Bio-oil is classified as second-generation biofuel and it is produced mainly through the pyrolysis of a waste lignocellulosic biomass base. The application of this product is still very limited, due to some of its chemical characteristics. This paper presents a proposal for the reduction of the acidity of bio-oil obtained from waste fish oil, previously produced and characterized as described in the literature, applying the reactive distillation process. This process is primarily based on the conversion of carboxylic acids into their corresponding esters by adding a widely available alcohol and a simple and cheap catalyst in the process for the fractional distillation of crude bio-oil to obtain light and heavy bio-oil, that is, fractions which are equivalent to the fossil fuels gasoline and diesel, respectively. The alcohols tested were methanol and ethanol and the catalysts were H2SO4, H3PO4, NaOH and Na2CO3, in proportions of 10 and 0.5 wt.%, respectively. The light bio-oil was obtained within a temperature range of 42 to 198 ºC with yields of 27.0 to 43.1% and the heavy bio-oil was recovered at 93 to 230 ºC with yields of 42.6 to 49.2%. The greatest acidity reduction was observed employing methanol+H2SO4 (95% and 43% for light and heavy bio-oils, respectively). The fractions produced were characterized by gas cromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID), applying the compound classification process PIONA (Paraffins, Iso-paraffins, Olefins, Naphtenes and Aromatics), revealing a homologous series of 1-alkenes and n-alkanes along with some aromatic compounds. The 1H and 13C NMR analysis showed that the process had no significant influence in relation to the carbons and hydrogens associated with the methyl, methylene, methyne and olefinic groups.

O processo para obtenção de uma camada polimérica hidrofílica sobre um componente polimérico pode ser basicamente dividido em: tratamento de superfície do substrato, aplicação e cura do revestimento. O tratamento de superfície se faz necessário em função da grande diferença de polaridade comumente apresentada entre os materiais que compõem este conjunto e da baixa energia livre de superfície inerente aos principais materiais utilizados como substrato, fatores estes que dificultam a adesão entre eles. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a influência da técnica de tratamento de superfície através de exposição à chama sobre a tentativa de aumento da energia livre de superfície de tubos de poliamida 11. Amostras foram submetidas ao tratamento durante 5, 10, 20, 30 e 60 segundos, e posteriormente caracterizadas por goniometria, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, espectroscopia de infravermelho e resistência ao risco da camada depositada. Amostras não tratadas foram analisadas como parâmetro de controle das modificações. Os resultados mostraram um aumento da molhabilidade e rugosidade da superfície, além de uma melhoria na adesão da camada hidrofílica após o tratamento.

The process of obtaining a hydrophilic polymer coating on a polymeric component or product can be basically divided into: the substrate surface treatment, the coating application and the cross-linking. The substrate surface treatment is crucial due to the possible large difference in polarity between the polymers and the substrate materials, which commonly have low free surface energy and may severely hamper adhesion. This study evaluated the influence of flame surface treatment for the attempt of increasing the free energy surface of polyamide 11 tubes. Samples were submitted to treatment for 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60 seconds, and subsequently characterized by goniometry, scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and scratch resistance of the deposited layer. Untreated samples were analyzed as a control parameter of the changes. The results showed an increase in wettability and surface roughness, and also an improvement in the adhesion of the hydrophilic coating after treatment.

O gênero Adelomelon Dall, 1906 engloba um grupo de gastrópodes sul-americanos. Apresentamos informações atualizadas sobre o gênero Adelomelon, com ênfase no status e localização do material-tipo, também dos sinônimos juniores. Os táxons Scaphella arnheimi Rivers, 1891 e Voluta paradoxa Lahille, 1895 são removidos da lista sinonímica de Adelomelon ancilla (Lightfoot, 1758) e Adelomelon barattinii Klappenbach and Ureta, 1966 é incluído. Também o subgênero Waveria Clench and Turner, 1954 é colocado na lista sinonímica de Adelomelon s.s. e uma chave para as espécies de Adelomelon é apresentada.

The genus Adelomelon Dall, 1906 comprises a group of South American marine gastropods. We present updated information on the genus Adelomelon, with emphasis on the status and location of type material, including that of junior synonyms. Scaphella arnheimi Rivers, 1891 and Voluta paradoxa Lahille, 1895 are removed from the synonymy of Adelomelon ancilla (Lightfoot, 1758) and Adelomelon barattinii Klappenbach and Ureta, 1966 is included. The subgenus Weaveria Clench and Turner, 1964 is placed in synonymy with Adelomelon s.s. A key to the species of Adelomelon is provided.