Abstract Objective: To analyze the amount of muscle and the presence of sarcopenia in postmenopausal women using different methods, verifying the agreement between them as to skeletal muscle mass (SMM). Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted with postmenopausal women aged ≥ 50 years. SMM was obtained from a predictive equation, Bioelectrical Impedance (BIA), and Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA). The skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) and the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) were calculated. The cut-off point of SMI was determined for the population itself. The agreement between the SMI obtained using the different methods was verified. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the criteria proposed by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2). The significance level adopted for all tests was 5.0%. Results: A total of 112 women were evaluated, with an average age of 66.1 ± 5.65 years. Among them, 51.8% were sufficiently active and 43.8% were overweight and obese. The SMI cut-offs were 6.46 kg/m2 for the predictive equation and 7.66 kg/m2 for BIA, with high sensitivity and specificity. There was an excellent agreement in the identification of SMM by the predictive equation (0.89 [0.824-0.917], p < 0.001) and BIA (0.92 [0.883-0.945], p < 0.001), in reference to DXA. The prevalence of sarcopenia was 0.9%, 1.8%, and 2.7% according to BIA, DXA, and the predictive equation, respectively. Conclusion: The predictive equation showed the expected agreement in estimating skeletal muscle mass in postmenopausal women, offering a viable and accurate alternative. Objective SMM. . (SMM) Methods crosssectional cross sectional 5 years , (BIA) XRay X Ray DXA (DXA) (SMI ASMI (ASMI calculated cutoff cut off itself verified EWGSOP2. EWGSOP2 EWGSOP (EWGSOP2) 0 5.0% Results 11 evaluated 661 66 1 66. 565 65 5.6 518 51 8 51.8 438 43 43.8 obese cutoffs offs 646 6 46 6.4 kgm2 kgm kg m2 m kg/m 766 7 7.6 specificity 0.89 089 89 (0.8 0.8240.917, 08240917 0.824 0.917 824 917 [0.824-0.917] 0.001 0001 001 0.92 092 92 (0.9 0.8830.945, 08830945 0.883 0.945 883 945 [0.883-0.945] 0.001, 09 9 0.9% 18 1.8% 27 2.7 respectively Conclusion alternative (SMM (BIA (DXA (EWGSOP2 5.0 56 5. 51. 4 43. 64 6. 76 7. 0.8 08 (0. 8240 0.8240.917 0824091 0824 0.82 0917 0.91 82 91 [0.824-0.917 0.00 000 00 0.9 8830 0.8830.945 0883094 0883 0.88 0945 0.94 88 94 [0.883-0.945 1.8 2. (EWGSOP 0. (0 0.8240.91 082409 082 091 [0.824-0.91 0.0 0.8830.94 088309 088 094 [0.883-0.94 1. ( 0.8240.9 08240 [0.824-0.9 0.8830.9 08830 [0.883-0.9 0.8240. [0.824-0. 0.8830. [0.883-0. 0.8240 [0.824-0 0.8830 [0.883-0 [0.824- [0.883- [0.824 [0.883 [0.82 [0.88 [0.8 [0. [0 [

Abstract Objective: To review the technical aspects of body composition assessment by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and other methods based on the most recent scientific evidence. Materials and methods: This Official Position is a result of efforts by the Scientific Committee of the Brazilian Association of Bone Assessment and Metabolism (Associação Brasileira de Avaliação Óssea e Osteometabolismo, ABRASSO) and health care professionals with expertise in body composition assessment who were invited to contribute to the preparation of this document. The authors searched current databases for relevant publications. In this first part of the Official Position, the authors discuss the different methods and parameters used for body composition assessment, general principles of DXA, and aspects of the acquisition and analysis of DXA scans. Conclusion: Considering aspects of accuracy, precision, cost, duration, and ability to evaluate all three compartments, DXA is considered the gold-standard method for body composition assessment, particularly for the evaluation of fat mass. In order to ensure reliable, adequate, and reproducible DXA reports, great attention is required regarding quality control procedures, preparation, removal of external artifacts, imaging acquisition, and data analysis and interpretation.

Abstract Objective: To present an updated and evidence-based guideline for the use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to assess body composition in clinical practice. Materials and methods: This Official Position was developed by the Scientific Committee of the Brazilian Association of Bone Assessment and Metabolism ( Associação Brasileira de Avaliação Óssea e Osteometabolismo , ABRASSO) and experts in the field who were invited to contribute to the preparation of this document. The authors searched current databases for relevant publications in the area of body composition assessment. In this second part of the Official Position, the authors discuss the interpretation and reporting of body composition parameters assessed by DXA and the use of DXA for body composition evaluation in special situations, including evaluation of children, persons with HIV, and animals. Conclusion: This document offers recommendations for the use of DXA in body composition evaluation, including indications, interpretation, and applications, to serve as a guiding tool in clinical practice and research for health care professionals in Brazil.

Resumo Introdução A osteoporose é uma doença metabólica caracterizada pela redução da densidade mineral óssea, muitas vezes acompanhada da perda de qualidade da microarquitetura óssea trabecular. Objetivo Avaliar a qualidade da microarquitetura óssea trabecular em radiografia panorâmica digital a fim de identificar precocemente a sua degradação, possibilitando melhor predição do risco de fraturas por fragilidade. Material e método A amostra consistiu de 68 pacientes do sexo feminino, pareadas por idade, e divididas em 3 grupos conforme resultado densitométrico. Foram aferidos os valores de Trabecular Bone Score e realizadas radiografias panorâmicas digitais. A análise fractal com box counting foi feita na região de pré-molares e ângulo da mandíbula, com regiões de interesse medindo 64x64 e 80x120 pixels. Na análise estatística utilizou-se a correlação de Pearson entre os resultados de Trabecular Bone Score e de análise fractal obtidos em cada grupo, utilizando-se a idade como variável de controle e através de atribuição de grupos etários individualizados intragrupos. Resultado Identificou-se correlação moderada nas regiões de interesse de 64x64 e 80x120 pixels, em ângulo da mandíbula no grupo Osteoporose e no grupo normal. Também se obteve correlação moderada utilizando a idade como variável de controle nas regiões de interesse de 64x64 pixels, em região de pré-molares. A análise intragrupos, considerando a faixa etária, resultou em correlação forte, no grupo osteoporose e moderada nos grupos osteopenia e normal. Conclusão A análise fractal em radiografias panorâmicas digitais se mostrou promissora como instrumento preditivo da qualidade de microarquitetura óssea.

Abstract Introduction Osteoporosis is a metabolic disease characterized by reduced bone mineral density, often accompanied by loss of quality of trabecular bone microarchitecture. Objective To assess the quality or degradation of trabecular bone microarchitecture in digital panoramic radiography to better predict the risk of fragility fractures. Material and method The sample included 68 female patients, age-matched, and divided into three groups according to densitometric results. Trabecular Bone Score values were measured and digital panoramic radiographs were taken. Fractal analysis with box counting was conducted in the region of premolars and angle of the mandible, with regions of interest measuring 64×64 and 80×120 pixels. In the statistical analysis, Pearson’s correlation was applied between the Trabecular Bone Score and fractal analysis results obtained in each group, using age as a control variable and assigning individualized age ranges within groups. Result A moderate correlation was identified in the regions of interest of 64×64 and 80×120 pixels at the angle of the mandible in the osteoporosis group and in the normal group. A moderate correlation was also obtained using age as a control variable in the 64x64 pixel regions of interest in the premolar region. Considering age range, the within-group analysis presented a strong correlation in the osteoporosis group and moderate correlation in the osteopenia and normal groups. Conclusion Fractal analysis in digital panoramic radiographs was shown to be a promising predictive instrument of bone microarchitecture quality.

Resumo A osteoporose é a principal causa de fraturas na população acima de 50 anos. É uma doença silenciosa que afeta especialmente as mulheres na pós-menopausa e idosos e tem elevada taxa de morbimortalidade. O principal objetivo do tratamento da osteoporose é a prevenção das fraturas. A identificação dessa população de risco através do diagnóstico e tratamento precoces é de fundamental importância. A última diretriz brasileira para tratamento da osteoporose em mulheres na pós-menopausa foi elaborada em 2002. Desde então foram desenvolvidas novas estratégias de diagnóstico da osteoporose, bem como fármacos com novos mecanismos de ação foram adicionados ao arsenal terapêutico. A Comissão de Osteoporose e Doenças Osteometabólicas da Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia em conjunto com a Associação Médica Brasileira e sociedades afins desenvolveu esta atualização da diretriz do tratamento da osteoporose em mulheres na pós-menopausa de acordo com as melhores evidências científicas disponíveis. Esta atualização é destinada aos profissionais das várias especialidades médicas e da área da saúde envolvidos no tratamento da osteoporose, médicos em geral e organizações relacionadas à saúde.

Abstract Osteoporosis is the leading cause of fractures in the population older than 50 years. This silent disease affects primarily postmenopausal women and the elderly, and the morbidity and mortality rates are high. The main goal of treating osteoporosis is the prevention of fractures. The identification of populations at risk through early diagnosis and treatment is essential. The last Brazilian guideline for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis was elaborated in 2002. Since then, new strategies for diagnosis and risk stratification have been developed, and drugs with novel action mechanisms have been added to the therapeutic arsenal. The Osteoporosis and Osteometabolic Diseases Committee of the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology, in conjunction with the Brazilian Medical Association and other Societies, has developed this update of the guidelines for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis according to the best scientific evidence available. This update is intended for professionals in many medical and health specialties involved in the treatment of osteoporosis, for physicians in general and for health-related organizations.

A evolução dos métodos de avaliação da massa óssea trouxe diferentes tecnologias, modos de aquisição de imagens, bancos de dados de referência, terminologias, critérios diagnósticos fez com que a International Society for Bone Densitometry (ISCD) tomasse a iniciativa de promover reuniões periódicas de consenso, a última em 2007. A Sociedade Brasileira de Densitometria Clínica (SBDens), com apoio de várias sociedades brasileiras ligadas ao estudo da saúde óssea, reuniu diversos especialistas para discutir as propostas da ISCD e validar a aplicação destas normas à população brasileira. A reunião de Posições Oficiais da SBDens produziu um documento extremamente útil para a compreensão e interpretação da densitometria e de outros métodos de avaliação da massa óssea.

With the evolution of bone densitometry, differences in technologies, acquisition techniques, reference databases, reporting methods, diagnostic criteria and terminology have developed and the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) periodically holds Position Development Conferences, the latest in 2007. The Brazilian Society for Clinical Densitometry (SBDens), with support from many Brazilian societies interested in bone health, gathered numerous specialists to discuss the ISCD proposals and to evaluate the validity of the extension of those norms to Brazilian population. The SBDens reunion of consensus made a very utile document to help the understanding and interpretation of bone densitometry and other methods of bone assessment.