Summary: In this peanut study, 51 races of cultivated peanuts are distinguished for Ecuador, of which 18 belong toArachis hypogaeasubsp.hypogaeavar.hypogaea, 1 toArachis hypogaeasubsp.hypogaeavar.hirsuta, 13 toArachis hypogaeasubsp.fastigiatavar.fastigiata, 10 toArachis hypogaeasubsp.fastigiatavar.peruviana, 9 toArachis hypogaeasubsp.fastigiatavar.aequatoriana; var.aequatorianais almost exclusive to the Republic of Ecuador, which indicates another important genocenter.

Resumen: En este estudio para maní, se diferencian para Ecuador 51 razas de maní cultivados, de las cuales 18 pertenecen aArachis hypogaeasubsp.hypogaeavar.hypogaea,unaArachis hypogaeasubsp.hypogaeavar.hirsuta, 13 aArachis hypogaeasubsp.fastigiatavar.fastigiata, 10 aArachis hypogaeasubsp.fastigiatavar.peruviana, 9 aArachis hypogaeasubsp.fastigiatavar.aequatoriana;la var.aequatoriana, es casi exclusiva de la República del Ecuador, lo que indica otro genocentro importante.

Resumo As riquétsias transmitidas por carrapatos (RTC) são causas importantes de infecção em cães e humanos. Os cães exercem um papel essencial como hospedeiros biológicos para diversas espécies de carrapatos, assim como podem ser úteis como sentinelas de infecções por riquétsias. O intuito deste estudo foi determinar a presença de RTC em cães, assim como em seus carrapatos, para determinar o risco potencial de doença humana em Medellín, Colômbia. DNA de Ehrlichia canis (16S rRNA e dsb) e Anaplasma platys (groEl) foi detectado em 17,6% (53/300) e 2,6% (8/300) dos cães, respectivamente. Anticorpos contra Ehrlichia spp. (82; 27,3%) e Anaplasma spp. (8; 2,6%) foram detectados nos cães. Reatividade de anticorpos contra ambos patógenos (Ehrlichia e Anaplasma) foi detectada em 16 cães (5,3%). Oito animais apresentaram anticorpos contra Rickettsia spp., e 3 deles sugerem uma provável exposição a Rickettsia parkeri. Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (178/193) foi a principal espécie de carrapatos, seguida de R. microplus (15/193). A taxa de infecção mínima em R. sanguineus foi 11,8% para E. canis e 3,4% para A. platys. E. canis e A. platys são as principais RTC que infectam cãese R. sanguineus s.l. provavelmente está envolvido na transmissão de ambos os agentes. É evidente, porém, a exposição sorológica dos cães a riquétsias do grupo da febre maculosa.

Abstract Tick-borne rickettsial pathogens (TBRP) are important causes of infections in both dogs and humans. Dogs play an important role as a biological host for several tick species and can serve as sentinels for rickettsial infections. Our aim was to determine the presence of TBRP in dogs and in dog-associated ticks and their potential risk to human diseases in Medellin, Colombia. DNA for E. canis (16S rRNA and dsb) and A. platys (groEl) was detected in 17.6% (53/300) and 2.6% (8/300) of dogs, respectively. Antibodies against Ehrlichia spp. 82 (27.3%) and Anaplasma spp. 8 (2.6%) were detected in dogs. Antibody reactivity against both agents were found in 16 dogs (5.3%). Eight dogs showed antibody for Rickettsia spp. with titers that suggest 3 of them had a probable exposure to R. parkeri. Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (178/193) was the main tick in dogs, followed by R. microplus (15/193). The minimum infection rates (MIR) in R. sanguineus were 11.8% for E. canis and 3.4% for A. platys. E. canis and A. platys are the main TBRP infecting dogs and ticks and R. sanguineus s.l. is likely involved in the transmission of both agents. Interestingly, we found serological evidence of exposure in dogs for spotted fever group rickettsiae.

After the killing of 18-year-old Michael Brown by police in Ferguson, Missouri in August 2014, there has been a renewed movement in the United States and across the world in support of black lives. The movement, under the guiding framework of Black Lives Matter, has resulted in a national conversation on police brutality and racism, and the violent effects these have on the black body. Using the framework of black theological thought on the body, this paper identifies the many ways that racism, as Ta-Nehisi Coates writes, "lands, with great violence, upon the body" across multiple domains and levels throughout history and across the life course. The paper closes with some initial recommendations for historically predominantly white churches to offer an anti-racist response to this violence, as informed by black theology.

Este artigo resenha um crescente corpus de investigação empírica, o qual indica que o racismo, em suas variantes institucional e interpessoal, persiste nas sociedades contemporâneas racializadas de todo o mundo, e pode ter impactos adversos importantes sobre a saúde. Após um breve apanhado das desigualdades étnico-raciais na saúde da população, em vários contextos nacionais, o artigo concentra-se na pesquisa empírica sobre a natureza e persistência do racismo e as múltiplas maneiras em que esse pode impactar negativamente a saúde de grupos étnico-raciais não dominantes e estigmatizados. Primeiramente, através de políticas e práticas que limitam o acesso a recursos e oportunidades na sociedade, o racismo institucional produz consequências patogênicas, por restringir a mobilidade social, e criar diferenciações raciais no status socioeconômico e nas condições de vida e trabalho, prejudiciais ao bem-estar. Em segundo lugar, o racismo cultural, no âmbito da sociedade, provoca e sustenta o racismo institucional e interpessoal, criando um ambiente político hostil a políticas igualitárias. No nível individual, estereótipos negativos, sustentados pelo racismo cultural, fomentam respostas psicológicas prejudiciais à saúde, tais como a "ameaça de estereótipo" e o racismo internalizado. Terceiro, a experiência subjetiva de discriminação racial é um tipo de experiência de vida estressante, mas historicamente negligenciado na literatura, que pode levar a mudanças adversas nas condições de saúde e a padrões alterados de comportamento que aumentam os riscos à saúde.

This article will provide an overview of the rapidly growing body of empirical research which indicates that racism, in its institutional and interpersonal forms, persists in contemporary racialized societies throughout the world and can have marked adverse effects on health. After a brief overview of racial and ethnic inequalities in population health in multiple national contexts, the article focuses on the empirical research on the nature and persistence of racism and the multiple ways in which it can have negative effects on the health of non-dominant, stigmatized racial and ethnic populations. First, through policies and procedures that lead to reduced access to desirable resources and opportunities in society, institutional racism has pathogenic health consequences by constraining social mobility, creating racial differences in socioeconomic status and in living and working conditions that are hostile to wellbeing. Second, cultural racism at the societal level, triggers and sustains institutional and interpersonal racism and creates a policy environment hostile to egalitarian policies. At the individual level, negative stereotypes, supported by cultural racism, fosters health damaging psychological responses such as stereotype threat and internalized racism. Third, the subjective experience of racial discrimination is a historically neglected, but important type of stressful life experience that can lead to adverse changes in health status and altered behavioural patterns that increase health risks.

O presente estudo foi realizado com dois espécimes do molusco nudipleura Pleurobranchus areolatus que demonstraram acumular derivados oxidados da rodriguesina A. O ácido rodriguêsico apresenta um grupo ácido carboxílico no lugar do grupo metila de uma cadeia alquila terminal da rodriguesina A. Um grupo hidroxamato foi observado na porção dicetopiperazínica do ácido rodriguêsico. As estruturas do ácido rodriguêsico e do hidroxamato do ácido rodriguêsico foram estabelecidas por análise de seus dados espectroscópicos, inclusive sua configuração absoluta. Dois ésteres metílicos dos ácidos rodriguêsicos foram isolados como compostos majoritários, porém considerados como artefatos de isolamento.

In the present investigation, two specimens of the nudipleuran mollusc Pleurobranchus areolatus have shown to accumulate oxidized rodriguesin A derivatives. Rodriguesic acid presents a carboxylic acid replacing the terminal methyl group of the alkyl chain of rodriguesin A. A hydroxamate group was also present on the diketopiperazine moiety of a rodriguesic acid derivative. The structures of both rodriguesic acid and of rodriguesic acid hydroxamate have been established by analysis of spectroscopic data, including their absolute configuration. Two methyl esters of the rodriguesic acids have been isolated as major compounds, but were considered to be isolation artifacts.

Background and Objectives: Safety and tolerability of atomoxetine were studied in the largest double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised withdrawal trial of atomoxetine (80 or 100 mg/day) in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: Patients (N = 2017), 18 to 50 years of age, with ADHD were enrolled from 18 countries. Patients who responded to atomoxetine during a 12-week open-label treatment phase and maintained that response during a 12-week double-blind maintenance phase were randomised to atomoxetine (N = 266) or placebo (N = 258) for 25 weeks of double-blind treatment. Treatment differences were compared for serious adverse events (AEs), treatment-emergent AEs (TEAEs), discontinuation due to AEs, vital signs, body weight, and electrocardiograms. Results: During the 25-week double-blind treatment phase, discontinuations due to AEs were similar between atomoxetine and placebo (3.4% vs. 1.9%; P = .418). The percentage of patients experiencing >1 TEAE(s) was significantly higher for atomoxetine than placebo (47.0% vs. 37.6%; P = .034), but there were no significant differences for any individual TEAE. Diastolic blood pressure (-0.1 vs. -2.3 mmHg), heart rate (-1.4 vs. -5.3 bpm), and weight (-0.2 vs. 1.1 kg) were significantly different between atomoxetine and placebo (P <.001). There were no significant differences between atomoxetine and placebo in the frequencies of patients showing an increase from baseline >30 ms in Fridericia's QT correction (QTcF; 1.4% vs. 2.6%) or Bazett's QT correction (QTcB; 2.8% vs. 2.6%). During the entire study, no patient had a QTcF or QTcB >500 ms, or an increase from baseline >60 ms. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that atomoxetine exhibited an acceptable safety profile in adults with ADHD after 1 year of treatment, and no clinically meaningful safety-related rebound effects were observed following abrupt discontinuation after 24 weeks of treatment.

Background and Objectives: We evaluated maintenance of response to atomoxetine during a 25-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised withdrawal period in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who previously responded to atomoxetine during a 12 week open-label treatment period and maintained that response during a 12-week double-blind maintenance period. Methods: Patients (N = 2017), 18 to 50 years of age, diagnosed with ADHD from 152 outpatient sites in 18 countries received 12 weeks of open-label atomoxetine (40-100 mg/day) followed by 12 weeks of double-blind maintenance (80 or 100 mg/day). Responders were randomized to atomoxetine (N = 266) or placebo (N = 258) for 25-weeks of double-blind treatment. The percentage of patients with a reduction >30% in their baseline Conners' ADHD Rating Scale Investigator-Rated: Screening Version (CAARS-Inv:SV) total score and a score of <3 on the Clinical Global Impression ADHD-Severity (CGI-ADHD-S) after 25 weeks was compared between treatment groups with a Fisher's exact test. Mean changes from baseline in the CAARS-Inv:SV and Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Quality of Life (AAQoL) were analysed. Results: Most patients enrolled (60%) were from Europe. More atomoxetine- than placebo-treated patients maintained a satisfactory response postrandomisation (64.3% vs. 50.0%; p < .001). Time-to-relapse was significantly longer for atomoxetine than placebo (p = .004). Atomoxetine maintained greater improvements in ADHD symptoms compared with placebo (LS mean worsening in the CAARS-Inv:SV total score was 0.9 vs. 4.8 [ p < .001 ] and in the CGI-ADHD-S rating was 0.0 vs. 0.5 [ p < .001 ]). These results were supported by self- or observer-rated measures. Lastly, atomoxetine maintained greater improvements in quality of life compared with placebo (AAQoL total score was 0.4 vs. -4.0; p = .002). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that atomoxetine was superior to placebo in maintaining significantly greater treatment responses for up to 1 year in adults with ADHD.

Dois derivados cumarínicos, o ester metílico do ácido 4-esculetinocarboxílico (1) e o éster etílico do ácido 4-esculetinocarboxílico (2), foram isolados da esponja marinha Axinella cf. corrugata. A determinação estrutural dos compostos isolados foi realizada pela análise de seus dados espectroscópicos e pela síntese do composto 2. Estes são os primeiros derivados cumarínicos isolados de uma esponja marinha. O éster etílico 2 apresentou atividade in vitro contra a SARS 3Cl-protease e de inibição de células Vero infectadas com o SARS coronavírus, em concentrações que não provocaram citotoxicidade.

Two coumarin derivatives, esculetin-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (1) and esculetin-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (2), have been isolated from the marine sponge Axinella cf. corrugata. Structure determination included analysis of spectroscopic data and total synthesis of compound 2. These are the first coumarin derivatives isolated from a marine sponge. The ethyl ester 2 was found to be an in vitro inhibitor of SARS 3CL-protease and an effective inhibitor of SARS-CoV replication in Vero cells at non-cytotoxic concentrations.

The use of protons instead of X-rays for computerized tomography (CT) studies has potential advantages, especially for medical applications in proton treatment planning. However, the spatial resolution of proton CT is limited by multiple Coulomb scattering (MCS). We used the Monte Carlo simulation tool GEANT4 to study the resolution achievable with different experimental arrangements of a proton CT scanner. The passage of a parallel 200MeV proton beam through a virtual cylindrical aluminum phantom with 50mm external diameter was simulated. In our study, the phantom contained a set of cylindrical holes with diameters ranging from 4mm to 0.5mm. The GEANT4 simulation consisted of a series of 180 projections at 2 degree intervals with 350 proton track histories for each one. The fi ltered back projection algorithm was used to reconstruct a 2D tomographic image of phantom.

Raça tem sido amplamente utilizada em estudos sobre desigualdades em saúde e assistência, principalmente nos Estados Unidos. Diversos problemas relativos à validade e confiabilidade da mensuração de raça são relevantes para o campo da saúde pública. Este artigo faz uma revisão da literatura sobre o conceito e mensuração de raça e compara como os achados se aplicam aos Estados Unidos e ao Brasil. Os autores discutem em detalhes diversas questões da qualidade dos dados relacionadas à mensuração de raça e os problemas levantados pela mensuração de raça em sociedades multirraciais como o Brasil. Além disso, analisam como essas questões se aplicam à saúde pública, e formulam recomendações sobre a mensuração de raça em registros médicos e pesquisa em saúde pública.

Race has been widely used in studies on health and healthcare inequalities, especially in the United States. Validity and reliability problems with race measurement are of concern in public health. This article reviews the literature on the concept and measurement of race and compares how the findings apply to the United States and Brazil. We discuss in detail the data quality issues related to the measurement of race and the problems raised by measuring race in multiracial societies like Brazil. We discuss how these issues and problems apply to public health and make recommendations about the measurement of race in medical records and public health research.

Raça tem sido amplamente utilizada em estudos sobre desigualdades em saúde e assistência, principalmente nos Estados Unidos. Diversos problemas relativos à validade e confiabilidade da mensuração de raça são relevantes para o campo da saúde pública. Este artigo faz uma revisão da literatura sobre o conceito e mensuração de raça e compara como os achados se aplicam aos Estados Unidos e ao Brasil. Os autores discutem em detalhes diversas questões da qualidade dos dados relacionadas à mensuração de raça e os problemas levantados pela mensuração de raça em sociedades multirraciais como o Brasil. Além disso, analisam como essas questões se aplicam à saúde pública, e formulam recomendações sobre a mensuração de raça em registros médicos e pesquisa em saúde pública.

Race has been widely used in studies on health and healthcare inequalities, especially in the United States. Validity and reliability problems with race measurement are of concern in public health. This article reviews the literature on the concept and measurement of race and compares how the findings apply to the United States and Brazil. We discuss in detail the data quality issues related to the measurement of race and the problems raised by measuring race in multiracial societies like Brazil. We discuss how these issues and problems apply to public health and make recommendations about the measurement of race in medical records and public health research.