of genetic diversity was proceeded. The presence of genetic divergence among populations was observed, with the formation of three groups by Tocher and two groups when using the Unweighted Pair-Group Method Average (UPGMA). Clones CCN 10 and CCN 51 are the most suitable for the production of almonds. The characteristics related to fruit size, length and diameter were the most affected in genetic diversity of genotypes.</p>

O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação na UFES-CCA, em Alegre-ES, objetivando avaliar a produção de brócolos em função do sistema de produção da semente e do tipo de substrato. Utilizaram-se sementes de brócolos da cultivar Ramoso Piracicaba. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em arranjo fatorial 2x5, compreendendo lotes (sementes de cultivo orgânico e convencional) e substratos [S1 (solo + areia + esterco); S2 (solo + areia + esterco + NPK); S3 (solo + areia + esterco + Fertium® 10 g L-1); S4 (solo + areia + esterco + Fertium® 30 g L-1) e S5 (solo + areia + esterco + Fertium® 50 g L-1)]. Foram avaliados a emergência, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, IVE e altura de plântulas após 28 dias da semeadura; e diâmetro do colo, área foliar, número de folhas, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, altura das plantas, volume de raiz, massa fresca e seca da raiz, taxas de crescimento absoluto e relativo e incremento para área foliar e altura das plantas após 104 dias. A emergência foi similar nos diferentes substratos. As sementes de sistemas convencionais apresentaram maior vigor; a adubação mineral aumentou a produção de massa fresca da parte aérea; a utilização de substrato contendo solo, areia, esterco e o condicionador de solo Fertium (30 a 50 g L-1) aumentou o volume, massa fresca e seca da raiz das plantas e a taxa de incremento nestas variáveis.

The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, in Alegre, Espirito Santo state, Brazil, to evaluate the broccoli production depending on the seed production system and organic and mineral fertilization. Seeds of the broccoli cultivar Ramoso Piracicaba were originated from lots of seed obtained in an organic and conventional production system. The experimental design was of randomized blocks, with four replications in a factorial arrangement combination of the lots, 2x5 (organic and mineral fertilized seeds) and substrates [S1 (soil + sand + manure), S2 (soil + sand + manure + NPK), S3 (soil + sand + manure + Fertium® 10 g L-1), S4 (soil + sand + manure + Fertium® 30 g L-1) and S5 (soil + sand + manure + Fertium® 50 g L-1]. The analyzed variables were emergency, fresh and dry mass of aerial part, emergency speed and height of seedlings after 28 days of sowing, and plant diameter, leaf area, number of leaves, fresh and dry mass of aerial part, plant height, root volume, fresh and dry root mass, absolute and relative growth rates and increment to leaf area and plant height after 104 days. The emergency was similar in the different substrates; great vigor occurred on conventional seeds; the mineral fertilization increased the production of fresh mass of aerial part; the use of substrate containing soil, sand soil conditioner Fertium (30 to 50 g L-1) increased the volume, fresh and dry mass of roots and rate of increase in these variables.

Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar utilizando um sistema adesivo de 2 passos de condicionamento ácido total, a correlação entre a espessura da camada híbrida (CH) e a resistência de união (RU), e entre o comprimento dos tags resinosos (TR) e a RU em um mesmo dente utilizando, assim como o padrão de fratura dos espécimes testados. Material e método: Dez molares humanos foram utilizados para o procedimento restaurador e seccionados em duas metades (mésio-distal). Os materiais utilizados foram Adper ™ Single Bond 2, 3M ESPE, gel Ultra ™ etch, Ultradent e Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE.Uma metade foi utilizada para a microscopia de luz (400x) para se obter a espessura da CH e o comprimento dos TR, e a outra metade foi submetida ao teste de microtração para obtenção da RU. As superfícies fraturadas foram analisadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e os padrões de fratura classificados. O teste de correlação de Pearson foi aplicado p=0.05. Resultados: Os resultados das análises de cada espécime (CH, TR e RU), em seguida, foram correlacionados: CH espessura média = 4,39(0,48) μm, comprimento médio dos TR = 9,94(1,69) μm, média da RU= 23,98(10,24) MPa. Correlação estatisticamente significativa foi encontrada entre a espessura da CH e RU (r=0,93). Conclusão: o sistema adesivo de condicionamento ácido total de dois passos mostrou forte correlação entre a espessura da camada híbrida e resistência de união. Os tipos de fraturas mais comuns foram a adesiva, seguida da coesiva na resina.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of a two-step total etch and rinse adhesive, the correlation between the hybrid layer thickness (HL) and bond strength (BS), and between resin tag length (RT) and bond strength in the same teeth, and also to evaluate the fracture patterns of the tested specimens. Ten human molars were used for the restorative procedure and then sectioned in two halves (mesio-distally). The materials used were Adper™ Single Bond 2, 3M ESPE, Ultra etch gel, Ultradent and Filtek™ Z250, 3M ESPE. One half were utilized to measure the HL thickness and RT length through light microscopy analysis (400x), and the other half was subject to a microtensile test to measure the BS. The fractured surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and fracture patterns classified. The Pearson correlation test was applied (p=0.05). The results of the analyses of each specimen then were correlated: mean HL thickness = 4.39(0.48) μm, mean length of RT = 9.94(1.69) μm, mean BS = 23.98(10.24) MPa. A statistically significant correlation between HL thickness and bond strength was found (r=0.93). The two step etch and rinse adhesive system, showed a strong correlation between HL thickness and bond strength. The most common fractures were adhesive, followed by cohesive in resin.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a formacao de tags resinosos em esmalte dental submetido ou nao a tecnica de microabrasao. Treze estudantes de Odontologia receberam a aplicacao de um aparelho ortodontico removivel contendo quatro seccoes de esmalte com dimensoes de 4.0 mm X 4.0 mm. Duas secoes receberam a aplicacao de um composto microabrasivo e as demais nao receberam nenhum tratamento. Os pacientes foram instruidos a usar os aparelhos ortodonticos durante o dia e por quatro meses. Apos este periodo, as seccoes foram condicionadas com acido fosforico 37% por 15 segundos (secoes 1 e 2) e por 60 segundos (seccoes 3 e 4), seguido pela aplicacao do sistema adesivo e de resina composta. Todas as seccoes foram preparadas para analise em microscopia optica comum para observar o grau de penetracao do material resinoso (x400). Os resultados foram submetidos a analise de variancia a tres criterios, ao nivel de 5%. A diferenca entre os grupos foi verificada pelo teste de Tukey, ao nivel de 5%. Os resultados mostraram que maiores tempos de condicionamento acido do esmalte dental sao exigidos para uma maior penetracao do sistema adesivo.

The objective of this study was to analyze the formation of resin tags on enamel surfaces submitted or not to enamel microabrasion technique. Thirteen undergraduate dental students received removable acrylic palatal appliances on which four sections from intact premolars were fixed, measuring 4.0 mm X 4.0 mm. Two sections received the application of a microabrasive system and the remaining sections did not receive any surface treatment. The patients were instructed to wear the acrylic palatal appliances for 4 months during the day. After this time, the sections were etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds (sections 1 and 2) and 60 seconds (sections 3 and 4), followed by adhesive system and composite resin applications. All the sections were prepared for light microscopy analysis to observe the degree of resin penetration (x400). The results were submitted to a three-way analysis of variance with a significance level of 5%. The difference between groups was verified by the Tukey test, at a significance level of 5%. The results showed that microabraded enamel required a longer period of acid etching for longer resin tags.